Class Notes (Biology – Photosynthesis Overview)
Photosynthesis is the biological process through which plants, algae, and
some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy. It occurs in the
chloroplasts of plant cells, where chlorophyll absorbs light, primarily in the
blue and red wavelengths. The process can be divided into two stages: the
light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light-dependent
stage, water molecules are split (photolysis), releasing oxygen and
generating ATP and NADPH. These energy carriers are then used in the
Calvin cycle to fix carbon dioxide into glucose. This process not only
sustains plant growth but also produces the oxygen essential for most life
on Earth. Understanding photosynthesis is fundamental because it
underpins all terrestrial food chains and contributes to the global carbon
cycle.