MEU2610-02 Thermodynamics

Problem Set 3

5.28 At steady state, a power cycle having a thermal efficiency of 38% generates 100 MW of electricity
while discharging energy by heat transfer to cooling water at an average temperature of 21°C. The average
temperature of the steam passing through the boiler is 480°C.

Determine
(a) the rate at which energy is discharged to the cooling water, in kJ/h,
(b) the minimum theoretical rate at which energy could be discharged to the cooling water, in kJ/h.
Compare with the actual rate and discuss.

𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 − 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶

𝜂𝜂 = = = 1− = 38 %
𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻

1 − 𝜂𝜂 1 − 0.38
𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶 = (1 − 𝜂𝜂)𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 = 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 163 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 5.87 × 108 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/ℎ
𝜂𝜂 0.38

𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶 294 𝐾𝐾
𝜂𝜂𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1 − = 1− = 60.9 %
𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻 753 𝐾𝐾

1 − 𝜂𝜂 1 − 𝜂𝜂𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶 = 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ≥ (𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶 )𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 64 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 2.31 × 108 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/ℎ
𝜂𝜂 𝜂𝜂𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Answer: (a) 5.87×108 kJ/h (b) 2.31×108 kJ/h , actual rate is larger than the theoretical minimum due to
entropy production
5.32 A heating system must maintain the interior of a building at 20°C during a period when the outside
air temperature is 5°C and the heat transfer from the building through its roof and walls is 3×106 kJ. For
this duty heat pumps are under consideration that would operate between the dwelling and
(i) the ground at 15°C.
(ii) a pond at 10°C.
(iii) the outside air at 5°C.

For each case, evaluate the minimum theoretical net work input required by any such heat pump, in kJ.

For heat pump cycle,

𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻
𝛾𝛾 = ≤
𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻 − 𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶

𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻 − 𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶
𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ≥ 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻
𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻

While 𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻 = 20°C and 𝑄𝑄𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 3 × 106 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶 = 15 / 10 / 5°C.

𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻 −𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶
Therefore, �𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 �𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻
𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻

Answer: (i) 51200 kJ (ii) 102000 kJ (iii) 154000 kJ

5.56 One-tenth kilogram of air as an ideal gas with 𝑘𝑘 = 1.4 executes a Carnot refrigeration cycle, as
shown in the Figure. The isothermal expansion occurs at -23°C with a heat transfer to the air of 3.4 kJ. The
isothermal compression occurs at 27°C to a final volume of 0.01 m3. Given
(i) 𝑉𝑉1 𝑉𝑉3 = 𝑉𝑉2 𝑉𝑉4
(ii) 𝑇𝑇3 /𝑇𝑇2 = (𝑝𝑝3 /𝑝𝑝2 )(𝑘𝑘−1)/𝑘𝑘
(iii) 𝑇𝑇3 /𝑇𝑇2 = (𝑉𝑉2 /𝑉𝑉3 )𝑘𝑘−1

Determine
(a) the pressure, in kPa, at each of the four principal states.
(b) the work, in kJ, for each of the four processes.
(c) the coefficient of performance.

𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (287 𝐽𝐽/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)(300 𝐾𝐾)

For the final state (State 4), 𝑝𝑝4 = = (0.1 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)
= 861 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑣𝑣

With (i), (ii), and ideal gas equation, 𝑉𝑉1 /𝑉𝑉4 = 𝑉𝑉2 /𝑉𝑉3 → 𝑝𝑝4 /𝑝𝑝1 = 𝑝𝑝3 /𝑝𝑝2 = (𝑇𝑇3 /𝑇𝑇2 )𝑘𝑘/(𝑘𝑘−1) → 𝑝𝑝1 = 455 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉2
State 1→2: isothermal expansion, so 𝑊𝑊12 = 𝑄𝑄12 = 3.4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = ∫ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑇𝑇1 ln
𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉1

3.4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑝𝑝1 /𝑝𝑝2 = 𝑉𝑉2 /𝑉𝑉1 = exp ( ) → 𝑝𝑝2 = 283 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 → 𝑝𝑝3 = 536 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑇𝑇1
𝑅𝑅
State 2→3: adiabatic compression, 𝑊𝑊23 = −(𝑈𝑈2 − 𝑈𝑈3 ) = −𝑚𝑚 (𝑇𝑇3 − 𝑇𝑇2 ) = −3.59 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘−1

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉4
State 3→4: isothermal compression, 𝑊𝑊34 = ∫ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑇𝑇3 ln = −4.08 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉3

𝑅𝑅
State 4→1: adiabatic expansion, 𝑊𝑊41 = −(𝑈𝑈4 − 𝑈𝑈1 ) = −𝑚𝑚 (𝑇𝑇4 − 𝑇𝑇1 ) = 3.59 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘−1

𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶 3.4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝛽𝛽 = = = 5.0
𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (4.08 − 3.4)𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Answer: (a) 455, 283, 536, 861 kPa (b) 3.4, -3.59, -4.08, 3.59 kJ (c) 5.00
5.61 Figure gives the schematic of a vapor power plant in which water steadily circulates through the
four components shown. The water flows through the boiler and condenser at constant pressure and
through the turbine and pump adiabatically. Kinetic and potential energy effects can be ignored. Process
data follow:
Process 4-1: constant pressure at 8 MPa from saturated liquid to saturated vapor
Process 2-3: constant pressure at 8 kPa from 𝑥𝑥2 = 67.5% to 𝑥𝑥3 = 34.2%

𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿
(a) Using ∮ � � ≤ 0 expressed on a time-rate basis, determine if the cycle is internally reversible,
𝑇𝑇 𝑏𝑏
irreversible, or impossible.
𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶
(b) Determine the thermal efficiency using 𝜂𝜂 = =1− expressed on a time-rate basis and stream
𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻
table data.
𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶
(c) Compare the result of part (b) with the Carnot efficiency calculated using 𝜂𝜂𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1 − with the
𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻
boiler and condenser temperatures and comment.

𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝑄𝑄̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑄𝑄̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝜎𝜎̇ = − � � � = −
𝑇𝑇 𝑏𝑏 𝑇𝑇̇23 ̇
𝑇𝑇41

𝑄𝑄̇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑄𝑄̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ℎ2 − ℎ3 ℎ1 − ℎ4
− = 𝑚𝑚̇ � − �
𝑇𝑇̇23 ̇
𝑇𝑇41 ̇
𝑇𝑇23 ̇
𝑇𝑇41

ℎ1 = 2758 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, ℎ2 = 1796 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, ℎ3 = 995.7 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, ℎ4 = 1316.6 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑇𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑇4 = 295.1°C, 𝑇𝑇2 = 𝑇𝑇3 = 41.51°C

Therefore, 𝜎𝜎̇ = 0.006821 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 > 0 so system is internally irreversible.

𝑊𝑊̇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐1𝑒𝑒 𝑄𝑄̇𝐶𝐶 ℎ2 − ℎ3
𝜂𝜂 = =1− = 1− = 0.4448
̇
𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 ̇
𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 ℎ1 − ℎ4

𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶
𝜂𝜂𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1 − = 0.4463
𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻

Answer: (a) irreversible (b) 44.48% (c) 44.63%, as entropy production is small, difference
between actual and Carnot efficiency is very small.
6.23 Figure shows a Carnot heat pump cycle operating at steady state with ammonia as the working
fluid. The condenser temperature is 49°C, with saturated vapor entering and saturated liquid exiting. The
evaporator temperature -12°C.

(a) Determine the heat transfer and work for each process, in kJ/kg of ammonia flowing.
(b) Evaluate the coefficient of performance for the heat pump.
(c) Evaluate the coefficient of performance for a Carnot refrigeration cycle as shown in the figure.

Process 1→2: 0 = −𝑊𝑊̇12 + 𝑚𝑚̇(ℎ1 − ℎ2 )

𝑠𝑠2 −𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓
ℎ2 = 1471.2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑠𝑠2 = 4.7708 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 𝑠𝑠1 so ℎ1 = ℎ𝑓𝑓 + 𝑥𝑥1 ℎ𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = ℎ𝑓𝑓 + ℎ𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 � � = 1239 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑠𝑠𝑔𝑔 −𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓

𝑄𝑄̇12 𝑊𝑊̇12
= 0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, = −232.2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑚𝑚̇
𝑄𝑄̇23 𝑊𝑊̇23
Process 2→3: 0 = 𝑄𝑄̇23 + 𝑚𝑚̇𝑇𝑇(𝑠𝑠2 − 𝑠𝑠3 ) → 𝑠𝑠3 = 1.4955 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, so = −1055 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, = 0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑚𝑚̇

Process 3→4: 0 = −𝑊𝑊̇34 + 𝑚𝑚̇(ℎ3 − ℎ4 )

𝑠𝑠3 −𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓
ℎ3 = 416.16 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑠𝑠3 = 1.4955 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 𝑠𝑠4 so ℎ4 = ℎ𝑓𝑓 + 𝑥𝑥4 ℎ𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = ℎ𝑓𝑓 + ℎ𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 � � = 383.7 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑠𝑠𝑔𝑔 −𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓

𝑄𝑄̇34 𝑊𝑊̇34
= 0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, = 32.48 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑚𝑚̇
𝑄𝑄̇12 𝑊𝑊̇12
Process 4→1: 0 = 𝑄𝑄̇41 + 𝑚𝑚̇𝑇𝑇(𝑠𝑠4 − 𝑠𝑠1 ) → = 855.3 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, = 0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑚𝑚̇

𝑄𝑄̇23 𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻
𝛾𝛾 = 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 5.28
𝑊𝑊̇12 − 𝑊𝑊̇34 𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻 − 𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶

𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶
𝛽𝛽 = = 4.28
𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻 − 𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶

Answer: (a) Work12 , Heat23 , Work34 , Heat41 = -232.2, -1055, 32.48, 855.3 kJ/kg (b) 5.28 (c) 4.28
6.43 An insulated, rigid tank is divided into two compartments by a frictionless, thermally conducting
piston. One compartment initially contains 1m3 of saturated water vapor at 4 MPa and the other
compartment contains 1m3 of water vapor at 20 MPa, 800°C. The piston is released and equilibrium is
attained, with the piston experiencing no change of state. For the water as the system, determine

(a) the final pressure in, MPa

(b) the final temperature, in°C
(c) the amount of entropy produced, in kJ/K

Given the isolated condition and neglecting kinetic and potential term
∆𝑈𝑈 + ∆𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 + ∆𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝑄𝑄 − 𝑊𝑊, thus ∆𝑈𝑈 = 0

Mass
𝑉𝑉1 1�𝑚𝑚3 � 𝑉𝑉2 1�𝑚𝑚3 �
𝑚𝑚1 = = 𝑚𝑚3
= 20.09 [𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘] , 𝑚𝑚2 = = 𝑚𝑚3
= 41.93 [𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘]
𝑣𝑣1 0.04978� � 𝑣𝑣2 0.02385� �
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Internal energy
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚1 �𝑢𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 − 𝑢𝑢1 � + 𝑚𝑚2 �𝑢𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 − 𝑢𝑢2 � = 0, where 𝑢𝑢1 = 2602.3 � �, 𝑢𝑢2 = 3592.7 � �
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑢𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 3271.9 � �
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑃𝑃 = 121.5 [𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏], 𝑇𝑇 = 622.6𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝜎𝜎 = Δ𝑆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑚1 Δ𝑆𝑆1 + 𝑚𝑚2 Δ𝑆𝑆2 = 20.09 ∗ (6.861 − 6.0701) + 41.93 ∗ (6.861 − 7.0544) = 7.78 � �
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐾𝐾

Answer: (a) 12.15 MPa (b) 622.6 oC (c) 7.78 kJ/kg K

6.69 Refrigerant 134a is compressed from 2bar, saturated vapor, to 10 bar, 90°C in a compressor
operating at steady state. The mass flow rate of refrigerant entering the compressor is 7 kg/min, and the
power input is 10.85 kW. Kinetic and potential energy effects can be neglected.

(a) Determine the rate of heat transfer, in kW.

(b) If the heat transfer occurs at an average surface temperature of 50°C, determine the rate of entropy
production, in kW/K
(c) Determine the rate of entropy production, in kW/K, for an enlarged control volume that include the
compressor and its immediate surroundings such that the heat transfer occurs a 300 K.
(d) Compare the results of parts (b) and (c) and discuss.

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚̇ = 7 � � = 0.1167 � �
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠
Neglecting the effect of potential and kinetic energy
𝑄𝑄̇ − 𝑊𝑊̇ = 𝑚𝑚̇(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
ℎ2 = 324.01 � � , ℎ1 = 241.3 � �
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑄𝑄̇ = −10.85 + 0.1167(324.01 − 241.3) = −1.2005 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝑄𝑄 𝑄𝑄
Δ𝑆𝑆 = ∫ + 𝜎𝜎, using averaged value ∫ = thus 𝜎𝜎 = Δ𝑆𝑆 −
𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑠𝑠2 = 1.0707 � � , 𝑠𝑠1 = 0.9253 � �
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐾𝐾 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐾𝐾
𝑄𝑄 −1.2005 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝜎𝜎 = 𝑚𝑚̇(𝑠𝑠2 − 𝑠𝑠1 ) − = 0.1167(1.0707 − 0.9253) − = 0.02068 � �
𝑇𝑇 323.15 𝐾𝐾
𝑄𝑄 −1.2005 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝜎𝜎 ∗ = 𝑚𝑚̇(𝑠𝑠2 − 𝑠𝑠1 ) − = 0.1167(1.0707 − 0.9253) − = 0.02096 � �
𝑇𝑇 ∗ 300 𝐾𝐾

Answer: (a) -1.2005 kW (b) 0.02068 kW/K (c) 0.02096 kW/K

(d) The entropy production of the enlarged control volume is larger because it includes the irreversibility
of the surroundings.
6.74 Figure shows an air compressor and regenerative heat exchanger in a gas turbine system
operating at steady state. Air flows from the compressor through the regenerator, and a separate stream of
air passes through the regenerator in counterflow. Operating data are provided on the figure. Stray heat
transfer to the surroundings and kinetic and potential energy effects can be neglected. The compressor
power input is 6700 kW.

(a) Determine the mass flow rate of air entering the compressor, in kg/s.
(b) the temperature of the air exiting the regenerator at state 5, in K
(c) and the rates of entropy production in the compressor and regenerator, in kW/K

Neglecting the effect of potential and kinetic energy and heat transfer to the surrounding
−𝑊𝑊 ̇
−𝑊𝑊̇ = 𝑚𝑚̇1 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) , thus 𝑚𝑚̇1 = (ℎ
2 −ℎ1 )
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
ℎ2 = 628.07 � � , ℎ1 = 300.19 � �
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
6700 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚̇1 = = 20.43 � �
628.07−300.19 𝑠𝑠

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚̇1 (ℎ3 − ℎ2 )+𝑚𝑚̇5 (ℎ5 − ℎ4 ) = 0 given that 𝑚𝑚̇1 = 𝑚𝑚̇5 and ℎ3 = 778.18 � � , ℎ4 = 800.03 � �
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
ℎ5 = ℎ2 − ℎ3 + ℎ4 = 628.07 − 778.18 + 800.03 = 649.92 � �
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑠𝑠1𝑜𝑜 = 1.70203 � � , 𝑠𝑠2𝑜𝑜 = 2.44356 � � , 𝑠𝑠3𝑜𝑜 = 2.66176 � � , 𝑠𝑠4𝑜𝑜 = 2.69013 � � , 𝑠𝑠5𝑜𝑜 = 2.47716 � �,
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐾𝐾 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐾𝐾 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐾𝐾 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐾𝐾 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐾𝐾

𝑝𝑝 8.314 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑚𝑚̇1 (𝑠𝑠2 − 𝑠𝑠1 ) = 𝑚𝑚̇1 �𝑠𝑠2𝑜𝑜 − 𝑠𝑠1𝑜𝑜 − 𝑅𝑅 ln 2� = 20.43 �2.44356 − 1.70203 − ln 12� = 0.5801 � �
𝑃𝑃1 28.97 𝐾𝐾

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝜎𝜎ℎ𝑥𝑥 = (𝑠𝑠3𝑜𝑜 − 𝑠𝑠2𝑜𝑜 − (𝑠𝑠5𝑜𝑜 − 𝑠𝑠4𝑜𝑜 )) = 20.43(2.66176 − 2.44356 − (2.47716 − 2.69013)) = 0.1068 � �
𝐾𝐾

Answer: (a) 20.43 kg/s (b) 640 K (c) σcomp=0.5801 kW/K, σhx=0.1068 kW/K
6.109 As shown in Figure, air enters the diffuser of a jet engine at 18 kPa, 216 K with a velocity of 265
m/s, all data corresponding to high-altitude flight. The air flows adiabatically through the diffuser,
decelerating to a velocity of 50 m/s at the diffuser exit. Assume steady-state operation, the ideal gas model
for air, and negligible potential energy effects.

(a) Determine the temperature of the air at the exit of the diffuser, in K.
(b) If the air would undergo an isentropic process as it flows through the diffuser, determine the pressure
of the air at the diffuser exit, in kPa
(c) If friction were present, would the pressure of the air at the diffuser exit be greater than, less than, or
equal to the value found in part (b)? Explain

Neglecting the effect of potential and ignoring heat transfer and work
𝑉𝑉22 −𝑉𝑉12 𝑉𝑉22 −𝑉𝑉12
0 = 𝑚𝑚̇ �ℎ2 − ℎ1 + � , thus ℎ2 = ℎ1 −
2 2
502 −2652 𝐽𝐽 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
ℎ2 = 215970 − = 249832.5 � � = 249.8325 � � , 𝑇𝑇2 ≈ 250𝐾𝐾
2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟1 = 0.44088, 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟2 = 0.7310

𝑃𝑃2 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟2 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟2 0.74129
= , 𝑃𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑃1 = 18 ∗ = 30.265 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑃𝑃1 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟1 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟1 0.44088

Answer: (a) 249.8K (b) 30.265 kPa (c) If friction was present pressure would be lower due to
entropy production.
6.111 Figure shows a power system operating at steady state consisting of three components in series:
an air compressor having an isentropic compressor efficiency of 80%, a heat exchanger, and a turbine
having an isentropic turbine efficiency of 90%. Air enters the compressor at 1 bar, 300 K with a mass flow
rate of 5.8 kg/s and exits at a pressure of 10 bar. Air enters the turbine at 10 bar, 1400 K and exits at a
pressure of 1 bar. Air can be modeled as an ideal gas. Stray heat transfer and kinetic and potential energy
effects are negligible.

Determine, in kW,
(a) the power required by the compressor,
(b) the power developed by the turbine, and
(c) the net power output of the overall power system.

Neglecting the effect of potential and kinetic energy and ignoring heat transfer to the surrounding
𝑤𝑤̇ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑚𝑚̇(ℎ3 − ℎ4 ), 𝑤𝑤̇ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑚𝑚̇(ℎ1 − ℎ2 )

ℎ3 −ℎ4 ℎ2𝑠𝑠 −ℎ1

Isentropic efficiency is given as 𝜂𝜂𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = , 𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = , thus
ℎ3 −ℎ4𝑠𝑠 ℎ2 −ℎ1

𝑚𝑚̇(ℎ1 −ℎ2𝑠𝑠 )
𝑤𝑤̇ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝜂𝜂𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑚̇(ℎ3 − ℎ4𝑠𝑠 ), 𝑤𝑤̇ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
ℎ1 = 300.19 � � , ℎ3 = 1515.4 � �
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑃𝑃4 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟4𝑠𝑠 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

= , 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟4𝑠𝑠 = 45.05, ℎ4𝑠𝑠 = 808.5 � �
𝑃𝑃3 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟3 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑃𝑃2 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟2𝑠𝑠 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

= , 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟2𝑠𝑠 = 13.86, ℎ2𝑠𝑠 = 579.9 � �
𝑃𝑃1 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑤𝑤̇ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝜂𝜂𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑚̇(ℎ3 − ℎ4𝑠𝑠 ) = 0.9 ∗ 5.8 ∗ (1515.4 − 808.5) = 3690.0 [𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘]

𝑚𝑚̇ (ℎ1 −ℎ2𝑠𝑠 ) 300.19−579.9

𝑤𝑤̇ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = 5.8 ∗ = −2027.9 [𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘]
𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 0.8

𝑤𝑤̇ 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝑤𝑤̇ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 𝑤𝑤̇ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 3690.0 − 2027.9 = 1662.1 [𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘]

Answer: (a) -2027.9 kW (b) 3690.0 kW (c) 1662.1 kW