

Basic Defintions “Charles Drew” was the first pioneered

the idea of a blood bank.
 Creature having both male and female
 Agoraphobia is the fear of open or public organs is known as Hermaphrodite.
places. “Agraphia” is the inability to  Hepatitis and jaundice are the diseases
write. Acrophobia is the fear of heights. of Liver Chemistry
Aerophobia is a fear of flying, Apiphobia  Brass” is an alloy of copper and zinc; the
is a fear of what? Bees. Cyberphobia is proportions of zinc and copper can be
the fear of computers or working on a varied to create a range of brasses with
computer and acrophobia a fear of varying properties.
Heights  “Bronze” is a metal alloy consisting primarily
 Philately is the science of stamp of copper, usually with tin as the main
collection additive.
  “Dry ice” is a Solid Carbon Dioxide.
 Chemically diamond is a Pure Carbon.
Biology  Gas is use in Fire Cylinders CO2. (CO2 is use
for extinguishing fire)
Terms:
 Sulphuric Acid is use in the car batteries.
 “Autopsy” is the Post-Mortem  Most commonly used bleaching agent is
examination of a body. chlorine
 “Lexicography” is the branch of science  The chief constituent of gobar gas is
which deals with the process of writing methane.
dictionaries.  What is laughing gas? Nitrous Oxide
 Pomology” is the study and cultivation  Iron metabolism in the human body is
of fruit helpful for Haemoglobin and blood is
red due to hemoglobin.
General:  In how many groups the living organisms that
have back bone, are divided? 5 groups
 Spleen is called the graveyard of Red  Art and science of growing flowers, fruit and
Blood Cells. vegetables is called Horticulture
 Oxgen Gas was discovered by Priestly.  “Plague” is a disease, which spreads by rat
 Protein is present in the highest amount in a
 Dr. James Waston discovered the human body.
structure of DNA in 1953.  “Amino Acid” is the smallest unit of Protein.
 Cell for the first time was discovered by  How many pairs of ribs are there in the human
Robert Hook. body? 12.
 A cataract is a clouding that develops in the
 ‘Claustrophobia” is defined as the fear of crystalline lens of the eye or in its envelope (lens
enclosed spaces. capsule), varying in degree from slight to
 Vitamin C (also callead Ascorbic Acid) is a complete opacity and obstructing the passage of
powerful antioxidant, and aids in the light.
 Ice melting at poles is because of Ozone
production of collagen, and stimulates
depletion. Afforestation stands for
the immune system. Vitamin C is planting of new Trees.
essential for appetite.  Abusive drugs damage cells of Brain.
 “Soda Water” serves as a primary  Natural gas effect on our lungs because, it is
remedy for upset stomach harmful for human being. When ever we inhale
 carbon monoxide its poisonous and human  Soda Water” serves as a primary remedy for
body feeling illness. Its very dangerous upset stomach
 The tiny air sacs in the lungs tissues are called  Normal arterial blood pH is 7.40, with a range of
Aliveoli about 7.36-7.44. Blood pH depends on carbon
 A xerophyte or xerophytic organism is a plant dioxide (CO2) concentration and bicarbonate
that has adapted to survive in an environment (HCO3) concentration.
that lacks water, such as a desert.
 ‘Parkinson’ is adisease of Brain.
 A halophyte is a plant that grows
 The normal pulse beat of a human
where it is affected by salinity in the
body is between 72— 80.
root area or by salt spray, such as in
 What is the chance of diabetic baby
saline semi-deserts, mangrove
born to parents both heterozygous
swamps, marshes and sloughs, and
normal ?¼
seashores.
 Role of biotechnology in the
 An epiphyte is a plant that normally
production of food based on
grows on another plant for support. It
Fermentation
is not parasitic, but uses the host plant
 Which form of drug abuse involves
for support only.
most risk of infection with the HIV
 Photophobia is the extreme sensitivity to light.
(AIDS) virus? Injection of heroine
 “Herpes” is a disease caused by a herpes virus,
affecting the skin or the nervous system.  Chemical name of vinegar in Dilute acetic acid
 “Erythrocyte” is a red blood cell  Defeciency of following vitamin
(typically a biconcave disc without a decreases hemoglobin production
nucleus) that contains the pigment Thiamine
hemoglobin and transports oxygen  The energy needed to fuel
and carbon dioxide to and from the essential body processes is called
tissues. recommended daily allowance
 “Leucocyte” is a colourless cell  Inhaled air passes through which of the
which circulates in the blood and following in the last? Bronchiole
body fluids and is involved in  Most commonly used bleaching agent is chlorine
counter acting foreign substances  The chief constituent of gobar gas is methane.
and disease; a white blood cell.  “Lithophytes” are a type of plant that
 Rabies (Hydrophobia) is a disease grows in or on rocks. Lithophytes feed
recognized by Insane Dog biting. It off moss, nutrients in rain water, litter,
effect on the Central Nervous and even their own dead tissue.
system.  The substances human body produces to
 Pneumonia affects the respiratory system. fight against disease germs are called
 Dysentery is an intestinal Antibodies.
inflammation, especially in the colon,  “Aboriculture” is a science of the cultivation,
that can lead to severe diarrhea with management, and study of individual trees,
mucus or blood in the feces. shrubs, vines, and other perennial woody plants.
 Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative,  Which of the following animals can hear
comma-shaped bacterium. Some ultrasonic sound? Bat
strains of V. cholerae cause the  First human heart transplant operation
disease cholera. conducted by Dr. Christian Bernard on Louis
 Penicillin is widely used as an antibiotic Washkansky, was conducted in 1967
 The air we inhale is mixture of  Exposure to sunlight helps a person improve
gases. Which of the following his health because the ultraviolet rays convert
gases in the mixture is highest in skin oil into Vitamin D
percentage? Nitrogen
 Chemicals used to kill weeds are called as
 Microphone is used to convert sound
waves into electrical energy. Herbicides
 The average thickness of the earth's crust is  The cytoplasm consists of several types of
32km structures, which are called Organelles
 The structure of DNA was elaborated by  What is the source of energy for the human
Watson and Crick in 1953 brain? Phosphorous
 In a DNA molecules, the rule for base  Who was the surgeon who pioneered
pairing is Adenine always bound with antiseptic surgery in 1865? Joseph Lister
thymine and cytosine with guanine  Which of the following helps in clotting of
 As per eating habit, squirrels are blood? Vitamin K (Blood do not clotting due
Frugivorous to heparin)
 Water loss from leaves through stomata is  Total volume of blood in a normal adult
called as Transpiration human being is 5-6 liters
 Nervous system in human consists of:  Which of the following have maximum
 Brain, spinal cord and nerves. (central and calorific value? Carbohydrates
peripheral)  Which of the following vitamins promote
 In human eye, the light sensitive layer made healthy functioning of eyes in human
of specializes nerve cells, rods and cones is beings? Vitamin A
called as The retina  Bronchitis is a disease of which of the
 Fossils found in the lowest geological strata following organs? Respiratory tract
are generally most Primitive  Barium is used for X-ray of alimentary canal
 Evolution can be described as A continuing  Which of the following pairs is incorrect?
process Poliomyelitis- monkey
 What is the only source of new alleles?  Which of the following statements is correct
Mutation Pulmonary artery carries impure blood
 Polygenic characteristic are controlled by  Epiphytes is a plant that grows upon
Multiple genes another plant.
 Which of the following , lists the four stages  Neurology is the science of nervous system.
of food processing in order?ingestion ,  Biochemistry is the application of statistics
digestion , absorption , elimination in the study of Biology.
 Riboflavin is not affected by cooking.  A sheet of muscles called diaphragm
 The number of chromosomes in the separates the chest from the abdomen.
spermatozoa is twenty-three  The pattern for building protein molecules is
 Enzymes are biological catalysts which have stored in the messenger RNA
multiple function in the body.  Anvil and stirrup are names of bones
 The branch of zoology which deals with the present in the EAR
study of insects is called Entomology  The young plant inside a grain of wheat is
 Fuels formed from animal and plant matter called the embryo plant
that lived thousands of years ago are known In born behaviour that involve only one part
as fossil fuels of the body are called REFLEX ACTION
 Reserve food material is usually stored as  Animals which obtain their food from dead
starch in plants. Reserve food material is organisms are called Scavengers
usually stored as glycogen in  Fish is the Best source of protein.
 Aorta is an organ of the circulatory system  Diamond is the hardest mineral.
 Circular aperture which appears as a dark  Life history of human malaria parasite in
spot in the eye is called pupil  Green vegetables are a good source of
 Bacteria are parasites Minerals and Vitamins.
 Arteries become hard due to deposition of
Fats in them.
  Largest organ of the body is Skin and largest  A human body has 236 joints. (206 bones ,
gland is Liver. new baby contains 300). There are 24 ribs in
 We are saved from ultraviolet rays of sun a human body.
through? Ozone Layer  A colour blind person cannot distinguish
 On boiling egg hardens which indicates the between Red and Green
presence of Protein.  Hippocrates is considered as the father of
 Eugenics is the study of altering human Medicine.
beings by changing their genetic  A man breathes 17 to18 times in a minute.
components
 The breathing rate is controlled by the
 Ecology deals with Relation between organisms
and their environment. medulla.
 Filaria is caused by Mosquito.  In the normal composition of human body
 Who discovered penicillin? Alexander Fleming. oxygen is 64 percent.
 What is the name of the milky fluid obtained  The use of fingerprints for identification
from trees which is used to produce rubber? purposes was first proposed by the British
Latex.
 Which is the only mammal with the power
scientist Sir Francis Galton.
of active flight? Bat.  What is the scientific name of man? Homo
 Which lower level of clouds are commonly called sapiens
clouds’? Nimbus.  Man eat both plants and animals so called
‘rain
Omnivore
 Which medical specialty is concerned with the
problems and illnesses of children? Pediatrics.  Pepsin produced in stomach digests the
 What name is given to the stiffening of the Proteins
body after death? Rigor mortis.  Bile is secreted by Liver
 The name of which Roman god means 'shining  Blood sugar level is controlled by hormone
father' in Latin? Jupiter.
called Insulin
 What part of the body consists of the
duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum?  Pituitary glands are located on Brain
Small intestine.  Tears are produced by Lachrymal glands
 What is the technical name for abnormally  In human eye image is formed at Retina
high blood presure? Hypertension.  What is diploid number of man’s
 What part of eye is responsible for its color? The
chromosome? 46
iris.
 In medicine, which is the most  A patient is put to Dialysis, when he or she
widespread parasitic infection? Malaria. suffers from Kidney ailment
 The Cornea of the eyes is the only part of  A universal donor has blood group is O
body without blood supply. (reciepter A&B)
 The largest bone of human body is Thigh  Kangaroo is native animal of Australia
Bone.  Name the vaccine that protects against
 The proportion of water in human body is tuberculosis? BCG
about 85%. (Blood in Human Body 5-6 Liter  Name the disease of the liver that causes a
10 % of total volume ) patient to turn yellow? Jaundice
 Cockroach is considered as the ancient  In the human body, blood-clotting factor is
insect of the world. produced by the liver
 Lack of oxygen at high altitude produces  Human blood is able to carry large amounts
bleeding. of oxygen because of the chemical
 Dental enamel is the hardest thing present hemoglobin
in a human body.
 The living part of a plant cell is composed of  A person of which of the following blood
a nucleus and cytoplasm groups is called a universal donor? O
 The front of the eye is covered with a tough  A person with which of the following blood
transparent groups can receive blood of any group? AB
 The smallest branches of an artery lead into  Which gland in the human body is called the
tiny blood vessels called CAPPILARIES master gland? Pituitary
 Insulin is produced in the human body by  How many bones are there in a newly born
the Pancreas infant? 300
 In an animal cell protein is synthesized in  Medulla oblongata is a part of human Brain
the Ribosome  Appendix is appendix is a part of Large
 Chemically finger nails are made up of intestine
Protein  ECG is used for the diagnosis of aliments of
 Muscle stiffness is a symptom caused by the Heart
disease Tetanus  Biopsy is done on Tissues taken form a living
 The fat in our food is digested by the body
enzymes lipase  Dialysis is used for the treatment of Kidney
 Medulla Oblongata connects the small failure
brainwith the spinal chord  Insulin is injected into the intestines by
 Femur is a bone of the leg. Pancreas
 Nucleus usually lies in the centre of an  Lock Jaw, i.e., difficulty in opening the
animal cell mouth is a symptom of Tetanus
 Calcium and phosphorus are the essential  Lungs are situated in the Thoracic cavity
elements of bones.  Enzymes help in Digestion of food. Food is
 Proteins are formed by combination of normally digested in the Small intestines.
amino acids.  Man belongs to the family Hominidae
 The set of instructions given to a computer  one of the fundamental characteristics of
is called software. living organisms is Metabolism
 In a heat engine, heat energy is changed  In humans , most nutrient molecules are
into mechanical energy absorbed by the small intestine
 Period of famous Muslim scientists is 7th –  Hepatitis A is transmitted to different
13th century A.D. individuals by Water
 Amoeba is a unicellular animal.  Cancer can be treated by Chemotherapy
 Leprosy is a disorder of the nervous system. and radiotherapy
 The pancreas secretes Insulin  Founder of modern astronomy was Nicolas
 Tibia is a bone found in the Leg Copernicus
 The largest part of the human brain is the  Chemical used to kill rats and mice are
Cerebrum Rodenticides
 Red blood corpuscles are formed in the  Yeast is used in making bread because it
Bone marrow produces Carbon dioxide
 What is the main component of bones and  Oasis is associated with Desert
teeth? Calcium sulphate  human physiology and medicine? Al-
 The main constituent of hemoglobin is Iron Qanoon
 The function of hemoglobin is Prevention of  Olive branch is a sign of peace.
anemia
 Malaria is a disease which effects the Spleen
 Cox orange pippen is a biological name of  Trypanosome a parasite causing sleeping
an apple. sickness.
 The first European scientist, who refuted  Half-time is a time of radioactive substance
the belief that the earth was the centre of taken by that substance to decompose
the universe, was Copernicus. radioactivity to half of its weight.
 Prior to independence, Ghana was called  In Nuclear DNA is concentrated in
‘Gold Coast’. chromatin.
 Tanzania was formed by the unification of  Cellulose respiration is done by
two countries, Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Mitochondrion.
 Drinker’s apparatus is for measuring the  Light energy is stored in the form of
amount of Alcohol in the blood. chemical energy due to the activity of
 Dewar’s flask is called as thermos. Chloroplast.
 Chief food of mosquito larva is micro  Protoplasm is a colloidal solution.
organism found in water.  In cryptograms, the sex organs are primitive
 Chief food of butterfly larva is leaves of and hidden.
plants.  Thallophytia include algae, fungi, and
 Clinical thermometer usually measures in lichens.
Fahrenheit.  Angiosperm includes the plants which have
 If a green leaf is seen in a red light its color covered flowers and covered seed.
will be black.  Plant cells resembles animal cell because
 Roots absorb water from soil which is having a cell membrane made up of
Hygroscopic. protoplasm.
 Legumes increase the fertility of the soil by  Snake have been evolved from lizard.
adding nitrogen to the soil.  Plants in which seed are outside the fruit
 New varieties of organisms can be brought are called Gymnosperms.
about by hybridization.  0.200 grams are equal to one carat.
 Male child is born if xy chromosomes are  One million cycles per second is called
united. Megahertz.
 Seeds are developed from Ovule.  Owl can rotate his head to 180 degrees on
 Parthenocarpic fruits are seedless fruits. either sides.
 Chlorophyll contains magnesium.  Ostrich eat pebbles for helping digestion by
 Oxidation is the process in which electron is grinding up the ingested food.
lost.  Birds are warm blooded animals.
 Light is necessary for photosynthesis  Birds bones are hollow.
because it produce ATP and reducing  Male birds are more colorful than females.
substance.  Birds do not fly are penguins, emus, kiwis,
 Oxygen liberated from photosynthesis ostriches.
comes from water.  Amphibians were the first vertebrate.
 Red light is most suitable for  There are three stages of frog. Egg-tadpole-
photosynthesis. adult frog.
 Respiration means food oxidation and  Metamorphosis - > a series of changes.
evolution of energy.  Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989) was one of the
 Chemical preservation of dead organisms in first to study animal behavior.
liquid is called Cryo-Bilogy.
  The brain of the Ostrich is smaller than its
Diseases eyes.
 “Pneumonia” is a lung infection in  In each ear of the cat there are 32 muscles.
which the air-sacs fill with pus.
 Leprosy” is a contagious bacterial  Life span of a dragonfly is 24 hours
disease that affects the skin, mucous 
membranes and nerves, causing 
discoloration and humps on the skin 
and, in severe cases, disfigurement Physical sciences
and deformities.
 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome  Speed of Sound in Air 331 m/
(AIDS) is infected by Virus  d Colour has largest and Blue colour has
 Polio, AIDS and Measles are caused by Virus shortest Wavelength.
 T.B., leprosy , whooping cough and
 The frequency of which of the following is
diphtheria are caused by Bacteria
the highest? Radio waves
 Goiter is caused by Deficiency of Iodine
 Which of the following diseases is caused by
 Radio waves travel with almost the velocity
of Light.
virus? Small pox
 Myopia is a disease connected with Eyes  Diamond is the hardest mineral.
 Short-sightedness can be corrected by using  The distance between the earth and the sun
Concave is smallest in the month of January.
 Trachoma is a disease of the Eyes  Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760
 Typhoid and cholera are typical examples of mm
Water- borne disease  The acceleration caused by gravity per
 Pyorrhea is a disease of the Gums second is 32 feet.
 Lack of what causes diabetes. Insulin Dry ice  1 Inch is equal to 2.54 centimeters.
is solid carbon dioxide at a temperature of -  Silicon is called the “Earth maker”.
80 C.  The area between the Tropic of Cancer and
 Hydro-electric power means production of the Trpic of Capricorn, where the sun is
electricity by making Dams. vertically overhead at some point of the
 Chronic disease usually begins slowly and year is called The Torrid zone
persists over a longer time.  What does Angstrom measure? Speed of
 The only fish that can blink with both eyes is ships
a shark.
 The scientist who first discovered that the
 The Niagara falls froze solid as it was so cold
earth revolves round the sun was
in winter of 1932.
Copernicus.
 Compared to men, women blink nearly
twice.
 Wood is the least conducter of electricity
 Its not possible to keep your eyes open and  The element common to all acids is
sneeze. Hydrogen.
 56% of the average typing work is done with  Cryptography” deals with the study of
the left hand. secret writing.
 In every two weeks if the stomach does not  Earth revolves around the sun from? West
produce a new layer of mucus it will digest to east
itself.  Philately is the science of stamp collection
 Which gas is commonly used in balloons? condenser is measured in Coulombs and SI
Helium unit of pressure is Pascal
 Chemically diamond is a Pure Carbon.
 The most abundant element in earth curst is  A moderator is used in nuclear
Oxygen (O) 46.6% and silicon is the second reactor in order to Slow down the
abudent element of earth and silican is speed of the neutrons
called earth maker.  Sedimentary rocks are Porous
 Quartz crystal in quartz watches
 One horse power is equal to 746 watt. work on the principle called Piezo-
 Which colour phosphorus used in matches? electric effect
Red  The most splendid and the
 Oldest known element? Copper most magnificient
constellation on the sky is
 Which shape of carbon is used in lead Orion
pencils? Graphite  Television signals are converted
 Artificial silk is called rayon. into light signals by Photo diode
 Where do most of Asteroids lie?
 Basic component of paper is wood. In asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars
 The bar is a unit of pressure equal to 100 and Jupiter
kilopascals and roughly equal to the  The number of spark plugs needed in a diesel
atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level. engine is 0
 The half life of a radioactive element is
 Light year is the unit of [Link] is the 8-days. How long it take to reduce it
distance that light can travel in one year. A from 10 mg to 5 mg? 8 days
light year is equal to 9.46 trillion kilometers.  The term ‘Blue Shift’ is used to indicate
 Mirage is an example of refraction of Light. Doppler Effect in which an object
 The gravitational force on the body is called as appears bluer when it is moving
Weight. towards the observer or observer is
 Most astronomers believe that origin of the moving towards the object.
Universe is Big Bang Theory.  Kilowatt-hour is a unit of Electric Current
 Sound travels fastest in Glass.  A black hole is a region of spacetime
 Neon gas is used in decoration lighting. from which nothing, not even light,
 A low area storm with high winds rotating can escape.
about a center of low atmospheric pressure is  The distance of place south or north of
called Cyclone. Equator is called Latitude.
 The first Muslim scientist who presented the law  The energy generation in stars is due to
of reflection and refraction is Ibn-ul-Haitham Fusion of light nuclei.
 The difference in the duration of day and night  The law of floating bodies was
increases as one move from Equator to poles. discovered by greek scientist
 Solar system was discovered by Nicolaus Archimedes.
Copernicus  Information can be sent over long distances
 Newton discovered that every applied force in the form of Light signals through optical
has an equal reaction. fibres
 When heavy unstable elements split into  Copper can be converted into gold by
relatively smaller elements along with the Artificial Radioactivity
release of energy is called fission.
 In winter an iron pipe feel colder than a
 Red blood cells have no nucleus
wooden window . This is because wood is
 Pain in ears when aeroplane goes down
because of High Air pressure.
non-Conductor
 The maximum limit of sound beyond which a  The echo (reflected sound) will be distinctly
person can become deaf is 129 db. heard only at ordinary temperatures if the
 The quantity of charge that is stored in a
 distance of the reflecting surfaces from the counter is a device used to detect nuclear
source of sound is at least 56fft Radiation
 It is possible to recognize a person in the  A body can escape the gravitational pull of
dark by simply hearing his unique voice . It the earth if it is thrown up with a velocity of
is because of the pitch 7 miles per sec
 When a ray of sunlight enters a dark room ,  Night vision is possible with the help of
its straight path become visible because of Infrared Rays
dust particles hanging in the air. It is  Myopia is a defect of human eye. it can be
because light is Visible corrected by using a lens called Concave
 A six feet tall lady wants to see her full lens
image in a plane mirror . The minimum  Walnuts can be broken in the hand by
length of the mirror will be 3 feet squeezing two together but not one. It is
 The principle used in radar is the same as because of Work done
that of Sonar. In radar we use radio waves ;  The planet Mercury completes one rotation
whereas in sonar we use around the sun is 88 days
 In a fission nuclear reaction, a heavy  The energy possessed by a water fall is
nucleus breaks up into smaller nuclei kinetic energy.
whereas in another nuclear reaction two or  Rainbows are produced by the reflection of
more than two possibly nuclei are fused to light through raindrops.
form a heavy nucleus This nuclear reaction  Light switches in our homes are connected
is called Fusion nuclear reaction in parallel series.
 German silver is an alloy of approximately  Cryptograms is a coded message; a text or
60% copper, 20% nickle and 20% zinc message that is in code or cipher
 The Continent Antarctica lies at the South  Visible light energy has the wavelength
pole range of 400 to 700 nm
 The temperature of the dead body is  If we know the mass of an object and the
temperature of the place where it is kept force applied on it, it is possible to calculate
 Cusec is a volumetric unit for measuring the acceleration of the object.
flow of liquids, equal to one cubic foot per  How many Ergs are these in 1 Joule? 107
second  The unit of current is Ampere
 Magnifying power of a simple microscope  Who invented typewriter? Sholes
can be increased by increasing focal length  The first attempt in printing was made in
of the lens England by William Caxton
 A very important practical application of  Who proposed the chemical evolution of
properties of matter is hoeing or "godi" life? Haechel .
practiced by the farmers. This property of 
matter is called Capillarity  Who among the following evolved the
 It is observed that the total pressure concept of relationship between mass and
exerted by air on the man of average size is energy? Einstein
around 14.7 lb wt. per square inch. But the  When sound is reflected from floor, ceiling
man feels quite comfortable. It is because of or a wall , it mixes with the original sound
gravity and change its complexion, it is called as
 A nuclear reactor is a device used to carry Reverberation
out controlled nuclear reaction whereas GM
 The of light in vacuum is about 300 Million  Railway Engine was invented by Stephenson
kilometers per second  Sound will travel fastest in Solids.
 The frequency of which of the following is  The main component of a TV is a cathode
the highest? Radio waves ray tube.
 Radio waves travel with almost the velocity  The circumference of the earth was
of Light. determined by Al-Beruni
 If speed of rotation of the earth increases,  Energy possessed by a body due to its
weight of the body decreases motion is called Kinetic Energy
 What is the central colour of a rainbow? Green.
 Lens which is thinner at the centre and
 What is the second planet from the sun? Venus.
 Which gas used in advertising signs has the thicker at the edge is called Concave Lens .
symbol Ne? Neon.  A lens which is thicker at the centre and
 What causes earthquakes? Earthquakes occur thinner at the edges is called Convex Lens
when energy stored within the Earth, usually in  The diameter of a lens is called Aperture
the form of strain in rocks, suddenly releases.
 Energy in sun produced by hydrogen nuclei
This energy is transmitted to the surface of the
Earth by earthquake waves. is the result of Fusion
 What is Galaxy? Galaxy, a massive ensemble of  A beam of white light passing through a
hundreds of millions of stars, all gravitationally prism scatters in Seven colours
interacting, and  The function of the thermostat in a
 What is Galaxy? Galaxy, a massive refrigerator is To maintain the temperature
ensemble of hundreds of millions of stars,  Blotting paper absorbs ink because The
all gravitationally interacting, and orbiting action of capillary
about a common center. Astronomers  Sound is a form of energy
estimate that there are about 125 billion  A fraction of sunlight is refracted as it enters
galaxies in the universe. All the stars visible the earth’s atmosphere.
to the unaided eye from Earth belong to  Electric current is measured by an Ammeter.
Earth’s galaxy, the Milky Way.  Light with larger wavelength than that of
 How far is the sun from earth? the average the red colour is
distance from Earth is 150 million km (93  Mica is a nonconductor of electricity
million miles).  Sun is the biggest star in the universe.
 What was the first creature to travel in  The capacity to do work is called energy.
space? The Soviet Union also launched the  The energy possessed by a body die to its
first living creature, a dog named Laika, into position is called potential energy.
space on November 3, 1957.  The speed of sound in dry air at 20 C is
 The origin of earth dates back to about (343 m/s)
approximately? 4.6 billion years  The time light takes from Sun to reach Earth
 The dates on which day and night is equal is 8 minutes
are? 21st march and 23rd September  Light from Sun travels a distance before it
 Haematite is an ore of iron. reaches Earth 150 Million Km
 Earth completes one rotation on its axis in?  Water is heated in a kettle. The inside water
23 hours 56 mints and 4.9 sec is heated by convection. A person sitting
 Which of the following gases is most near the fire receives heat by Radiation
predominant in the sun? Hydrogen  Three elements needed for the healthy
 The coldest planet is Neptune. growth of plants are N,P,K
 Radium was discovered by Mario Curie
Pierre Curie.
 Twinkling of stars is caused by refraction of  The planet of the solar system which has
light maximum numbers of Moon is Jupiter (as of
 Aircraft designers test their model of aircraft 2011)
in with tunnel.  A unit of length equal to the average
 Dyne is a unit of Force. distance between the earth and sun is
 called Astronomical unit
 The position of earth in its orbit, when it is
Solar system:
at its greatest distance from the sun causing
 Which is the hottest planet of our solar northern summer is called Aphelion
system? Venus  Which of the following explains the reason
 Which planet is closest to the Earth? Venus why there is no total eclipse of the sun? Size
 Which planet is biggest from the Sun? of the earth in relation to that of moon
Jupiter  Which rocks are formed by the alteration of
 Which is the closest planet to the Sun? pre-existing rocks by great heat or pressure:
Mercury Metamorphic rocks
 During Solar eclipse the moon comes 
between the Earth and the Sun.
 During Lunar eclipse the Earth comes
Chemistry
between the moon and the Sun.
 The greenish planet of solar system is  In modern television Cathode Ray Tube is
Uranus replaced with Transistor.
 Which planet of solar system is red in  “Marie Curie” was a physicist and chemist
colour? Mars famous for her pioneering research on
 Name the blue coloured planet. Neptune radioactivity. She was the first person honored
with two Nobel Prizes—in physics and chemistry.
 Formation and change of one season to
another is due to Earth Revolution  “Stainless Steel” contains chromium, Iron
 The Sun appears to rise from the East and and corban.
 “Cooking gas” is a mixture of Butane and
set into the West due to Rotation of Earth Propane.
 Which planet is known as “Earth’s near twin  Iron articles rust because of the
planet”? Venus formation of a mixture of ferrous and
 Which is the brightest planet in the Solar ferric hydroxide.
System? Venus  “Chlorination” is the process of
adding the element chlorine to water
 The smallest, fastest and smallest diameter
as a method of water purification to
planet is make it fit for human consumption as
 Which one of the following planets has the drinking water.
maximum number of satellites? Jupiter  Sulphur is mixed with the rubber to make it
 Temperature. more flexible.
 The main constituent of Sui Gas is Methane.
 Equinox is the time when the sun appears  Fuel used in a Fast Breeder
vertically overhead at noon at the equator. Reactor is Uranium
 Planet Mars has two moons. Plutonium Oxide
 Quartz is chemically a Silicate.  Monsoon is caused by Seasonal reversal of
winds
 Solar eclipse occurs in New moon.
 Which of the following atmospheric
layers help in radio communication?
Ionosphere
 Cobalt is a material which is into gas, and that it produces an inert
Strongly attracted by a magnet atmosphere that reduces bacterial growth.
 Gunpowder is a mixture of sulphur, charcoal  The most common element in the
and potassium nitrate (nitre). When water is atmosphere is Nitrogen (N), which is
added to the mixture potassium present at 78.08 percent by volume and
 Ice can be changed to water by Changing 75.52 percent by mass.
the motion of the water molecules  The most common element in the universe
 The temperature of liquid nitrogen is -196°C is Hydrogen (H), according for 90 percent of
 Oil bulbs cleaner and is less damaging to the all known matter in the universe, and68
environment than coal as a fuel. percent by mass in the Solar System.
 The difference between electrical charges at  Iron is the most widely used metal.
the two ends of a conductor is called  Platinum is the costliest metal in the world.
Potential difference.  The only metal which is liquid at ordinary
 Purest form of iron is wrought iron temperature is Aluminium
 Hypo is a solution of sodium thiosulphate  Helium, neon and argon are called Noble
 Ruby is an Oxide of Aluminum Gases
 The particles with positive charge but  Water is made of which two gases?
having mass equal to that of electron is Hydrogen and Oxygen
called Proton.  Copper is used in making brass, bronze and
 Iron corrodes due to the formation of Iron German
Oxide.  Which atom does not have a neutron?
 Transistors do not need a warm up period Hydrogen
because they have no Filament.  The charge present on an electron is
 The type of radiation hat is unaffected by Negative
magnetic field is called Alpha.  The charge present on a proton is Positive
 The Kelven scale of temperature is called  Water was discovered by Cavendish
the absolute scale.  Most abundant element in human body is
 Which gas is commonly used in balloons? Oxygen
Helium  Which of the following is the lightest
 Which colour phosphorus used in matches? element of the periodic table? Hydrogen
Red  How much time does the sun light take to
 when ever natural gas leak some where reach the Earth? 8.5 minutes
repair or block this leakage its very harmfull  The Sun is made of gases mainly Hydrogen
for human body and childrens as well. and Helium
 The ozone layer restricts Ultraviolet radiation  The outer surface temperature of the Sun is
 Nitrogen gas is used in electric bulb. 6000 0C
 Quicklime is an alkaline powder obtained by  In the core of the Sun Nuclear Fusion
strongly heating which other material? process is occurring all the times.
Chalk Inventions:
 Excessive burning of fossil fuels cause acid
 What is dry ice? Solid carbon dioxide,
rain.
known as dry ice, is widely used as a
refrigerant. Its cooling effect is almost twice
 Rainwater dissolves sulphur dioxide to form
sulphuric acid.
that of water ice; its special advantages are
 The chemical generally used in refrigerators
that it does not melt as a liquid but turns
is ethylene
 Heat radiation travels at a speed equal to  Half byte = 1nibble = 4 bits
speed of light  Bit means Binary Digit
 Centigrade & Fahrenheit scales give same  1 byte = 8 bits
reading at - 400  1 mega byte = 1048576 bytes
 What is the body temperature of a normal  1 kilo byte = 1024 bytes
man? 36.9oC  A combination of 16 bits are called word.
 The ozone layer is present about 30miles  A terabyte = 1 trillion bytes
(50km) in atmosphere above earth. The  Our PC belongs to 4th generation
stratum (layer) of atmosphere in which  Fred Cohen coined the word computer
ozone layer lies is called as Stratosphere virus
 The most abundant natural Iron oxides are  First computer virus was created in 1970
Hematite and Magnetite at Bell
 The most abundant elements in sea water  WORM means Write Once Read Many
Sodium and Chlorine  Power of a super computer is measured in
 The density of water is greatest at 4°C FLOPS (Floating Point Operations per
 A vacuum can not conduct heat Second)
 The building blocks of elements are called  WWW/http: (hypertext transfer protocol)
Molecules was created by
 Boiling of an egg is a change which is  Intel means Integrated Electronics
Chemical  [Link] G.W stands for Gate Way
 The usual raw material for ceramics,  Super Computer was created by [Link]
generally found beneath the top soil is? Clay Tassel
 Polyamides are synthetic polymers  CORBA is Common Object Request Broker
commonly known as Nylon Architecture
 Laughing gas has chemical composition of  URL is Uniform or Universal Resource
the following two elements which are Locator
Nitrogen + oxygen  Intel invented RAM chip
 The name of the common mineral salt  Information stored on disk as series of
present in sea is Sodium Chloride bumps on its shiny side.
 Which of the following layers make radio  DVDs hold more information than CDs.
transmission possible?Ionosphere They use smaller bumps and have two
 Which one of the following is a non-metallic reflective layers
mineral? Gypsum  Recordable CDs do not have bumps. There
 are patches of color on disk to change the
reflected laser light
Food sciences  In 1951 Univac – 1, the world’s first
commercial computer was designed by
 Kidney disease due to overdose of John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. They
vitamin c. built ENIAC, the first electronic computer
 in 1946
 In 1968 mainframe was built.
 In 1976 first supercomputer the Cray-1
was developed
Computer sciences  In 1981 IBM produce the IBM PC.
 In 1998 IBM made quantum computer  Free software is also known as public
 Super computers uses parallel processing domain software.
 In 1974, computer games were  In computer DFD stands for Data Flow
introduced. Diagram.
 PROM is the abbreviation of  Cyber Space is called to Virtual world of
programmable read only memory the computer.
 What was the world’s first high level  What does the sun in SUN Microsystems
programming language 1957: IBM stand for Stanford University Network
FORTRAN  What does Intel stand for- Integrated
 A JPEG is a picture file format - what does Electronics
JPEG stand for: Joint Photographic Experts  All PCs have a BIOS what does bios stand
Group for-Basic Input Output System
 During World War II, IBM built the  What is the common name for an
computers the Nazis used to manage their integrated circuit A Chip
death/concentration camps  In WWW terms what does i.e. mean on a
 Registers are temporary storage areas domain name- Ireland
within the CPU.  What company introduced the first
 First apple computer was built in garage. commercial minicomputer 65 DEC
 The language of small talk is object  Name the first web browser publicly
oriented. available NCSA
 Shell is an operating environment.  The world’s most powerful super
 Virtual memory is also known as virtual computer is called ASCI white.
page.  World Wide Web was invented in 1993 by
 NOS refer to operating systems for a Tim Bareness Lee.
network.  The B-programming language was
 In EBCDIC each character is denoted by 8 developed by Ken Thompson.
bits.  The 1st commercially produced and sold
 Diodes are used in analog computer computer (1951) was UNIVAC.
circuits as limiter.  The transformation from heavy
 Wetware stands for any organic computers to PCs was made possible
intelligence. using microprocessors.
 GIGO stands for garbage in garbage out.  The first microprocessor was developed in
 Application of flip-flap are counters, shift 1971 by Intel.
register and transfer register.  A pentium 4 (P-4) employs roughly 40
 Bootstrap is associated with computer. million transistors.
 FORTRAN stands for formula translator.  Mark-1, Apple-1, and collossus were initial
 A group of character that is termed as a desktop computers.
single entity is called word.  Binary digits are briefed as bit.
 Clip art is a computer prepared art.  A collection of bits is called byte.
 Mark sensing is another term for OMR.  The first home computer (1977), which
 Authorization to make multiple software was sold in millions of units was Apple II.
copies is called site licensing.  ‘PARAM’ is a supercomputer.
 Antivirus is also known as vaccines.  Father of the Computer was Charles
Babbage
 “Debugging” is the process of locating Mathematics:
and fixing or bypassing bug s (errors) in
computer program code or the  One metric ton is equal to 1000 kg, or 2204
engineering of a hardware device pounds.
 A CPU(Central Processing Unit) is a cache  One square foot is equal to 144 sq inches
used by the central processing unit of a and 1 meter is equal to 3.28 foot. One
computer to reduce the average time to nautical mile is equal to 6080.
access memory. The cache is a smaller,  Logarithm tables were invented by John Napier
faster memory which stores copies of the  In Algebra and mathematics who is credited
data from the most frequently used main with the originating the Binomial Theorem
memory locations. by Omar-i-Khayyam.
 Logarithm tables were invented by John 
Napier 1. Cloning:
 Digital Computer” was invented by 2. Herbivours
Howard Alken.
 ATM stands for Automated Teller Machine.
 RAM stands for Random Access Memory
That eat greenery (vegetarian)
 “Y2K” is a computer problem.
 SIM stands for Subscriber identity Module. Carnivours
 What, in internet terminology, does SMTP
stand for? Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. That feeds on meet
 What, in internet terminology, does FTP 3. Omnivours
stand for? File Transfer Protocol Who eat both plant and animals
 Martin Cooper is known for his invention 4. Microbilogy
of Mobile 5. .Human
 Computers can Add and subtract 6. Pathology
information only.
Study of disease
 IBM stands for International Business
7. Agrostology
Machines
8. Cosmology
 ROM stands for Read Only Memory
 A byte is a group of 8 bits Study of Universe
 SIMM stands for Single Inline Memory 9. Hoticulture
Module 10. Histology
 Four nibbles are equal to Two Bytes
Study of tissues
 Smallest unit of memory is Bit
 1 Megabyte is equal to 1024 Kilobytes .
 1 Kilobyte is equal to 1024 Bytes
 A condition in which memory lost is called 11. Microbilogy
Amnesia. 12. Cytology
 The unit that coordinates different Structure and function of cell
devices of the computer system is Control 13. .Physilogy
unit Functionality of our body parts
 14. Ecology
 Environment, ecosystem and  Mass of cytoplasm bounded
organisms study externally by cell membrane
15. Taxonomy 2. Tissues
Naming of organisms Group of cells make tissue
16. Genetics Tissues make organs
Studying inherited characters 4 types of tissues
17. Biotechnnology a. Connective tissues
b. Epithelial tissues
18. Entemology c. Nerve tissues tissues
d. Muscles tissues
Study of insects 3. Organs
19. Entomoly Group of tissues make organ system
20. Odontology: study of teeths Largest internal organ is
21. Paleontology: Fossils study Lightest ogan is
22. Father of Botan was theopratus Largest organ of our body is skin and
23. Father of Zoology is Aristotle weight is about 1.5kg
5 vital organs
Human Physiology a. Brain
Physiology is the study about functioning of b. Heart
our living organisms c. Lungs
d. Liver
Claude Bernard is the father of physiology e. Kidney
Steps
4. Organ Systems
Blood Ogans assemble to form organ
 “Charles Drew” was the first pioneered system
the idea of a blood bank. Many organs combine to form organ
 Kidneys organ of the body purifies the system
blood. Examples is organ system
 Skin is highly affected by the nuclear Examples
radiation first. i. Vascular system
 ii. Cardiovascular system
1. Cell iii. Urinary system
 Cell for the first time was discovered by 5. Organisms
Robert Hook
Example is human being
 30-40 trillion cells
Chloroplast is greenish
 Simplest level of organization
Photosynthesis is
 Basic structural and functional unit
 Are of different size and shapes like
blood cells, White blood cells
 Bronchiole airways
Alveoli are tiny sacs located at the end of
bronchioles

Hear Beat Rate: After alveoli there is exchange oxygen and

CO2. CO2 rich air enters
Systole: Contraction of ventricles and Bronchils>>Bronchi>>>Trachea>>
pushing of blood in aorta
Respiratoty system helps to respire. Nasal
Diastole: Con cavity is the first organ of respiratory system

Cardiac Cycle: It is completed in 0.8 Diaphrgm down pull oxygen and moving
oxygen to bronchi.
seconds
Oxygen is diffused into blood capillaries and
Cardiac systole and cardiac diastole diffused into
ratio is 0.3/0.5
Blood is purified and oxygenated in the way
Atrial systole and artrila distol Atrio-
Lungs relax and expel CO2
Ventricular wall is closed
Lightest organ of your body is lung
 The normal pulse beat of a human body
is between 72— 80. Body part which is directly affected is
 respiratory system
Lungs are located in thoracic cavity
Human breath 22000 times daily. Human
daily intake about 11000 liter air daily or
Respiratory system: 388 cubic feet
Left lung has two lobes and right lung has
 Inhalation
three lobes
 exhalation
Pathway of respiration:
Nervous System:
Oxygen intake>>>nasal cavity>>>trachea>>>
Bronchea>>>Bronchiols>>Alveoli>>> Brain signaling take place through spinal
cord
Trachea is basically wind part
Spinal cord starts from brain and reaches
Bronchi are two pipes with large tube to
towards body and it tells how to react.
bring air to lungs
Nervous system coordinates all body parts.
Bronchiols bring air to small sacs in our
lungs It consists of neurons.
It has supporting cells Brian is 90% water. Brain is covered by a
hard bone named crain. That is skull that
They help body to functionlize
has 32 bones
Nerve cells are important for the body
Outside of brain is a layer called menings
maintenance
Cere
Central nervous system
Brain is soft and winkled oragn that has
Neuron:
almost 3 pound brain
Largest cell in the body
Approximately it has 100 billion neurons
These are structural and functional system
Brain spinal chord is made up of central
of nervous system
nervous system
Neurons are also called nerve cell
B
They transmit electrochemical signals
Brain consists of three things
Neuron is consisted of some that is the
Forebrain:
body, axons and dendrites
Further divide into three parts
Neuron is the largest cell of our body
Thalamus: Helps in pain perception
Central nervous system has spinal chord
and brain It helps in sleeping and walking
Cell body is a simple cell like structure Helps in pain perception
consists of cytoplasm
Pain, consciousness, sleeping
Axons:
Hypothalamus/ lymbic system:
Dendrites:
That area which control body temperature,
Neurogelia: are basically supporting cells. feeling of revenge, pain, happiness, dukh
They are supporting cells for neurons. They
Cerebrum: it is basically controls listening,
maintain electric potential. They are also
writing and intelligence
known as gelial cells.
In mammals brain part that has developed
They act as hepler in nervous system
in human is cerebrum. Surface of cerebrum
Every neuron consists of 6 to 7 is called cortex.
Brain spinal cord and nerves make central Hindbrain:
nervous system
Medulla Oblongota: respiratorcentre of
Brain: brain is in it
Blood pressure, breathing, heart rate and s
Cerebellum: it controls your movement:  Constricts blood
vessels in stress
Pons:Pons is located on the top of medulla
conditions
It assists medulla in controlling breathing  decrease blood flow
in digested system
 heart beat and blood
Midbrain: pressure also
increases
It
Hindbrain:
Pancreas:
Diseases:
 They produce tw
 When a disease occurs over a large area
of earth’s surface at one time, it is o important hormones.
called Epidemic disease.
 Parkinson’ is adisease of Brain. o Insulin
 Endocrine hormone
 Decreases sugar level
and convert it into
into glycogen which is
Adrenal Glands: stored in liver
 Located on the top of kidneys  Decrease sugar level
 Adrenal cortex causes the release of in blood flow
 Adrenal medulla causes the  If it is not secreted
secretion of two hormones. These then diabetes occurs
two hormones are secreted in stress  Decrease sugar level
conditions. Fat also increases in in blood
stress condition. o Glucagon
o Adrenalin  Increases level of
 In stress condition it sugar in blood
dilates blood vessels  Breaks glycogen into
 Increases blood flow glucose
towards skeletal  They work together
muscles  Only gland of body which is
 Increase heart rate endocrine and exocrine at same
and blood pressure time
 Process for glucose
released from liver
isfastened Thymus
o Non-adrenaline
  Increase immune system and Reproductive system:
maintain
Five senses of Human:
Gonads
1. Vision
 These are sex hormones Structure of eye
 Male has teste and female ovaries

Integumentary system:
 Provides protection against virus and
bacteria
Skin:
 Largest sense organ in our body is
skin
 Finest filament produced human
skin is hair
 Eye ball can be divide into three
 Layers of skin
layers
o Epidermis
o Outer layer
 Superficial protective
 Sclera
layer
Whitish
 Topmost layer of skin
 Cornea
 Made up of epithelial
Domb shaped
cells
located on front of
 It consists of keratinin
eye which allows light
cells make keratinin
to enter inside
protein which is in
o Middle
hair, nails
 Iris
o Dermis
Between cornea and
 Beneath epidermis
lens. It opens and
 Thickest layer
closes pupils
 It is 90% of total

thickness of skin
o Inner layer
 Fibroblast cell
 Retina

 Fovea is present on
o Hypodermis
ratina
 Innermost
 Optic nerve
 Made up of fats,
 Bring signals towards
connective tissues
brain from retina
  Retina has two types  Nearsightedness
of cells  Far objects are not
o Rods and cons clear
 Cons make colour o Hyperopia
vision  Near objects are not
 Rods are for night seen
vision o Glucoma
 How we see thing  Eye pressure
o Light falls on cornea increases and
o Reaches lens o Colour blindness
o From lens goes falls on retina  Sensitive layer of our eye is retina
o On retina inverted image is  Which has photoreceptor cells
formed  Lacrimal galnds secrets tears
o Information is sent to brain  Cornea is used for transplanting eye
through optic nerve  Human eyes lens is convex lens
o Brain erects that image and  Blue cloured eys have no pigment
let information to perceive  Brown coloured eyes have highest
 Disorders of eye pigment
o Cornea and lens are 
analogue 2. Hearing
o Retina and film are Ear
analogues  Outer ear
 Aquous humar o Pinna
o Helps in  Collects sound waves
 Iris  Ear canal is basically a
o Detemine pupil cells channel
o Contractile ring also  It brings it to ear
determines it canal
 Ciliary muscles o Ear canal
o Close or distant image o Ear drum
 Vetrous humour  Vibrates when sound
o Transparent jell strikes it
 Cons 
o Red, blue and green  Middle ear
 Fovia o 3 bones
o A point on retina where light  Malleus
is focused  Incus : Smallest bone
 Diseases of human body
o Cataract  Stapes
o Tiny bones are present there
o Myopia
 o Middle ear also includes  Hair of nose control foreign
 Ossicles particles. They clean air
o Inner ear
 It has semicircular
canal which is known Teath:
as coclea. Which
Hardest thing in human body is dental
converts sounts
enamel
sound wave into
electrical signals. Two general categories
 Then it controls
 Primary: deciduous /milky teath
loudness of sound
 Secondary: Permanent teath are 32
 Cochlear nerve
 Humans are heterodaunts
transfer sound to
 4 types are of teaths
 Coclea ne
o Incisors: total 8 in number
 It has receptor to
o Canines: 8 in number
maintain balance
o Pre-molars: total eight
there
 Chew food

 Grind food
 It has vestibular
o Molars: 8 in number
 Oval win
 Oxygen is largest existing element in
 How we listen
our body
o Sound enters outer ear
 Normal temperature of our body is
through pinna
37”c
o
 640 muscles in our body
 Largest organ is skin
3. Smell
 Phosphorus is present in skeleton
Nose structure
Olfaction
 Nostrils are separated by
Balanced diet:
septum
 Layranx is a voice box To fulfil body requirement balancing of diet
 Smell process is very necessary
o Enter nostrils
Essential nutrients: protein, fats, minerals,
o Goes to olfactory cells
vitamins, carbohydrates, fibers,
o Then enters throat
carbohydrates
(pharanx)
o Then in voice box Proteins
o Then trachea  Fish is the Best source of protein.
o Then lungs  Protein is very important nutrient
which is the polymer of amino acids
 Colourless and tasteless o Quaternar
 Solubility depends upon pH
 About 10 k different kinds of
proteins in our body
 These cosnsists of P, Cu, I, Zn, Pb
Formula of tbale sugar: C12H22O11
 Functions
o 20% of body is made up of Minerals
protein
Macro Micro mineral
o We take protein while
minerals
digesting food
Required in Require in less amount
o Proteins are taken large
o X ray crystallography is used amount
 Structure Calcium, Iron:
o Primary sodium,  Located in RBCs
 Linear sequence potassium  Deficiency cause
 Make poly pepetide anemia
chain  Sources are leafy
o Secondary green vegetables,
 Helical shaped in spinach
Zinc:
 Secondary structure
 Help in healing
that comes into being
wound
from it  In meat , fish and
 Secondary structure polutary it exist
is folding Iodine:
o Tertiary  Our thyroid
 3 dimentional hormon that
structure developmetabolis
 It bends and twists m
 60-80% of it is in membrane  its defieciency
 50-60 g protein is required daily cause goitre
 46 gram of it is necessary to regulate  sea food is its rich
source
our body
 iodized salt is very
 Muscles and tissues are built by
important
proteins flouride:
 Protein is necessary to grow new  Important in
tissues  It Iis btianed from
 Enzymes are also proteins drinking water
 Co enzymes speed up the process of Sodium:
enzymes which are high in
 amount
 cause high Vitamin
blood
 Organic compounds
pressure,
present in  Two types
mineral salts o Water soluble
Chloride: In  Don’t store in our
the form of body
HCl  Excreted through
Potassium: urine
Transmissio  B (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6,
n of nerves B7, B9, B12) and C
and muscle 
contraction
o Fat soluble
occur
 Sored in fatty tissues
through it
Calcium: of body or liver
Helps in  A, D, E ,K
keeping  Discovered by David Mucaulum
bones  Fat soluble vitamins
healthy  Green vegetables are a good source of
Present in Minerals and Vitamins.
citrus fruit,
diseases
guva, inn
Night blindness
maze and
Deficiency cause rickets
help in
in children and malsia in
blood
elders,
clotting
High dose cause kidney
Most
damage
abundant
element in Defieciecy cause sterility,
our body causes sterility, cuases
nervous disorders
Deficiency causes
uncontrollable in body
Fibers:
 Indigestible part of plants
Deficiency destroys CNS
 Unchanged from stomach to Pallegra
 Fiber is also present in Ispaghol
 It is also important for our body
 Helps in digestion process of our
body
 Prevents from intestinal
Causes of food deterioration Altimeter
Yeast: Alcohol meter
 A fungi found in soil, air and fruit Used to measured alcohol density
surface
Anemometer: used to measure velocity and
 Yeast used in making bread is called
force of air. Also
fungus
 Yeast produce CO2 Odiometer: To check intensity of sound
waves
Bacteria
Axilometer: to measure rate of speed
 Located in plants, animals, food
 Cocus, bacilli, spirillium Barometer: Used to measure atmospheric
 When the found favourable pressure. Work according to Pascal’s
environment they destroy food principle
 Infection causing bacteria are called
Bolometer: To measure heat radiations
pathogens
Calorimeter: Most sold instrument. Used to
Mathods of preservation of food
measure heat quantity
 Milk Pasteurization occurs at 161c
Carberator : mixes steam and air
for 15 minutes
 Drying Cardiograph: Used to check heart
 Canning movement
 Fermentation: they process in which
Cathetometer: Height of mountains is
is preserved using biotechnology
measured
o Cheese
o Bread is produced by the Chronometer: Like a watch it moniters time
process of fermentation and latitude at sea leve. Consecutive
o Presence of environment in logititudes of eart have 4 minutes
the absence of air leads to
Monometer: measures pressure of gases
fermentation
o S Kale
 Benzoic acid are also used to
Phonometer: measures sound intensity
 Lactic acid is also used to preserve
food Diseases:
 Drying
AIDS (Acquired immune Deficiency
Syndrom)

Instruments  Daily casualities

Ammeter
  Easily transferable from one person  Intestine is mostly damaged
to other through usage of  Use clean and filtered water
unsterilized equipments  Change filter after every 15-20 day
 AIDS is spread through HIV
Malaria
 When it is diagnosed
 Life history of human malaria parasite in
Addison disease Anopheles was first described by Ronald
 Adrenocorticotrophic Ross
 Air borne disease ( which is spread Aerobic Organisms: bacteria which
through air) complete life cycle using oxygen
Alzheimer Anaerobic Organisms: which complete their
 Degeneration of nerve cells life cycle without oxygen
 Amnesia (memory loss) ‘/ occure Ambhibians: who live both in water and dry
Insomnia: land i.e frog

 Lack of sleep Warm Blooded: which keep their

temperature constant
Ischemia:
 Lack
Kingdoms:
Rabies
Ther are total five kingdoms
Rickets
Kingdom Animalia:

 No chlorophyl in animals
Scurvy  7 main things in kingdom Animalia
 Skin disease  Longest live land animal is elephant
 Lack of vitamin C  African elephant is the heaviest
animal
Tatanus  Can be divide into cellular and tissue
 Due to open wounds  Can be divided on the base of back
 Due to bacteria bone
 Can be cold-blooded and warm-
Tuberculosis blooded
 Typhoid  Vertebrates: without
 Due to polluted water o Cold-blooded
 14-15 days it reamisn  Fish, Frog, snake
 Succeptibilty o War-blooded:
 Typhoid and cholera are water born  Humans,
diseases  Invertebrates:
 Tyes  Major causes land pollution are
pesticides and insecticides
 Fish
 House fly is disease carrierfor
o Breath through gill
 1 point
o Tuna fish live in very cold
 Silver fish is the insect form
water
 Insects have many legs. So are called
o Jelly fish no skeleton
centipedes
o Whale is the largest
animal Invertebrates
 Birds  Those
o Ostrich si the largest bird  No backbone
o Harmful  Invertebrates
o Hamming bird is the  Octopus
smallest animal  Jellyfish
 Mammals
o Mammals
 Ambhibains  Blue whale is the largest mammal
o o Largest heaviest and longest
 Reptiles o It is about 31 metre
 Elephant have maximum o Whale group is called
pregnancy period  The Blue Whales are not only the
 Leopard is the fastest land largest animal but also the loudest
animal animal. They have been recorded
 Zeraffee is the tallest making noises at 188 decibels. Sloth is
 Sheep group is called flock the slowest mammal on the earth
 Syberian tiger is the member of  Chimpanzae is the most intelligent
cat family mammal on the earth
 .  Mammalian blood has 90% water
 .  Bat can listen ultrasonic sounds. Can
 . see their path in night. They sleep
 . inverted Nacturnal animals are those
 Dog keep its tonu=gue out who are active in the evening
 Bacteria is the common  Hiberantion is the condition of
organism animal of sleeping
 Leev wehhoek discovered  Parasites are the organisms who
 B grow and live in their host
 Sea horses  Cobra is the most poisonous snake
 Old wench is the name of fish  Black mumba is also snake. It is the
only snake who make nest
Insects:
 Snake listen through tougue and
walk through scales
   Onion are the transplanting
 Tulnip
 Autralian apple is found at various
places
 Sulpher and potassium and
Kingdom Plantae: phosphate are required for plants
 If all plants die there will be no
 Study of plant is called botany
oxygen and so no life

 Stomata is closed when guard cells
 Crescograph is used to measure
are closed
growth of plants
 Chlorophyl colour is green green
 Pistol is the female site of the palnt
 Date palm tree is cultivated for the
 Bamboo is the fastest growing plant.
purpose of
It belongs to grass family
 Xylem tissue helps in water plants in
 Eclyptus
palnt
 Red wood is the tallest tree
 Phloem play role in flowing of
 Wolffian is the smallest plant on our
nutrients
earth
 Pinneats are grown in sandy parts
 Mangrove tree
 Magnesium and sulpher
 Autumn leave fall is
 KNP are primary nutrients
 They leaves that are fallen are called
 When crop is harvested then K,N,P
excretofall
are ended from body
 Number one opium producing is
 Vascular plants are also called higher
Afghanustan
palnts
 Leaves on plants are used for
 Mutualistic relationship is in
excretophore
 Lichens are
 Kalvin cycle in plant cells
 Number of rings in stem help us to
find age of the plant
 Photosynthesis
 Highest temperature is harmful for
photosynthesis
31/08/23
 In the evening
 Chloroplast Physical Science:
 In photosynthesis plants produce
Astronomy: Study of palenet, celestial
food
bodies and inter stellar space and all
 Photosynthesis occurs inleaves
universe is known as astronomy
 Source of oxygen is water
 In night time plants are giving out Universe: Totality of all mater and energy in
CO2 time and space is known as universe
 Horizontal and Vertical
Astrology: Study of movement of stars is isknown as big bang. Since
known as astrology. then this universe is
expanding.
Cosmology: Start of universe is known as
o George Lemaitre gave this
cosmology, how universe started , how it is
this theory
evolving, expanding . This is known as
o This id 13.8 billion years is
cosmology
age of universe
Composition of universe:  Oscillating Theory;
o Universe is expanding and
Univesre has
ultimately it will collapse .
 Ordinary matter: 5% hydrogen, Contraction and expansion
helium gas and standing matter and both are occurring
heavy matal  Steady State theory:
 Dark Matter: 23%this is invisible o Sir Fred Boyle propose it
mass. It does not emit any radiation. o Against Big Bang
But it has detectable gravity. o Universe was always in the
 Dark energy: 72% same form and will same
Darak energy is hypothetical form of o New matter is created to fill
energy spread all over ht e world. space
That has anti- gravitational energy.  Black Hole:
Hydrogen and helium are abundant o Located in the centre of
Helium gas is very shining that helps galaxies
stars to shine o They are very dense
o They have too high
Nutrino: small mas and no charge concentration that attract
Age of universe: astronomers have even lihgh and it cn not come
different observations back
Two methdos o Very high velocity and gravity
 Rate of expansion
o Can engulf any thing
 Oldest atoms
o There are millions of galaxies
Bigbang theory: o Supernova: death of star due
to explosion when its even
 A theory that has no evidence
centre is also destroyed.
 Theories related to universe
Superniva is actually an
o Creation theory/Bing Bang
explosion are produed when
Theory:
their energy is en
o Universe like a ball. All
o Albert Einstein was the first
universe
to predict existance of black
o 15-20 billion years ago, a
holes
gigantic explosion that
 o He gave theory of general  Spiral
relativity. In which he  Milky way
predicted  It has billions
o American astronomer John of stars
miller invented term Balck  It rotates
Hole  Its rotation
o Blcke hole speed is 130
o Fist was developed in 19711 miles per
 Light Year: traveling of light in a year second
o Distance between stars this  Diameter of
unit is used milky way is
o 9. 50 trillion km almost 1 lac
o Unit of time is second light year
o Unit of astronomy is day  Universe came
o 9.46053*10 12 into being
 Galaxies  Earth age 4.5
o Our galxy is milky way billio+-50
million years
o Nearest galaxy is andromeda
 Barred
 Milky way
 Elliptical
o Parsec is also unit of
 irregular
astronomy
 Sun
o 1 parsec is equal to 3.3 light
o 150 Million Km away from
years
our earth
o It is equal to about 30 trillion
 Solar System
o Astronomical Unit:
o All things around earth
 1 AU is mean distance
o My Very Educated Mother
between eart and sun
Just Served Us Noodle
 1 AU = 93 million mile
o It is part of earth
or 150 million KM
o 8 planets
 It is smaller than light
o Palto was excluded
year
o Galaxy is a group of billions o It also has astoride. Metrite,
or trillions of stars,which are meteorites
connected via their own o Meteorites
gravity  Shooting stars
o Our milky way shap is spiral o Comet
o Our milky way has solar  Balls of ice nad dust
system  When comes near
o Edwin humble has classified space tey diffuse and
emit gases
galaxies
  Revolve around sun o 400 times larger than our
 Large balls of dust earty
and ice o Tars always rotate and don’t
 They have proper revolve
orbits o Sub rotation period is 27
 They are very cold days
o Its mass is about 1.989*1030
o Asteorids kg
 Small pieces of rocks o Density is 1.4 gram /
revolving aroung sun o Average distance between
between orbit of sun and earth is 149 million
Mars and Jupiter km
 Irregular in shap o Heaviest body in solar system
 Asteroid belt is o Comples all around bodies to
between Mars and revolve around it
Jupiter o Most of the stars are
o Meteorides stationary
 Rocky stone sin our o Sun is about 4.4 billion years
outer side o Mass of sun is
 Smaller han o 27 day rotation period
asteorides
o Rays of light reaches earth 8
 Its speed when enters
minutes 20 second
in earth sphere is
o Sun light reaches in 1 minute
20km per second
20 second
 It produces light
o To complete chakr about

galaxies sun will tak ebaout
 Sun
225 million years
o Inner part of sun is known as
o Tides in oceans are due to
core
gravity of sun and earth
o Outer to it is radioactive zone
o Newton told that ocean tides
o Then is corona
are due to gravitational
o Before corona is
forces
chromosphere
o Sun is known as yellow dwarf
o Energy is produced by fusion
o Fusion reaction
process
o 71% Hydrogen, 25.5% He and
o Outer temperature is 600
2.5% heavy metals
centigrade
o Sun mass is 330,000 times
o Core has 15 million degree
more
centigrade temperature or
o Its diameter is 1.39
27.5 million \F
o Chromospher is
 o Centripetal force of sun earth to earth
causes palnets to revolve 12700 k
aroung its circle 1.
 Two types 2.
o Clost to sun 3.
 No rings
 Few moon
o Far from sun
 More rings 01/09/23
 More moon
Fission reactions: heavy nucleus
Earth:
breaks into smaller nuclei. It
occurs in atomic bomb  Earth has northern and southern
hemisphere
Fusion reaction: Heat is released.
 Earth polar radius is 6400km
In it two or more nuclei fuse to
 Distance o
form heavier nuclei
 Distance between north and south
Its example is hydrogen bomb pole is about 10002 km
and thermonuclear bomb  Prime amrdiain line also known as
zero line
 Planets: That revolve and rotate
 No season change on equator. It is
around their own axis
very hot
 Moon is satellite that revolves
 Equator line also known as zero
around earth
degree line
 Or earth moon is called Luna
 Earth revolves around sun in 265
 Gravitation force causes it to revolve
days
 Due to this force they keep on
 Rotation period of the earth is 24
revolving
hours
 Gravitational force cause them to
revolve

Jupiter
Mercury and Venus are between
 2.5 times greater than size of
Name of Features Other Orbital combined size of all other planets
planet names Period  140,000 km is its diameter
Mercury Closest to sun Dead plant  Largest and fastest rotating planet
Smaller  Largest number of satelites
Fastest  Jupitre has 92 moons
revolving  Period of revolution is 11.8 years
Venus Brightest star
Called twin of
  150 cntigrade is average  Proton was discovered by Goldstein
temperature in 1886
 It is also known as gas giant  Mass of proton is 1836 times more
 Also known as bodyguard palnet. than of electron
Because it protects earth  Electron was discovered by j.j
Thomson in 1897
Saturn:
 He said e have negative charge
 Second largest planet  In 1932 Chedwick discovered
 Lightest planet neutron through bombarding of
 Also called wing planet alpha particles
 Its rotation 15 hours and 10 minutes
 2nd largest and 2nd biggest
Oxygen 47% 86%
 Largest moon is Titan which has its
silicon 7.8% 11
own environment
Aluminium 5%
o 120,00 Kmeter diameter

Uranus
 Also called green planet
 It is very cold
 Neptune is very smaller
 Equal 17 earths
 Coldest and slowest Atmosphere has N2 78% o2 21% Ar
 Gravitatonal force is also slowing 0.9% CO2 0.03%
down continuously Metals:
 Biggest moon is titon
o It is 6th largest in solar system  Are lusterous
 Here air has 2000km per  Can be drawn into sheets and
wires
04/09/23  Tendency to lose electron
Atomic number  Can form positive ions easily

 Isotopes of hydrogen Aluminium

o Protium  Most abundant metal in earth
o Deuterium crust
o Tritium  Can be recycled many times
 Isotopes of carbon
Copper
o C-12
o C-14  Ligh
o C-14
Lithium
 Nucleus consists of 3 thin i.e
electron, proton, neutron  Lightet metal
  Diamond is very costly o Energy due to movement of
 Alloy is the mixture of metal any body is called kinetic
 Brass is the energy
o Examples include movement
of waves in the oceans,
particles of atom moving,
flying aero plan
o K. E=1/2mv2
Boyle’s Law:  Potential energy
o Energy which is stored in an
 Volume is inversly proportional to
pressure at constant temperature object due to its position is
known as potential energy
Chrles’s Law  Nuclear Energy
 Thermal Energy:
 Voulme of an ideal gas is directly
o Energy due to heat
proportional to
o Can be transferred by
Liquide is the substance havin definit convention,
volume and strong molecular forces o Examples: geothermal
It has no specific shap energy, sun radiations,
o Head is produced by the
It is kept in container vibration of atoms
It  Gravitational Energy:
o The energy that is stored in
any object due to its height
o

05/09/23
Layers of Earth:
Lithosphere
 Faux pas: blunder, mistake,
 Extent:
 Ibid: In the same
09/07/23 book/rule/sentence
 In camera briefing:
Energy  In toto: Complete, whole
Forms of Energy  Instill: introduce new ideas

 Kinetic energy: Inter alia: In between, among others

Lassaiz faire: Non interference of any  Which instrument is used to measure
country in trade or economy….no role of minute electrical currents?
state to regulate markete Galvanometer
 Hydrometer is the device that
Lingua Franca: measures: The specific gravity of a
liquid
Locus standi:
 Hygrometer is used to measure:
Lingua franca: humidity
 What is used for detecting and measure
Magnum opus: masterpiece earthquakes? Seismograph
 What splits light into its spectrum?
Spectroscope
 Thermometer is used to measure:
 The most suitable thermometer for
measuring the boiling point of water is
Measuring Instruments: Mercury thermometer
 The instrument which measures very
 An instrument designed for testing the high temperature is pyrometer
purity of milk is called Lactometer.  What is measured on the Torro scale -
 “Monometer” is an instrument for Tornados
measuring Gaseous Pressure.  Which unit of measurement is derived
 Hydrometer is used for specific gravity from the Arabic quirrat, meaning seed?
of liquid. Carat.
 Fathometer is used to measure  The intensity of the energy released by
Ocean depth an Earthquake is measured by the
 Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit was a Richter scale
German Physicist ; developed the  The instrument used to measure the
mercury thermometer in 1714 ; concentration of salt water is the
Salinometer
devised temperature scale

 Anemometer (Greek anemos, “wind”;
metron, “measure”), an instrument that Measurments:
measures wind speed.
 Chronometer is used to measure time  1sq cm is equal to how many square
while on ship. mm? 100
 The density of a liquid is measured by  1 milligram gold is equal to how many
Hydrometer. milligrams? 1000
 One US barrel is equal to 159 litres.
 An instrument used for measuring
 SI unit of length is Metre, SI unit of
atmospheric pressure is called
force is Newton, Unit of work in SI units
Barometer
is Joule and Unit of Power in SI unit is
 To measure electric current: Ammeter is
Watt.
used
 ‘Fathom’ is the unit of measurement of
 Which instrument is used to measure
depth.
blood pressure? Sphygmomanometer
  Ohm is unit of which quantity?  Who described protoplasm as the physical
Resistance basis of life? T. H. Huxley
 Calorie is unit of which quantity? Heat  The scientist who first discovered that the
 Dyne is unit of which quantity? Force earth revolves round the sun was
 Angstrom is unit of which quantity? Copernicus
Length  Who discovered circulation of blood in
 The smallest unit of measurement of human body? William Harvey
wavelength is angstrom  The credit of inventing the television goes
 Becquerel is unit of which quantity? to Baird
Radioactivity  The credit of developing the polio vaccine
 The unit of energy in MKS system is goes to Jonas
Joule  The telephone was invented by Alexander
 The unit of home electricity energy Graham Bell
consumption is Kilowatt hour  Australia was discovered by Willium
 Janszoon
  Al Beruni discovered that light travels faster
than sound.
Discoveries:  Galileo’s first scientific discovery was
 ‘Bicycle’ was invented by Macmillan Pendulum
 Radium was discovered by Mario Curie  Radioactivity was discovered by Henry
Pierre Curie. Bacquerel
 Railway Engine was invented by Stephenson  Kari Landsteiner discovered the blood
 Albert Einstein presented ‘theory of groups of man.
relativity’.  Al Beruni discovered that light travels faster
 Insulin was invented by F. Banting. than sound.
 Who discovered ‘X-rays’? Roentgen  Christopher columbus discovered bahamas
 Dr. Alfred Bernhard Nobel discovered on 12 oct 1492 A.D.
Dynamite  When a chocolate bar melted in the pocket
 ‘Law of gravitation’ was introduced by Sir after a researcher walked by a radar tube,
Isaac Newton he invented the microwave.
 ‘Vaccination for smallpox’ was discovered  Printing was invented by Chinese and
by Jenner Printing Press introduced by the German,
 Who discovered ‘Oxygen’? Priestley Joseph Gutan Burg.
 DNA double helix model was given by  Paper was invented in 3500 BC by Chinese.
Watson and Crick  Who invented CD. (Compact Disc: James T.
 Who gave the theory of evolution? Darwin Russell.
 Natural radioactivity was discovered by  Where was volleyball invented-France
Becquerel in 1896  In 1829 Walter Hunt invented what
 Neutron was discovered by Chadwick common item: Safety Pin
 Telephone was invented by Graham Bell  Cream invented and county first used
 Telephone was invented in 1876 in America pepper is China.
by Graham Bell.  George Eastman invented the KODAK
 Who invented the steam engine? James camera and photographic film.
Watt
 What type of clock was invented in 1656 by
Christian
 Hahn Otto is the German scientist who
invented the atom bomb

