FINAL OUTPUT IN UTS Attraction – you begin to crave for your partner’s

presence
LET’S TALK ABOUT SEX (GROUP 5)
Triggered by:
“Sex is a reflection of our connection with ourselves-our
desires, boundaries, and emotions.”  Norepinephrine – alertness, energy
 Dopamine – motivation, reward
Sexual Self – is how a person views, experiences, and
 Serotonin – obsessive thoughts
expresses their sexuality in relation to their identity,
emotions, desires, and relationships. Attachment - long-term bonding and commitment

Puberty – Physical and emotional changes during the Sexual Desire and Motivation
transition from childhood to adulthood.
 Psychological and physiological aspects
Erogenous Zone  Gender differences in sexual desire
 Limbic system’s role in motivation:
Areas of the body with a high concentration of nerve
endings that are highly sensitive to touch and can lead Amygdala – emotions and behavior
to sexual arousal and pleasure.
Nucleus Accumbens – motivation and
 Primary Erogenous Zones: mucocutaneous reinforcement
regions (e.g., penis, vulva, lips, nipples)
Diversity in Sexual Behavior
 Secondary Erogenous Zones: haired skin areas
(e.g., neck, armpits, thorax) Sexual Orientation – romantic/sexual attraction
Sexual Response Cycle Gender Identity – internal sense of self
Describes the physical and psychological changes that LGBTQ+ is an umbrella term for a wide spectrum of
occur during sexual arousal and activity. gender identities, sexual orientations, and romantic
orientations.
 Excitement (Arousal) – physiological responses
to stimuli Sexual Orientations
 Plateau – intensified arousal
 Orgasm – peak of pleasure Lesbian - These are females who are exclusively
 Resolution – return to normal state attracted to women.

The Brain and Hormones in Sexual Activity Gay - This can refer to males who are exclusively
attracted to any other males.
Brain’s role: processes sensations, thoughts, emotions,
and hormones It can also refer to anyone who is attracted to
their same gender.
Hormones involved:
Bisexual - This can refer to anyone who is
 Oxytocin – bonding and intimacy sexually/romantically attracted to both men and
 FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) – ovulation women.
 LH (Luteinizing Hormone) – regulates
reproductive organs Transgender - It is an umbrella term for people who do
 Testosterone – male sexual motivation not identify with the gender assigned to them at birth.
 Vasopressin – male arousal and motivation Queer - It is a useful term for those who are questioning
 Estrogen & Progesterone – regulate female their identities and are unsure about using more specific
sexual desire terms, or those who simply do not wish to label
Chemistry of Lust, Love, and Attachment (Stages of themselves.
Falling in Love) + PLUS - To signify that many identities are not explicitly
Lust - driven by testosterone and estrogen represented by the letters. This includes (but is not
limited to) intersex or people who are born with a mix
of male and female bio-traits, and asexual who are  Pubic Lice (Crabs) – Insects that infest pubic
person who does not desire sexual activities. hair.

Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Issues Common Symptoms

Contributing factors:  Unusual discharge, sores, or irritation

 Sociocultural factors  Pain during urination or sex

 Family influences
 Fever, swollen lymph nodes
 Urban settings
 History of sexual abuse  Many STDs can be symptomless — testing is
crucial.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Transmission
STDs are infections passed from one person to another
through sexual contact. They are spread through blood,  Unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex
semen, vaginal fluids, and other bodily fluids.
 Sharing needles or syringes
Types of STDs
 Mother-to-child during childbirth
1. Bacterial STDs
 Skin-to-skin contact (for some infections)
 Chlamydia – Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis;
can lead to infertility if untreated. Prevention

o Variants: Oral Chlamydia, Neonatal  Abstinence or monogamous relationships

Conjunctivitis, and Ocular Chlamydia  Proper use of condoms
 Gonorrhea – Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae;  Vaccinations (HPV, Hepatitis B)
affects genitals, throat, rectum.
Treatment
 Syphilis – Caused by Treponema pallidum;
progresses in stages and can damage organs.  Bacterial & Parasitic STDs – curable with
antibiotics
2. Viral STDs  Viral STDs – manageable but not curable
 HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) –
Weakens the immune system; can lead to AIDS.
No cure, but treatment helps control it. HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (GROUP 6)

 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) – Can cause Explanation of human sexual behavior as any activity
genital warts and increase cervical cancer risk. (solitary, dyadic, or group) that induces sexual arousal
(Gebhard, 2017).
 HSV (Herpes Simplex Virus) – Causes painful
sores on genitals or mouth. Determinants of Sexual Behavior:

 Hepatitis A & B – Infect the liver; spread 1. Inherited Sexual Response Patterns: Biological
through sex or contaminated materials. mechanisms aimed at reproduction.

3. Parasitic STDs 2. Societal Influences: Cultural norms, values, and

societal expectations shaping sexual expression.
 Trichomoniasis – Caused by Trichomonas
vaginalis; causes irritation and discharge.  Interaction of Factors: How biological and social
influences intertwine to produce diverse sexual
 Scabies – Mite infestation that causes skin behaviors.
irritation.
Types of Human Sexual Behavior
Classification Basis: Based on the number and gender of  Vaginal swelling and color change.
participants.  Increased sensitivity of clitoris.
 Testicles drawn up.
A. Solitary Behavior - Involves one individual.
 Rising blood pressure and muscle spasms.
Example: Self-gratification (masturbation).
Phase 3: Orgasm
Trends: More common in males and unmarried
Climax Phase:
individuals; decreases with development of sociosexual
relationships.  Shortest phase.
 Involuntary muscle contractions.
B. Sociosexual Behavior - Involves more than one
 Peak cardiovascular activity.
person.
 Ejaculation in men and uterine/vaginal
Subtypes: contractions in women.
 Possible appearance of “sex flush”.
 Heterosexual Behavior: Opposite-sex partners.
 Homosexual Behavior: Same-sex partners. Phase 4: Resolution
 Combined Heterosexual and Homosexual
Return to Baseline:
Behavior: Participation in both types
simultaneously.  Reduction of swelling and muscle relaxation.
 Sense of well-being and intimacy.
Coitus and Social Context
 Fatigue and satisfaction.
Sexual intercourse involving insertion of the male
Gender Differences:
reproductive structure into the female organ.
 Women may experience multiple orgasms.
Types Based on Marital Status:
 Men experience a refractory period (duration
 Premarital Coitus: Intercourse before marriage; varies by age).
increasingly tolerated.
NERVOUS SYSTEM FACTORS (GROUP 7)
 Marital Coitus: Intercourse within marriage;
often seen as a duty. 1. Autonomic Nervous System
 Extramarital Coitus: Intercourse outside of
Controls involuntary physiological responses and reacts
marriage; typically regarded as adultery.
to sexual stimuli by sending sensory messages to the
 Postmarital Coitus: Intercourse after the end of
brain.
a marriage due to divorce, separation, or death.
2. Brain Processing
Phases of the Human Sexual Response Cycle
The brain interprets sensory messages and sends
Sequence of physical and emotional changes during
commands to muscles and glands through motor
sexual arousal and activity (“Sexual Response,” 2020).
nerves, with the spinal cord serving as the
Phase 1: Excitement communication pathway between the brain and body.

Physiological Changes: 3. Muscular and Glandular Response

 Increased heart rate and breathing. Muscles contract and glands secrete in response to
 Genital swelling and lubrication. nerve signals, making sexual response largely
 Muscle tension and skin flushing. dependent on nervous system activity.
 Sexual organ preparation (e.g., penile erection,
Role of the Brain (Hypothalamus and Limbic System)
breast swelling, vaginal lubrication).
 Involved in regulating sexual responses
Phase 2: Plateau
 No specific "sex center" found, but linked to
Intensification of Excitement: innate behavioral patterns
 Influenced by sex hormones
Two primary sexual response patterns:  Erectile Dysfunction – Psychological causes
common in younger men
 Mounting – typically masculine
 Mounted – typically feminine  Ejaculatory Impotence – Linked to trauma or
anxiety
Reflex Sexual Response
 Vaginismus – Painful involuntary spasms due to
Controlled by lower spinal cord, not the brain
past trauma or fear
Reflexes:
Treatment:
 Erection/ejaculation in males
 Psychotherapy
 Vaginal lubrication/discharge in females
 Brain can override these reflexes  Sex therapy

Sexual Problems  Counseling and education

Sexual problems are categorized into three major types: C. Social Problems

A. Physiological Problems  Result from societal pressures, cultural norms,

and relationship issues
 Least prevalent among the three
Key Influences:
 Arise from physical/biological causes
 Sexual Folklore – Misconceptions passed
Common Conditions:
through culture
 Infections (e.g., vaginal infections, prostatitis)
 Unrealistic Expectations – E.g., pressure for
 Hormonal Imbalances (e.g., diabetes, adrenal simultaneous orgasms
tumors)
Common Issues:
 Aging-related Changes (e.g., erectile
 Relationship conflicts (e.g., lack of intimacy)
dysfunction, reduced lubrication)
 Repressive cultural taboos
 Cardiovascular Conditions (e.g., limited
stamina)  Negative body image and self-esteem

Treatment: Treatment:

 Medication  Relationship counseling

 Surgery  Educational interventions

 Medical interventions  Therapy to promote healthy attitudes

 Neurological issues are harder to treat Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

B. Psychological Problems STDs are infections transmitted through sexual activity.

They may be bacterial, viral, or parasitic in origin.
 Most common category
A. Chlamydia
 Rooted in emotions, attitudes, and social
beliefs  Most common notifiable disease in the US
(2016)
Examples:
 1.6 million cases; mostly affects young women
 Premature Ejaculation – Often due to anxiety or
inexperience B. Gonorrhea

 18.5% increase in US cases (2016)

  Higher rates among men, especially MSM (men A. Abstinence
who have sex with men)
 Complete avoidance of sexual intercourse
 High rates in African Americans and American  Most effective with 0% failure rate
Indians  Protects against STIs

C. Syphilis B. Calendar Method (Rhythm Method)

 27,814 reported cases of primary and secondary  Avoiding intercourse during fertile days
stages (2016)  Requires knowledge of menstrual cycle

 Affected ages 20–29 most C. Basal Body Temperature (BBT) Method

 Highest rates among African Americans and  Monitoring body temperature daily
Pacific Islanders  Ovulation causes a slight increase in
temperature
D. Chancroid
D. Cervical Mucus Method
 Caused by Haemophilus ducreyi
 Observing changes in cervical mucus
 Rare in the US: only 7 cases in 2016
 Ovulation mucus: clear, slippery, and stretchable
 Characterized by genital ulcers and swollen
E. Symptothermal Method
lymph nodes
 Combination of BBT and cervical mucus method
E. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
 Records both temperature and mucus change
 Most common STD in the US
F. Ovulation Detection Method
 42.5% prevalence in adults (ages 18–59)
 Uses ovulation prediction kits (urine-based)
 Types 16 & 18 cause 66% of cervical cancers  Detects LH surge 12–24 hours before ovulation

 Types 6 & 11 cause 90% of genital warts G. Coitus Interruptus (Withdrawal Method)

F. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)  Male withdraws before ejaculation

 Risk of pregnancy due to pre-ejaculate
 Spread via skin-to-skin contact sperm
 Can cause painful blisters or ulcers Artificial Methods of Contraception
 Treatable but not curable Use of hormones, devices, or surgery to prevent
G. Trichomonas Vaginalis pregnancy.

 Protozoal infection A. Oral Contraceptives (Pills)

 Causes vaginitis and risk of preterm birth  Contains estrogen and progesterone
 Suppresses ovulation and thickens cervical
 139,000 medical visits in the US (2015) mucus
 Not nationally reportable; trends are estimated B. Transdermal Patch
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF  Skin patch with estrogen and progesterone
CONTRACEPTION (GROUP 8)  Worn on the skin, replaced weekly
Natural Methods of Contraception C. Vaginal Ring
Natural family planning methods that do not involve  Inserted into the vagina, releases hormones
artificial hormones, devices, or surgery.  Surrounds cervix
D. Subdermal Implants William James: Harvard psychologist, author of The
Principles of Psychology (1890).
 Rods implanted under skin during menstruation
 Releases hormones effective for 3–5 years Constituents of the Self

E. Hormonal Injection  Material Self - Tangible elements (body, clothes,

family, home)
 Injected every 12 weeks
 Social Self - Interactions with others (relatives,
 Prevents ovulation and alters endometrium
friends, coworkers)
F. Intrauterine Device (IUD)  Spiritual Self - Morals, values, beliefs
 Pure Ego - Awareness of self through time
 T-shaped device placed in uterus
 Creates local inflammation to prevent The Material Self
implantation
Elements that are physically and emotionally invested
 Lasts 5–7 years
in:
G. Chemical Barriers
1. Body
 Spermicides, gels, creams, and films
 Most personal and intimate part of the material
 Kills sperm and lowers vaginal pH
self.
 Does not protect from STIs
 Essential for survival and health.
H. Diaphragm  Holds personal and symbolic value.

 Rubber disk covering cervix 2. Clothes

 Should be used with spermicide
 Serve as self-expression and influence behavior.
I. Cervical Cap  James: Clothes as part of material being.
 Lutze: Clothes extend the self’s consciousness.
 Thimble-shaped rubber cap fitted on cervix  Watson: Reflect personal identity.
 Can be left for up to 48 hours
3. Immediate Family
J. Male Condom
 Strong influence on personal development.
 Latex sheath over penis  Emotional and identity investment.
 Traps sperm and helps prevent STIs  Family shapes material values and self-
K. Female Condom perception.

 Latex sheath inserted into vagina 4. Home

 Pre-lubricated with spermicide  Considered an extension of the self.
Surgical Methods of Contraception  Reflects personal memories and experiences.
 Home represents comfort and identity.
A. Male (Vasectomy)
Consumer Culture and the Self
 Cutting/sealing vas deferens
 Requires backup contraception until cleared 1. “I Shop Therefore I Am?”

B. Female (Tubal Ligation)  Consumer culture tie identity and happiness to

material possessions.
 Fallopian tubes are cut or blocked  Shopping as a lifestyle and emotional substitute.
 Usually performed post-menstruation  Can lead to emptiness and loss of true
happiness.

2. Consumption and Production

THE MATERIAL SELF (GROUP 9)

  Gusdorf: “Consume” can mean to destroy or
waste.
 Yet, consumption supports production, jobs,
and needs.
 Balance between meaningful consumption and
overconsumption.

3. Psychological and Sociological Consumption

 Youth are especially drawn to buying as a form

of happiness.
 Addiction to consumption can overshadow real
fulfillment.

Identity in Consumer Culture

1. Mach’s View on Identity

Identity is a symbolic and social construct.

Influenced by:

 Social power relations

 Cultural and symbolic world

Defined by:

 Group membership
 Pride in distinguishing features

2. Slater (1997) – Features of Consumer Culture

 Culture centered on consumption and markets.

 Universal, impersonal, choice-driven.
 Consumerism tied to identity and freedom.
 Needs are limitless, making fulfillment difficult.

The Problem with Consumerism

Negative effects:

 Intrusiveness Manipulation Emptiness in

fulfillment
 Limited choices Unsustainability

Resisting Consumerism: “Avoid the Trap”

Strategies for conscious living:

 Be intellectually independent.
 Question advertisements and influences.
 Consume less and focus on life’s meaning.
 Define your own values and lifestyle.