THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA
IN THE HIGH COURT OF UGANDA AT KAMPALA
CRIMINAL SESSION CASE No. 0023 OF 2003
UGANDA:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: PROSECUTOR
-VERSUS-
KABALEBE YUSUF ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ACCUSED
BEFORE: HON MR JUSTICE YOROKAMU BAMWINE
J U D G M E N T:
The Accused person Kabalebe Yusuf alia Bahati stands indicted for aggravated robbery contrary
to Section 272 and 273 (2) of the Penal Code Act. It is alleged that the Accused and others still
at large on or about the 30th day of November, 2001 at Aga Khan Primary School, along
Makerere Hill Road, Old Kampala in Kampala District robbed Mutumba Robert of a motor
vehicle Reg. No. UAD 418 P and at or immediately before or immediately after the said robbery
used a deadly weapon to wit a pistol, upon the said Mutumba Robert. The Accused pleaded not
guilty to the indictment.
The substance of the case for the prosecution is that on 30/11/2001 the complainant one
Mutumba was driving a motor vehicle Reg. No. UAD 418 P. He went to Aga Khan Primary
School on Makerere Hill Road to collect a child. He parked the vehicle on the main road and
entered the school. That as he returned with the child, entered the car and no sooner had he
started to drive away that the Accused Kabalebe Yusuf alia Bahati together with another
unknown person still at large drove a motor vehicle and blocked the complainant’s path as he
was about to drive off. That immediately Accused and his co-robber jumped out of their vehicle
and put Mutumba at gun point. They threatened to shoot him if he made any alarm. The robbers
drove off the vehicle after throwing out Mutumba and the child. However, the car was stalled by
the driver using a remote control device, which he activated and blocked off the fuel. The
robbers tried to start the vehicle but failed. Both robbers are then said to have left the vehicle
and started to run as the complainant raised alarm which attracted many people who together
with Tight Security guards deployed at the school pursued them and arrested Accused. The
second robber escaped. It is the prosecution case that during the chase the Accused fired a bullet
from his pistol in an attempt to scare off the people pursuing him. The Accused was accordingly
charged with this offence. On his part, the Accused does not deny being at or near the scene of
crime. His defence is that he was on his was to Makerere when people shouting thief! Thief!
Pounced at him and claimed that he had taken part in the robbery of someone’s vehicle. His
defence is therefore that he was an innocent pedestrian who was mistakenly branded a thief.
It is trite that the prosecution bears the burden of proving the case against the Accused person
beyond reasonable doubt. It is also a cardinal principle of our law that the Accused should not be
convicted on the weakness of his defence or on mere suspicion but he should only be convicted
on the strength of the case as proved by the prosecution.
In a case of aggravated robbery, the prosecution must prove beyond reasonable doubt that:-
(i) there was theft of some property;
(ii) there was violence;
(iii) there was actual use of a deadly weapon or a threat to use it; and that
(iv) the Accused person took part in the commission of the offence.
To prove the first ingredient of the offence, the prosecution relies on the evidence of PW2 Robert
Mutumba. In November 2001 he was taking his boss’s children to school as a driver. He was
driving motor vehicle Reg. No. UAD 418 P Corolla Model 100, silver in colour and property of
one Matovu. Then on 30/11/2001 around 1.00p.m., he parked the vehicle outside Aga Khan
Primary School and went to collect a child. As he was entering his vehicle to drive off, there
appeared a vehicle from Old Kampala side. It blocked his way. Two people emerged from it and
put him at gun point. They demanded for the key, he gave it to them and they sat in it. The
vehicle moved a short distance and it stopped. Using a remote control device, he had activated
and blocked off the fuel. So the robbers were unable to drive away the vehicle on account of
that.
The offence of theft is committed when a person dishonestly appropriates property belonging to
another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of that property. Any assumption
by a person of the right of the owner amounts to an appropriation. When the thug removed PW2
2
from the steering wheel and took over control of the motor vehicle without his consent, the
intention could not have been otherwise than dishonest. The legal position in Uganda regarding
the act of taking or carrying away as an element of the crime of theft is same as in England. See
Sula Kassira Vs. Uganda; S.C. Criminal Appeal No. 20 of 1993. There must be what amounts
in to law an asportation, i.e. carrying away, of the goods of the prosecutor without his consent
but for this purpose, provided there is some severance, the least removal of the goods from the
place where they were is sufficient, although they are not entirely carried off. The removal,
however short the distance may be, from one position to another upon the owners premises is
sufficient asportation. In cases where asportation cannot be proved but where the prisoner
intended to steal and did some act in furtherance of that object, he may be convicted of
attempting to steal. The offence of lacemy is complete when the goods have been taken with a
felomious intention, although the prisoner may have returned them and his possession continued
for an instant only. See para 1484, Vol. 10 of Halisburys Laws of England, 3rd Edition.
I have considered PW2 Mutumba’s evidence in this case. It is the only evidence there in on the
issue of asportation. To use his own words, “the two started the vehicle, it moved a short
distance and it stopped”. The law does not define how short the short distance should be to
constitute asportation. The decision is for the Courts to determine, depending of course on the
evidence on record. My considered view on this is that there ought to be a distance, a
measurable one. In the instant case, the police officers who investigated this case did not visit
the scene of crime. If they had done so, I reckon their evidence would have been helpful on the
distance factor. The impression I got from the complainant’s evidence, without more, is that on
being thrown out of the vehicle, PW2 reached for the remote control device in his pocket and
immediately blocked the flow of fuel which stalled the engine. The thieves could not therefore
start it. In these circumstances, it appears to me that the thugs, intending to steal the motor
vehicle in issue, began to put their intention into execution by means adapted to its fulfillment.
They manifested their intention by some overt act, i.e. they threw Mutumba, PW2, out of the
vehicle. However, they did not fulfil their intention to such an extent to commit the offence of
theft. In my view, they attempted to steal the vehicle. The facts therefore disclose an offence of
attempted theft rather than the completed offence of theft. I so find.
3
Regarding the issue of whether or not there was violence, PW2 Mutumba testified that the key
was removed from him forcefully and at gun point. He was violently thrown out of the vehicle
with threats that if he raised an alarm, he would be shot. In law, where a demand is made at gun
point, there is a threat implied in the very act of brandishing such a gun at the victim. It is
therefore my considered opinion that these acts of the thugs upon PW2 Mutumba amounted to
violence within the meaning of Section 272 of the Penal Code Act. The second ingredient of the
offence has been proved beyond reasonable doubt.
This leads me to the issue of whether or not there was use of a deadly weapon or a threat to use
it. In Wasajja Vs Uganda [1975] EA 181 it was held that where gun shots are fired in the course
of the robbery, the Court finds it easier to hold that a deadly weapon was used. In the instant
case, the thieves were, according to PW2, armed with a pistol. He saw it and they threatened to
shoot him if he dared raise an alarm. On failing to drive the vehicle, one of them fired in the air
in attempt to scare off the people pursuing him. PW3 Lt Kibuuka and PW8 Safari heard the
gunshot.
The said seven rounds of ammunition in the magazine was recovered from him. The Ballistics
expert, PW1 Robinah Kirinya, found the gun’s essential components intact. It was successfully
test fired using a bullet from the attached magazine. A spent cartridge was recovered from the
vicinity of the gunshot and the Expert’s opinion was that it was capable of having been
discharged from the pistol, Exh.P2. I found PW2 a truthful witness. I accept his evidence that
one of the thugs was armed with a pistol. The said pistol was fired in an attempt to scare away
the pursuers. I did not find any break in the chain of exhibits to raise doubt in my mind that the
exhibit is not what discharged the shot which PW3 and PW8 heard. In all these circumstances, I
find that the prosecution has proved beyond reasonable doubt that a deadly weapon was used
against PW2 Mutumba.
The next and final issue for determination is whether or not the Accused took part in the failed
robbery. The prosecution case is that the thug who pushed PW2 from the driver’s seat, put him
at gun point, took over the control of the motor vehicle and took to the heels when the going got
tough is the Accused in this case. The Accused vehemently denies it. He says he was on his way
to Makerere, heard a gunshot and people converged on him saying he was a thief. I have
4
considered the evidence of PW2 Mutumba. I am satisfied that his assailant ran from near Aga
Khan Primary School towards Martin Road, Old Kampala. It was a straight stretch and therefore
he did not lose complete sight of the thug, the distance of about 400metres between them
notwithstanding. I have also considered the evidence of Lt Kibuuka, PW3. He too heard the
gunshot and saw a person running towards some point where there were some banana plants.
There was no through road where that person was running to. When the man could not advance
any further, PW3 daringly approached the man for a gun. The man had by now sat down and
PW3 tried to search him for any weapon. The gun, Exh.P2, was recovered from the very point
where the thug had taken cover.
I have considered the length of time the suspect was under observation by PW2 Mutumba and
PW3 Lt Kibuuka and the distance between these two witnesses and the suspect. I have also
considered the fact that this was during broad day light, around 1.00p.m on a straight road
stretch. PW2 had been face to face with the thug. He continued seeing him as he fled and so did
Tibo Muzamil, PW5, the Guard with Tight Security who was on duty at the said school. From
this evidence, even if the vehicle was not exhibited, and its tender in evidence would not have
added any value to the case any way, I have not even the slightest doubt in my mind that one of
the persons who failed to drive away the vehicle, shot in the air and was arrested in the
circumstances described by PW2 Mutumba, PW3 Lt Kibuuka and PW5 Tibo is the Accused in
this case. The credible evidence of these three witnesses completely destroys the Accused’s story
that he was arrested near the Gate of Aga Khan Primary School. I am satisfied that he was
arrested a good distance away from the School. His defence is a worthless pack of lies and reject
it.
From the evidence, the robbers were three. Two attacked Pw2 and the third drove away after
successfully blocking him (PW2). Each of the thugs had a role to play in the operation. It was a
joint action of offenders prosecuting a common purpose as provided in section 22 of the Penal
Code Act.
Both Assessors, Mr Robert Lubega and Balintuma Elly, were of the opinion that the offence of
aggravated robbery had been proved. For reasons I have detailed above, I disagree with their
5
opinion in as far as the ingredient of theft is concerned. In view of my conclusion regarding
asportation, I acquit the Accused of the offence of aggravated robbery contrary to sections 272
and 273 (2) of the Penal Code Act. However, I find sufficient evidence to support a conviction
for attempted robbery. I therefore find him guilty of attempted robbery contrary to section 274
(2) (b) of the Penal Code Act and in accordance with Section 86 of the Trial on Indictments
Decree, 1971 as amended convict him on that offence.
YOROKAMU BAMWINE
JUDGE
4/6/2003
4/6/2003:-
Accused present.
Mrs Bukenya for state.
Mr Sensuwa for the Accused.
Both Assessors present.
Court:-
Judgment delivered.
YOROKAMU BAMWINE
JUDGE
4/6/2003.
Mrs Bukenya:-
We have no record of any previous conviction. We take it that he is a first offender. However, he
committed a serious offence carrying sentence of life imprisonment. The convict was a Security
Operative. His actions were an abuse of his office. It contravened the requirements of his office
as a Security Operative. Besides, offences of this nature are rampant. There is need to have
these offences curbed. The convict’s actions of shooting in the air exposed the complainant and
6
the residents in the area to the risk of losing their lives. In view of the above, I pray for a stiff
and deterrent sentence. This would go a long way to act as a lesson to any would be offender. I
so pray.
Mr Sensuwa:-
He is a first offender. He has no previous record. He is aged 29 years. He was pursuing a
course at University and he is married with children. He has been on remand for one year and
half. He is going to lose his studies at University. His future has already suffered a set back. He
is also likely to lose his job. I pray that all these factors be taken into account. He is sorry for
what he did. The period he has been on remand has served as a lesson to him. The learning was
from day of arrest. If it was not for Lt Kibuuka, perhaps he would not have survived the mob
action. Long term in jail may not reform the convict. A short time with some counseling may
achieve this purpose. Much as I agree that offences of this nature are rampant, he should be
given a light sentence.
Convict:-
Allocutus:-
I had property which was taken from me.
Mrs Bukenya:-
The convict was here when Police Officer denied taking anything from him. In any case, he was
arrested by a mob.
Court:-
Sentence – reasons for it:-
The convict is a first offender. He has been on remand for one year and half. The offence he
committed carries a maximum sentence of life imprisonment. He is lucky that he survived the
mob action. He claims to have been a Security Operative attached to State House. However,
7
instead of using the gun to protect people, he became a source of insecurity in utter abuse of his
calling.
In all these circumstances a man who has been on remand for one year and half, I consider a
sentence of seven (7) years imprisonment appropriate. I accordingly sentence him to (7) seven
years imprisonment.
YOROKAMU BAMWINE
JUDGE
4/6/2003
Court:-
Right of Appeal explained.
YOROKAMU BAMWINE
JUDGE
4/6/2003
