SOLAR BATTERIES REPORT

PRESENTED BY:
JESUS BALLESTEROS
LUIS ANAYA
EDWIN CASTRO

PRESENTED TO:
ENG. NICOLAS CAMARGO

Atlantic Coast Polytechnic

2021-2
1. INTRODUCTION

The present research refers to the topic of batteries in systems of

solar energy, which can be defined as a crucial component in
any isolated photovoltaic energy installation, since these are the ones that
they will take care of storing the energy so that it can be used during the night
or during prolonged periods of bad weather when we do not have enough
solar radiation.
Additionally, solar batteries are also responsible for supplying a
current intensity higher than that received by the solar panel itself to improve the
performance.

2. OBJECTIVES

• Understand the concept and identify the different types of batteries that
they exist in a solar energy system and its respective operation.
• Analyze the load capacity and the discharge depth of a battery and
how to use it in a solar energy system.

3. WHAT IS A SOLAR BATTERY

Solar batteries are the device that allows you to store the energy that
solar panels produce energy when it's sunny so that you can use it in the
moments when it is not there, like the night or cloudy days. This device
it also allows you to use a higher current intensity than what they are
providing the solar panels in operation, something especially
interesting when using various devices at the same time.
4. WHAT IS THE FUNCTIONING OF A SOLAR BATTERY

Solar batteries are responsible for storing electrical energy and providing it to you.
when the solar panels are not producing electricity or the amount that
you need. How do they do it? At the moment when the solar panels produce
an amount of energy greater than what you consume, this is used to charge the
batteries. This happens, for example, if it is sunny and there is little wind.

5. What types of solar batteries exist

There are different types of solar batteries that can be differentiated by

It accounts for the technology with which they are made:

5.1 Monoblock batteries:

Monoblock batteries are intended for small solar installations and where
a balanced quality-price ratio is sought.
This type of batteries is the cheapest and simplest, and they are suitable for use.
in small isolated photovoltaic installations (for example: with lighting,
television, computer, and refrigerator) and that do not have motors.
Also known as 'traditional flooded lead-acid monoblock battery' or
"open lead-acid monoblock batteries", based on the technology used in
the battery manufacturing.
When gas evaporation occurs, monoblock batteries require maintenance.
annual electrolyte level and cannot be installed in caravans, nor in places
closed without ventilation.

5.2. Deep cycle batteries:

The so-called deep cycle batteries have a format similar to monoblock.
but they are a little bigger and are designed for solar installations for use
daily, as they have a durability 3-4 times greater than a monoblock, being able to
to live up to 6-7 years.
Therefore, deep cycle batteries may be the best option for
solar installations with average consumption and use throughout the year, where the
battery life should also be an important factor.
The main feature of deep cycle batteries is their capacity
to withstand numerous full discharges without reducing its lifespan or causing damage
the battery, which is not common in other types of batteries.

5.3 AGM Batteries:

AGM batteries have immobilized electrolyte and regulation valves.
gases to avoid losses, that's why they are called 'maintenance-free'. They have a
average duration measured in number of charge-discharge cycles at the same
higher discharge depth than monoblock batteries.
Unlike other types of batteries, in AGM batteries the acid is absorbed.
between the plates and immobilized by means of some mats or fibrous coverings
very fine glass.
The characteristics that these dividers give and the design form and
the assembly of the battery makes AGM batteries a safe battery, which
resists vibrations and shocks, and where electrolyte will not spill.
The AGM battery is designed for small photovoltaic installations where
carrying out the maintenance would be very difficult or expensive.

It is also recommended for use in places:

• Where resistance to blows and vibrations is important

• Where acid spills due to leaks, spills, or breaks cannot be tolerated

• Where the batteries may be subject to freezing (-4 °C).

• In general, anywhere you need a completely safe battery

sealed for security or environmental reasons and high consumption: chairs of

wheels, medical reserve energy, inside recreational vehicles, carts
golf, motorcycles, UPS systems for computer rooms or in spaces
closed in vessels, caravans, motorhomes, aviation.
There are many advantages of AGM batteries, they are faster than Monoblock.
and can withstand starter motors without being damaged.
Among other advantages of AGM are:

• Long lifespan, even when subjected to deep discharge cycles

• High power: Having a greater load and a higher capacity for cycles of

loading-unloading.
• Superior starting power: AGM batteries are suitable for the

short-term delivery of high currents

• Charging speed: Load time 5 times faster than batteries

conventional
• Sealed and spill-proof housing

• Resistant to shocks and vibrations

• They do not emit hydrogen when charged, so they do not require ventilation.

and can be used in enclosed spaces

• Easy transport: sealed in a way that they can be transported easily

safe and unrestricted due to danger

• Lighter in weight than normal lead-acid batteries

• Retains water for a longer time

• They operate at optimal capacity across a wide range of temperatures:

o Recommended for cold environments, they have a good performance.

to low temperatures.
oIn warm environments, they resist deterioration better, ensuring a

stable voltage

5.4. Stationary batteries:

These batteries have a long lifespan, they are perfect for installations that
require daily consumption and for long periods of time. These batteries
They are made up of 6 cups of 2v each, they can accumulate large
energy quantities (they exist in a wide range of different capacities).

[Link] batteries:
They take up little space, weigh little, and do not emit gases. Therefore, they can also be

put anywhere, the loading time is the fastest. You can make
total downloads without having their life intensely affected. The disadvantage that
Currently, the high cost of this type of batteries is a drawback. However, in a
in the future, it is believed that manufacturers will be able to optimize it.

We can also divide batteries according to the number of volts:

• 12v

• 24v

• 48v

6. LOAD CAPACITY

The load capacity of a solar battery is understood as the amount of

electricity that a battery can supply and is measured in ampere-hours (Ah).
Assumedly, in order to charge a battery, some solar panels will be necessary and
connect them to the charge regulator/regulator, which will be in charge of that task.

The fundamental variables that define the battery capacity are:

• loading time, unloading time or loading/unloading speed

• discharge intensity

• temperature

• final discharge voltage

The capacity of a battery is determined based on the discharge duration and
this value is provided by the manufacturer for a duration of 10 hours (C10)
100 hours (C100).
The value provided by the manufacturer is the nominal capacity (CN). Recalculate the
battery capacity for solar use, for charging or discharging, we can use
the following equation:

CNINA * Loading/unloading duration [h]

Being, as we have already seen, CNthe nominal capacity of the battery and INthe current
for loading or unloading.

That is to say, for example, let's assume we have a battery with a capacity
from 300 Ah, from which we are drawing a constant current of 10A, will give us
that the battery has a discharge rate of 30 hours.

examples, if we have a battery with a capacity C10= 200Ah implies that the
battery could deliver 20 Amperes for 10 hours. Or seen another way, a
battery with a nominal capacity of 200Ah at a discharge rate of C10, the current
Download will be: C10(A) = 200 Ah/10 h = 20 A.

Although it is the manufacturer who must provide the capabilities of the batteries based on
of your discharge regime, in case we do not have any, we can
use this equivalence table:
≈1.14
We must keep in mind that this is an approximation and it is always the manufacturer.
Who should provide this data.
Generally, in photovoltaic solar installations, there are cycles of
slow discharge, the term discharge capacity C is commonly used100.

7. DISCHARGE DEPTH

The discharge depth of a battery is the percentage of the total capacity

from the battery that is used during a charging cycle or a discharge cycle. We can
distinguish between two possibilities:

7.1. Surface discharges: they are discharges of approximately 20%

of the nominal capacity.
7.2. Deep discharges: they are discharges of 60-80% of capacity
nominal.

In off-grid solar energy installations, batteries are often used.

stationary units prepared for deep discharge, since in some installations
they must support the consumption for several days.
We must also note that the deeper the discharge, in
Depth of Discharge (DOD), fewer cycles of use will give us a
battery, is seen more clearly in the following graph:
On the other hand, we must know that, depending on the download speed of the
battery, we will have a final discharge voltage. The faster it is done
the shorter the discharge, the lower the final discharge voltage of the battery. We can see it.

with the following graph:

As can be appreciated, as we mentioned, in the case of the E curve, there

corresponds to a discharge regime of 5 hours (C5) and we would have a final tension
of about 1.6V. However, if we look at the H curve, with regime of
download of 20 hours (C20) The final discharge voltage will be about 1.7V approximately.
It is once again evident that a slow discharge regime is
more suitable for a longer battery life.
We must also bear in mind that the more discharge cycles and the more
the more numerous they are, the shorter the useful life of a battery, as we will see in

continuation.

8. Useful Life
We understand the useful life of a battery as the number of cycles it can go through.
support the battery while maintaining a residual capacity above 80% of its
nominal capacity.
The lifespan of a battery in photovoltaic installations is measured in numbers of
charging/discharging cycles.
Thus, if we subject our battery to a work regime of many cycles
diaries, its useful life will be reduced, and if on the contrary, the work regime is of
fewer daily cycles, the lifespan will be extended.
We can see it clearly in the following graph:

9. SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTION

It is common, and almost a general rule, that in all photovoltaic installations
isolated requires the use of more than one battery. The solution then must be
adopted by connecting the batteries in series or in parallel to achieve the voltage or
necessary capacity. We then analyze the two connection possibilities of
batteries
9.1. Batteries connected in parallel:
all positive poles are connected together and, separately, all negative poles are connected.
With this type of connection, we achieve an increase in capacity and maintain a
same voltage value.
The total capacity of the battery system will then be equal to the sum of all
the capacities of each battery or, in other words, the product of the capacity
for each battery by the number of batteries (understanding that we always use the
same type of batteries).

In the figure we can see an example of a battery connection in parallel. As

we can appreciate, there are 3 Trojan J185E-AC solar batteries, 12V and 249Ah each
one. Therefore, when connected in parallel, the output of the battery system
It will be 12V and 3 x 249Ah = 747Ah.

As can be seen, the same output voltage is obtained as that of each unit.
battery, but we increased the final capacity of the storage system.
9.2. Batteries connected in series:
In this case, we will connect the positive terminal of the battery with the negative terminal of

the following battery, and so on. In this way, what we achieve is to increase
the final tension of the accumulation system, which would be the sum of the tensions of
the batteries connected in series, and we maintain the capacity, which would be the same
that the unit of the batteries we are using (always considering that
All the installed batteries are of the same model and were purchased at the same time because

It happens that if we connect a new battery in parallel with an old one, and it
they break both.

We can see it again with an example; in this case, the figure shows the connection.
in a series of 6 Hoppecke 6 OPZS batteries of 2V and 900Ah (C100each glass.

Therefore, the result is that we will have a 12V accumulation system and
900Ah (C100So far this new article on solar batteries, we hope you
has been useful.
Everything stated is for all types of accumulators, whether gel battery or
any other type.
 CONCLUSION

The batteries used in a solar energy system are very important,

since it will allow us to continue having energy when weather conditions
Sean adverse, this works by maintaining the energy generated by its panels.
solar for use. In some cases, the batteries have their own inverter and
they provide energy conversion. The higher the power of the battery,
more energy it can store. It is of utmost importance to have a battery
suitable for solar energy systems. An important factor for choosing it
it is the type of cycle, which is a discharge and charge of a battery regardless of the
percentage. There are three types of cycles according to the depth of discharge
(battery discharge amount): small, moderate, or deep. The small
it indicates that only a low percentage of the total battery capacity is
downloaded, and so it continues with the other two.
 [Link]
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