Module 4 Thermometry
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ScribdTranslationsModule 4 Thermometry
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ScribdTranslationsLESSON 4: THERMOMETRY
I. GENERALITIES
Thermometry is the science that deals with the study of temperature. It is through the senses of
touch that we most often appreciate the temperature of bodies. However, touch is
insufficient because beyond a certain limit, it no longer allows us to compare the temperatures of
body because the touch lacks sensitivity, fidelity, and accuracy. We will therefore call on the
a simple phenomenon such as expansion on which the graduation of the device used for
to measure temperatures called thermometer.
II. THERMOMETRIC SCALES
To easily perform the graduation of the thermometers, two have been suitably chosen.
points A and B corresponding to unchanging temperatures at which two always occur
physical phenomena that are easy to reproduce and control with accuracy. These two benchmarks are
called the two fixed points of the scale.
Point A represents the melting point of pure water at atmospheric temperature.
normal (transition from solid state to liquid state) or the melting temperature of ice.
Point B represents the temperature of the steam emitted by pure water at boiling under
normal atmospheric pressure.
II.1. CELSIUS SCALE
To create the °C scale or the centigrade thermometric scale, we divide the length A
Divide B into 100 equal parts and assign the value 0°C to point A and 100°C.
II.2. FAHRENHEIT SCALE :
This scale is not a centesimal scale; the length from A to B is divided into 180.
equal parties. Point A corresponds to 32°F (The '0°F' was set arbitrarily by
Fahrenheit, it follows that the point 0°C corresponds to the point 32°F), and point B corresponds to 212°F.
It is therefore necessary to establish a relationship between °C and °F.
0˚C 32°F 100°C 212°F
The range of 0˚C 100˚C on the Celsius scale is divided into 180 equal parts.
Let
Given the offset of each scale, the formulas for converting a
the temperatures from one scale to another will be:
II.3. KELVIN SCALE
0 on the Kelvin scale corresponds to -273 °C (0K) -273°C. This is the lowest temperature that
could exist. This temperature is called 'absolute zero' in order to avoid confusion
temperatures in kelvin are denoted by the symbol T to distinguish them from temperatures in °C and
in °F.
Example: T = 50°K
We have the following formula:
K = °C + 273
Figure 1: comparison of thermometer scales
III. THERMODYNAMIC SCALE:
Heat is present in all bodies whose temperature is above 0°K or -273°C.
Scientifically, it has been established that -273°C (-273.184 by the Japanese) is the temperature
the lowest base that can be obtained.
It is the point where all heat is absent from a body.
This temperature is called: ABSOLUTE ZERO.
This thermodynamic scale is named: KELVIN DEGREE.
The Kelvin degree has the same value as the Celsius degree.
EXERCISE 1 :
-13.33°C
303.15 K
EXERCISE 2:
The outlet temperature of the cooling water from a condenser is measured using a
thermometer showing 95˚F. Calculate this temperature in °C.
EXERCISE 3:
Using the formula , allowing to establish the correspondence between the standards
experiment in °C and in °F. calculate:
The temperatures in °F and °C for which we can write the numerical equality
θ°C = θ°F
The temperatures in °F and °C for which we can also write θ°F = 5°C.
EXERCISE 4:
In a cold country, the temperature inside a room is 20°C, the one measured outside
The room is at -10°C. What is the difference between these two temperatures?
EXERCISE 5 :
When a mercury thermometer is plunged into melting ice, at normal pressure, the
the height of the mercury column is 1.8 cm. If this thermometer is immersed in boiling water
this height becomes 30.2 cm.
5.1. What temperature in °C does this thermometer indicate when the height of the mercury column
Is it 8.9 cm?
5.2. Same question for h=16cm.
EXERCISE 6:
-273.15 °C
86 °F
III. DIFFERENT TYPES OF THERMOMETERS
Mercury thermometer
It is based on the dilation of mercury contained in a glass envelope. It is composed of
from a reservoir topped with a perfectly calibrated capillary tube. The liquid solidifies at -38°C.
It is therefore used only in refrigeration.
Alcohol thermometers
Meme construction as the mercury thermometer. It is used to record temperatures.
very low temperatures down to -70°C.
Toluene or pentane thermometer
They allow for better performance in the field of low temperature than the thermometer.
to alcohol (up to -90°C for toluene, -220°C for pentane).
Thermostatic bulb thermometer
Medical thermometer
Recording thermometer (its use is carried out in meteorology)
Maximum and minimum thermometer
Bimetal thermometer
Electric thermometer
IV. PHENOMENON OF DILATATION
For the production of thermometers, we use the phenomenon of expansion. We need
So studying these phenomena, we will have the expansion of solids and the expansion of liquids.
IV.1. The expansion of solids
IV.1.1. Linear expansion
Linear expansion is discussed when the increase in temperature of a body causes a
increase in its length.
Note: linear expansion is:
Proportional to the increase in temperature
Proportional to the initial length.
Let it be an aluminum ruler of initial length L0 that we heat to a certain
temperature After heating, this rule expands and lengthens; its new length is related to
its initial length except for the relationship:
is the difference in temperature between the final temperature and the initial temperature of the body.
- initial length of the body that is to say at the initial temperature.
- final body length at temperature in meters (m).
-λ: coefficient of linear expansion of the body (it indicates the value of the elongation
suddenly by the unit of length of the solid when its temperature rises by ).
- = is the extension of the rule.
Some values of the coefficient of expansion
, ,
Exercises
Exercise 1
The linear expansion coefficient of zinc being What is the length at
of a zinc test tube with a length of 1.20m to .
Exercise 2
In 1976, during an exceptionally hot summer (Cameroon), the newspapers reported a situation of
derailment of a train due to the fact that the rails had elongated due to overheating
unusual fact. If we assume that this heating of the rails occurred between and
environment let it be Determine:
- linear expansion (elongation if the length taken initially was 15m.
Its final length.
Exercise 3
Two metal rods A and B have respectively the coefficients of expansion and
à one is 0.048m longer than the other and placed end to end. They have a length
total of 80.0416 cm. What is the length of each rod at .
Exercise 4
A copper wire has a length of 1m at ;à , its length becomes 1.0016m. What
What is its linear expansion coefficient? At what temperature will its length be 1.0020m?
IV.1.2. CUBIC VOLUME DILATATION
Cubic dilation is the increase in the volume of a homogeneous body under the effect of
warming. We have the following relationship:
-K : cubic dilation coefficient
- final volume at temperature
- initial volume of the solid
- volumetric dilation binomial
RELATION BETWEEN K AND λ
Exercise 5
A metal container with a capacity of 900l .
Determine the coefficient of cubic expansion
What is its capacity at They give λ of iron. .
Exercise 6
from benzene to is brought to Find its new volume knowing that the
the coefficient of expansion of benzene is .
IV.2. Expansion of liquids
Even liquids expand like solids when they are heated and contract in the same way.
cooling. But water is a special case because it first contracts from 0 to . And
which only expands starting from this last temperature at In the case of liquids, we
let's distinguish:
Apparent dilation
Absolute expansion
The apparent dilation of a liquid seems to have a practical interest alone, since it
made according to the solid envelope that contains the liquid. Regarding absolute expansion, it is
impossible to make the liquid expand out of its envelope or it is exactly
independent of its envelope. It is therefore possible to determine the coefficient of expansion
absolute liquids (m).
- volume of the liquid at
- volume of the liquid at
- difference between the final temperature and the initial temperature.
The general formula for the expansion of liquids is:
Exercise 7
The suction piping supplying the display cases of a supermarket has a length of 50 m.
The temperature of this pipe can vary from à .
corresponds to the functioning
corresponds to the stop of the installation.
Coefficient of expansion of copper .
1) Calculate the elongation of the piping when the temperature change is equal to
.
What solution do you propose to prevent the deterioration of this pipeline.
