I.

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM SPEEDS IN THE CHANNELS

1.1.Maximum speeds

Table No. 1

1.2.Minimum speeds

They prevent the deposition of sand in the channels and the growth of plants in the streambed.

of the channels that hinder the circulation of water. In general, a speed can be adopted

average Vm = 0.6 m/s. 0.91 m/s when the percentage of silt present in the channel is small

and an average speed no less than Vm = 0.76 m/s; will prevent the growth of vegetation

according to (twenty chow).

The maximum speed should never be greater than 4.0 m/s, advisable between 2-3 m/s in channels

coated.

1.3. Determination of the maximum flow velocity in channels

In open channels, the speed of the water varies according to the depth and with the

distance from the walls of the channel. Near the bottom and the edges, the water

runs at lower speed. When designing the channels, what is typically of interest is the speed.

average of the water across the entire cross-section of the channel.

The maximum allowable average speed in a channel to prevent erosion depends on the type of

floor or the cladding material. The table indicates the maximum speeds

admissible in channels and elevated conduits with various soils and coatings.

Maximum allowable mean velocities of water in channels and elevated conduits

TABLE No. 2

Type of soil o of Speed media

coating maximum allowable (m/s)

UNLINED CHANNELS

Soft or very fine clay 0.2

Pure very fine or very sand

0.3
light

Very light loose sand or mud 0.4

Coarse sand or sandy soil

0.5
light

Medium sandy soil and loam

0.7
of good quality

Sandy silt, small gravel 0.8

Silt loam or alluvial soil 0.9

Firm clay, clayey soil 1.0

Firm gravel or clay 1.1

Hard clay soil, soil of

1.4
common gravel, or squirrel and gravel
Crushed stone and gravel 1.5

Record thick pebbles

1.8
schist

Conglomerates, gravel
2.0
cemented, soft slate

Soft rock, layers of stones,

2.4
hardcover

Hard rock 4.0

COATED CHANNELS

Concrete of cement
2.5
molded on site

Concrete of cement
2.0
prefabricated

Stones 1.6-1.8

Concrete blocks 1.6

Bricks 1.4-1.6

Membrane of plastic
0.6-0.9
submerged

CONDUCTIONS

ELEVATED

Concrete or smooth metal 1.5-2.0

Corrugated metal 1.2-1.8

Wood 0.9-1.5
 II. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM PENDANTS IN THE CHANNELS.

a. Importance of the slope or gradient

In simple cases, it can be assumed that the bottom of the channel is sloped in the direction of the flow.

down. In fact, water flows in the channels as long as the water level is higher at the part

upstream than downstream. If a channel has a horizontal bottom, it can become

As a gradient, the difference in height between the upstream and downstream sections.

The channel bed slope is expressed in meters of height per meter of length.

from the channel, for example, S = 0.01, that is, 1 percent.

Side slopes of trapezoidal channels on various soils

TABLE N° 3

Side earrings with

Type of soil or coating material a inclination no

superior to

Light sand, wet clay 3:1 18° 20'

Loose soil, silt, sandy silt, sandy loam 2:1 26° 30'

Normal soil, clay, silt, silt of

1.5:1 33° 40'
gravel, clayey silt, gravel

Hard earth or clay 1:1 45°

Hard cover, alluvial soil, firm gravel, earth

0.5:1 63° 30'
hard compact
Stone cladding, reinforced concrete

molding in situation, 1:1 45°

concrete blocks

Submerged plastic membrane 2.5:1 22° 30'

b. Selection of the canal bottom slope

The longitudinal slope of the bottom of the earth channels is determined by considering the

topographic conditions:

In very flat areas, the bottom slope can be zero (horizontal channel) or at most

present a minimum value of 0.05 percent, that is, 5 cm per 100 m;

In the steeper areas, the slope of the bottom should not exceed 0.1-0.2 percent.

(between 10 and 20 cm per 100 m) to prevent the water from flowing too quickly through the channel and it

wear

The level of the bottom can be lowered whenever necessary through the construction of works.

falling in the channel.

In lined channels, for example those built with bricks or concrete, the slope

The bottom can be greater since the risk of damage caused by erosion is lower.

III. TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION OF CHANNELS BY THE MATERIAL USED FOR

ITS CONSTRUCTION.

3.1. Natural channels and artificial channels

a) Natural channels:
Those that do not involve the hand of man, such as rivers and streams that are courses

of water formed by the displacement of water to lower levels.

b) Artificial Channels:

Those where the hand of man intervenes and will have a cross-section that has been

given as long as the stability of the cathedral walls and the background is maintained.

TABLE N° 4

MATERIAL CLASS, SHAPE, STATE

Wood Brush tables

Unfinished tables

Ancient channels

New and smooth channels

Asphalt Asphalt-coated channels

Asphalt concrete channels

Concrete With a smooth finish

Concrete with metal formwork

Concrete with wooden formwork

Well-finished concrete

Vibrated concrete

Ordinary finish

Galleries with careful finishing

Galleries with ordinary finish

Factory Well-executed brick masonry

 Normal masonry

Natural stone

Earth Hard, smooth material

Hard, fine material

Fine to medium gravel

Coarse gravel

Mud with torrons

With thick stones

Earth channels, a lot of vegetation

IV. ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS IN CHANNELS.

The roughness coefficient (n) expresses the resistance to the flow of water created by the sides.

and the bottom of a channel. The greater the value of n, the greater the roughness of the walls of the

Canal and mayor is the difficulty encountered by water to slide through the canal.

The table summarizes the values of the roughness coefficient under various conditions.

Also indicate, for use in further calculations, its reciprocal value (1 ÷ n).
Roughness coefficient (Manning) in open channels and elevated conduits

TABLE NO. 5

Conditions of the water flow 1/n

UNCOATED EARTH CHANNELS

Clean and level land; newly finished channels 0.017 58.82

Smooth curvature, in soil or clay solids, with

mud deposits, without vegetation growth, at 0.025 40.00

normal conditions

Short grass, few weeds 0.024 41.67

Dense weeds in deep waters 0.032 31.25

Uneven ground with stones 0.035 28.57

Scant maintenance, thick weeds throughout the height

0.040 25.00
of the flow

Clean fund, bushes on the slopes 0.070 14.29

COATED CHANNELS

Cement mortar bricks 0.020 50.00

Concrete, precast pieces, unfinished, walls

0.015 66.67
wrinkled

Concrete, trowel finished, smooth walls 0.013 76.92

Bricks, rough walls 0.015 66.67

Bricks, well-built walls 0.013 76.92

Tables, with growth of algae/moss 0.015 66.67

Fairly flat tables and without vegetation 0.013 76.92

Well-planed and firmly secured boards 0.011 90.91

Submerged plastic membrane 0.027 37.04

CONDUCTIONS

ELEVATED/CHANNELS/AQUEDUCTS

Concrete 0.012 83.33

Smooth metal 0.015 66.67

Corrugated metal 0.021 47.62

Wood and bamboo (smooth) 0.014 71.43

Roughness coefficients according to Manning and Bazin.

TABLE No. 6
V. SOME EXECUTION ITEMS FOR CHANNELS

5.1. SUPPLY OF PIPELINES AND ACCESSORIES FOR DRINKING WATER

Partidas: 1 Supply of HFD Pipe - K7 - Ø 80 mm

2 Supply of HFD Pipe - K7 - Ø 100 mm

3 Supply of HFD Pipe - K7 - Ø 150 mm

4 Supply of HFD Pipe - K7 - Ø 200 mm

5 Supply of HFD Pipe - K7 - Ø 250 mm

5.1.1. DESCRIPTION

The work to be carried out under these Contract Items involves the provision of all the labor.

of work, materials, equipment, and services needed to execute the delivery at the warehouses of

work of the piping and fittings contractor (elbows, yes, tees, reductions, crosses and others), of

national or imported manufacturing, for drinking water, to be used in the conveyance lines and

distribution in the different diameters, as indicated in the plans and that comply with the

Applicable Particular Technical Specifications. In case of imported materials, it is included

transport costs, taxes, customs clearance, etc.

It is necessary that, in addition to what is generally indicated in the previous paragraph, the scope of

the shipment includes the supply of elbows for sudden changes in slope, as well as the

accessories for tests and splices between test sections.

5.1.2. MEASUREMENT

These items will be measured by the linear meter of installed pipe, including fittings.

5.1.3. PAYMENT

80% of the usable length of pipe installed in the Contractor's warehouse will be paid, to satisfaction.

and with the Engineer's approval of the unit price stated in the Contract.

At the request of the Contractor, advance payments may be made for the equivalent of 80% of the cost.

as stated in the Offer of imported pipes acquired for this batch, before their delivery
in the Contractor's warehouse, as long as the conditions established in the Sub-

Clause 14.5 of the Contract Conditions.

The balance will be certified for payment considering the linear meters of work completed.

with the respective hydraulic tests, applying the unit price of the Contract.

5.2. CONSTRUCTION OF VALVE CHAMBERS

Items: 02.04.01.01 Construction of C.R.P. Ø 40-50 mm–TN

02.04.01.02 Construction of C.R.P. Ø 40-50 mm–TSR

02.04.01.03 Construction of C.R.P. Ø 40-50 mm–TR

02.04.01.04 Construction of C.R.P. Ø 60 - 80 mm–TN

02.04.01.05 Construction of C.R.P. Ø 60 - 80 mm–TSR

02.04.01.06 Construction of C.R.P. Ø 60 - 80 mm–TR

02.04.01.07 Construction of C.R.P. Ø 100 mm–TN

02.04.01.08 Construction of C.R.P. Ø 150 mm–TN

02.04.01.09 Construction of C.R.P. Ø 150 mm–TSR

02.04.01.10 Construction of C.R.P. Ø 200 mm–TN

02.04.01.11 Construction of C.R.P. Ø 250 mm–TN

02.04.01.12 Construction of Air Valve Chambers–TN

02.04.01.13 Construction of Air Valve Chambers–TSR

02.04.01.14 Construction of Air Valve Chambers–TR

02.04.01.15 Construction of Purge Valve Chambers–TN

02.04.01.16 Construction of Purge Valve Chambers–TSR

5.2.1. DESCRIPTION

This contract includes the supply of all labor, materials, services, equipment,

vehicles, fuels, consumables, tools, electricity and everything necessary

including the tests to determine the quality of the concrete and services needed for the

construction of the civil works of the new pressure reducing chambers, chambers of

air valves and purge valve chambers, so that they are ready for the

installation of the corresponding hydraulic equipment, as shown in the plans

and is specified in the applicable specific technical specifications.

5.2.2. MEASUREMENT

This shipment will be measured individually by the finished chamber and ready for installation of the

equipment, to the satisfaction of the engineer and as indicated in the plans.

5.2.3. PAYMENT

Payment will be made, upon approval by the Engineer, per chamber constructed, at the unit price for this.

item assigned in the Contract.

5.3. GATE VALVES

5.3.1. SUPPLY AND INSTALLATION OF GATE VALVES

02.05.01.02 Gate Valve Installation Ø = 90 mm - For PVC pipe -

New Line

02.05.01.03 Gate Valve Installation Ø = 100 mm - For HFD pipe -

New Line

02.05.01.04 Installation of Gate Valve Ø = 110 mm - For PVC pipe -

New Line

02.05.01.05 Installation of Gate Valve Ø = 110 mm - For PE pipe -

New Line
02.05.01.06 Installation of Gate Valve Ø = 150 mm - For HFD piping -

New Line

02.05.01.07 Installation of Gate Valve Ø = 200 mm - For HFD pipe -

New Line

02.05.01.08 Installation of gate valve Ø = 250 mm - For HFD pipe -

New Line

02.05.01.09 Installation of gate valve Ø = 300 mm - For HFD pipe -

New Line

02.05.01.10 Installation of butterfly valve Ø = 350 mm - For HFD piping -

New Line

02.05.01.11 Gate Valve Installation Ø = 75 mm - For AC pipe -

Existing Line

02.05.01.12 Installation of Gate Valve Ø = 100 mm - For AC pipe -

Existing Line

02.05.01.13 Gate Valve Installation Ø = 110 mm - For PVC pipe -

Existing Line

5.3.2. DESCRIPTION

This contract includes the supply of all labor, materials, services, equipment,

vehicles, fuels, consumables, tools, electricity and everything necessary

including soil tests, compaction tests, hydraulic tests, and services

necessary for the supply and installation of shut-off valves, as indicated in the

plans and in the applicable Particular Technical Specifications or ordered in writing

by the Engineer.

5.3.3. MEASUREMENT
The supply and installation of the indicated equipment will be measured per unit.

5.3.4. PAYMENT

The payment will be made for the complete installed equipment, which has passed the tests.

specified to satisfaction and with the Engineer's approval, applying the unit price

of the Contract.

VI. FORMULAS IN TRIANGULAR, RECTANGULAR, AND

TRAPEZOIDAL.

6.1. Trapezoidal, rectangular, and triangular section

The trapezoidal section is one of the most used in channels due to its ease in

construction, be it in unlined channels where it is mandatory as in lined ones.

The rectangular section can be considered as a variant of that.

Next, some formulas:

Area of a rectangular and trapezoidal section:

Area of a triangular section: