Practice 4
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Simple and fractional distillation
Maya Reyes Alejandro
Luna Quezada Ahtziri Natali
Key 30 and 32
National Autonomous University of Mexico
Faculty of Chemistry
Summary
Simple distillation as well as fractional distillation are methods of separating components.
from a binary mixture, in general the practice consisted of the separation of a mixture
Commercial rum which we know mostly contains ethyl alcohol and water in addition to
other components that are found in very small proportions, the technique
The employee consisted of separating the sample using both methods.
obtaining recovery percentages of the sample of 86.66% in
fractional distillation and 80% in simple, analyzing these and in the same way the
The appearance of the final distillate allowed us to assert the best technique for its distillation.
sample, which in this case was fractional distillation.
Background
Distillation is a method of separating liquids, used when our liquid is
it contaminates and we need to purify it.
There are different types of distillations:
Simple distillation: it is used to separate liquids with a boiling point of
difference of 50°C.
Fractional distillation: it is used to separate mixtures of liquids where the difference
The difference in boiling points between one liquid and another is very small.
Vacuum distillation: it is used to separate liquids with boiling points
greater than 100°C.
Therefore, it is important to know the properties of the liquids we are with.
working to find out what type of distillation will give us the best results.
Results and discussion
SHOW PROBLEM: Ron
Table 1. Fractional Distillation
Volume of the distillate (mL) Distillation temperature (°C)
1 70
2 71
3 74
4 74
5 74
6 74
7 74
8 74
9 80
10 80
11 80
12 90
13 91
14 92
15 92
16 92
17 >92
18 >92
19 >92
20 >92
In this part (fractional distillation) after assembling the equipment with
All the necessary specifications and precautions were started with the procedure.
we can note that the time required for this process was long as the fact that
use a Vigreux column (which is the difference between performing fractional distillation and
the simple) we found that each of the theoretical dishes corresponds to doing
a simple distillation so the time was extensive, the recorded temperatures
they show a rather sharp variation since we go from 71° to 74° this is due to
surely that the components of our sample are not completely pure
and there must have been some third component that caused that change, after that
unexpectedly the continuous distillation in a normal way maintaining a temperature
constant until its completion, through an empirical analysis we can assert
that the first part where lower temperatures are recorded corresponds to the separation
of alcohol and consequently the second part where we find the higher temperature
corresponds to the water present in the sample, it was very important to be very attentive to
the distillation in the first instance for the separation of the head, the body, and the tail thus
as for the recording of temperatures reported per milliliter of compound
obtained, one of the important aspects to consider in this practice is the separation of the
head, body and tail since the aim is also to obtain a pure distillate therefore
separating these parts helps us achieve a better result in the distillate. It was obtained
a recovery percentage quite high at 86.6%, which is quite acceptable if it
consider that this fraction is purer in relation to the original sample, in terms of
Appearance we can appreciate a colorless liquid although a little cloudy which could be due to
to any impurity that has managed to pass the process.
Table 2. Summary of results
Fraction of the distillation Distillation temperature Volume (mL)
(°C)
Head 70-71 2
1st component 74 4
Intermediate fraction 80 3
2nd component 92 3
Cola 92> 3
Table 3. Simple Distillation
Temperature 70 72 74 75 76 80 83 85 90 92 93 93 93 > > > > > > >
of distillation 93 93 93 93 93 93 93
Celsius
Volume of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
distillate (mL)
Table 4. Summary of results
Fraction of the distillation Temperature of Volume (mL)
distillation (°C)
Head 70-72 2
Body 74-85 6
Cola 12
Simple distillation
By analyzing our boiling points, we can affirm that our substances
identified are the correct ones and that the separation was successful since the points are
too similar, in the following table 4 we can observe the stages of our
distillation, the head, the body and the tail, similarly the variation of the process is noticeable
completed.
Conclusion
Distillation proves to be a reliable method for the separation of binary mixtures.
we will use the fractional or the simple according to the characteristics of the components of
mixed sample, although we have concluded that the simple one was more homogeneous, we know that for this
it would be more useful in installments due to the yield obtained as well as for the
characteristics of the components since the boiling points present a great
similar and on the contrary it is more useful to use the simple when the boiling points
they differ more since this one is very fast, which makes it difficult to know when
we are getting one of the products and at what time the other, which is more
simple with the fractional.
References
Morrison, R. T, Boyd, R. N., Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition, Mexico, Ed. Addison Wesley
Mexico, 1998. Pages: 90-92, 622, 624.
Williamson K., Masters K., Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments, 6th Edition,
Ed. Brooks and Cole, USA, 2010. Pages: 116-118.
Annex
QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Compare the experimental results of the distillations and state three reasons for
the one that seemed most effective to her.
Fractional distillation is more effective as it uses a Vigreux column, and this makes
that condense impurities that our mixture may have, can separate liquids from
close boiling points (25°C difference)
2. When is it advisable to use simple distillation and when to use distillation?
fractionated?
Simple distillation
It is used to separate liquids with boiling points lower than 150ºC from impurities.
non-volatile, or to separate mixtures of two components that boil with a
difference in boiling points of at least 60-80°C. Mixtures of substances whose
Boiling points that differ by 30-60°C can be separated by simple distillations.
repeated, collecting during the first distillation enriched fractions in one of the
components, which are distilled again. For boiling to be homogeneous and not
projections are produced, a piece of porous plate is introduced into the flask (or agitation
magnetic).
Fractional distillation
It is a technique that allows for the performance of a series of simple distillations in one.
continuous operation. It is used to separate liquid components that differ by less than 25ºC
at the boiling point. It is a setup similar to simple distillation in which
intercalated between the flask and the distillation head is a column that can be filled
with any type of inert substance that has a large surface area, for example rings or
glass propellers, wire, pieces of clay, fragments of porcelain, etc.
3. What criteria did you follow to separate the different fractions during the distillations?
Explain.
Their boiling points are similar to each other with a difference of 20°C.
approximately.
4. Could a mixture of two liquids with boiling points be separated by simple distillation?
boiling points of 55°C and 76°C? and why fractional distillation? Finally, what liquid
what would be obtained first?
It couldn't be done by simple distillation, since their boiling points are very close.
I would first obtain the liquid with a boiling point of 55°C.
5. What purpose does the theoretical plate serve?
Knowing what substance will be obtained first at the time of distillation.
6. What does Raoult's Law state?
Raoult's law states that the relationship between thevapor pressureof each component in
oneideal solutionit depends on the vapor pressure of each individual component and
of theamole fractionof each component in the solution.
7. What is the purpose of connecting the water counter-current in the coolant?
Let the vapor that begins to be released from the mixture be able to condense.
8. How would you separate the components of a mixture of activated carbon, acetone, and
water?
First, I would separate the activated charcoal using a filter paper and a funnel.
mix leaving the acetone and water in a flask. Subsequently, by means of the
fractional distillation would separate acetone from water since the difference between their
boiling points are below 80°C.
9. By fractional distillation of two liquid components with different boiling points,
What are the compositions of the liquids at the top of the column?
Vigreaux compared to those at the bottom?
