Exercises

of
Statistics

1
Descriptive Statistics
1. In a study on the growth of male children in the age range of 1
At the age of 2, a sample was collected with the weight (in kg) of 50 boys. In the table
The following are the collected data.

13.6 13.2 14.8 15.5 13.7 14.0 14.2 13.5 11.5 15.0

11.9 12.7 13.8 12.9 14.6 13.7 14.2 15.1 12.7 13.5

13.4 15.7 11.5 12.7 11.9 15.7 14.8 10.9 12.7 14.0

12.4 14.8 15.3 14.0 15.2 13.8 13.5 12.7 15.0 11.9

12.4 12.0 12.0 11.4 13.8 11.1 11.7 13.7 10.0 13.2

a) Using class intervals with equal amplitudes of 0.9, determine the average,
median, mode, and standard deviation of the set of recorded values.

b) Will it be a symmetric distribution? Justify.

c) What is the proportion of boys weighing less than 13.6 Kg?

2. The following table shows the classifications obtained by 80 students in a

statistics exam.

93 76 68 84 75 82 68 90 62 88 75 85 73 79 88 73 60 93 71 59

72 63 61 65 75 87 74 62 95 78 60 68 66 78 82 75 94 77 69 74

71 83 96 78 89 61 75 95 60 79 75 71 79 62 67 97 78 85 76 65

74 53 65 80 73 57 88 78 62 76 77 85 86 67 73 81 72 63 76 75

a) Define the intervals for the classes.

mode

c) Graphically represent the frequency distribution and the distribution of

cumulative relative frequencies.

3. To characterize the absenteeism of a company in the textile sector, during a

During a period of 70 days, a daily record was kept of the number of absences of the workers.
company. The results of this record are presented next.

00200033001850043062231101011012120

01643312400312000001102024402202000

2
a) Build the absolute frequency distribution of the number of absences per day.

b) Determine the average number of absences per day.

c) Determine the median, variance, and standard deviation of the number of absences per day.

d) Will the distribution of the number of absences be unimodal? Justify.

e) What is the percentage of days with more than three absences?

f) What conclusions can you draw about the symmetry of the distribution?

4. The following table contains data regarding a sample of 100

packaging for manual washing detergent. The net weight indicated on the said
packaging is 750g.

752 755 725 753 764 738 757 744 747 754 741 750 757 745 754 750 729 742 754 747

755 736 744 753 721 738 732 752 745 758 740 751 746 736 741 748 735 747 727 750

743 750 732 749 745 736 733 741 749 743 748 749 737 737 749 740 724 753 738 752

747 735 743 751 726 749 741 751 745 754 753 745 749 731 746 737 741 728 750 747

747 740 741 730 739 754 739 744 755 748 759 750 756 740 745 742 730 736 750 754

a) Consider the data presented in the table and group them into cells, calculating the
respective absolute and relative frequencies. Justify the decision regarding the number
of adopted classes.

b) Based on the previously defined cells, graphically represent the

information provided.

c) Calculate the sample measures of location and dispersion.

5. Consider the following sets of values:

(a) 50 52 54 56 58 60 62

(b) 41 46 51 56 61 66 71

Determine, for each of these sets, the mean, variance, and standard deviation.

3
6. Consider two classes for which the ages of their students are indicated.

Idade: 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

0 4 4 6 12 10 8 0 0 0 0

Frequência (turma 2): 4 6 6 8 10 3 3 2 1 0 1

For each class, determine: mean, mode, median, variance, standard deviation

What conclusions can you draw about the symmetry of the distribution?

7. The following table indicates the distances (in Km) to be covered by an athlete.
of marathon during training, in the 60 weeks leading up to an event
important.

93 76 68 84 75 82 68 90 62 88 75 85

73 79 88 73 60 93 71 59 72 63 61 65

75 87 74 62 95 78 60 68 66 78 82 75

94 77 69 74 71 74 53 65 80 73 57 89

74 65 63 72 81 83 57 64 59 76 72 60

a) Define the intervals for the classes and determine: mode, median, average, variance and
standard deviation.

b) Build the frequency distribution and the relative frequency distribution

accumulated.

8. The number of phone calls (per minute) received by a certain company was
registered over a period of 50 minutes, observing the following values:

1 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 1 0 1 4 0 3 1 3 1 0 1 4 0 1 0 2

0 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 1 2 2 1

a) Construct the frequency table of the sample (absolute, relative, absolute)

accumulated and relative accumulated.

b) Calculate approximations for the mean, median, mode, and standard deviation of this.
sample.

c) Draw the frequency histogram. Does the sample show any skewness?
Justify.

4
36 people were asked to classify the Health System in Portugal accordingly.
with the following scale: 1 (terrible), 2 (bad), 3 (slightly reasonable), 4 (reasonable), 5 (very
reasonable), 6 (good), 7 (very good), 8 (excellent). The ratings were:

5 2 7 6 3 7 8 3 2 6 3 6 3 7 5 3 6 7

3 7 6 4 3 5 8 6 5 4 3 6 6 5 7 8 4 3

a) Proceed with the organization of the data by constructing a frequency table.

(absolute,

relative, absolute accumulated and relative accumulated.

b) Calculate approximations for the mean, median, mode, and standard deviation of this.
sample.

c) Draw the frequency histogram. Will the frequency distribution be unimodal?

Justify.

What can be concluded about the distribution of opinions?

10. A study conducted on the duration of lamps produced by a certain

company, allowed to obtain the following results:

Duration (in hours) 0

Number of lamps 10 50 105 25 10
Build a histogram and calculate approximations for the mean, median, and quartiles.
of this sample.

Does the sample show any asymmetry? Justify.

11. The table below indicates the fuel consumption of a group of 10

instructors of a driving school obtained in city and on road driving a
a specific car model on a work day. The consumption is expressed in
liters and the first line represents the kilometers traveled until they are consumed
completely fill in the liters indicated in the second and third line.

Kilometers 91 86 95 94 87 108 106 98 92 94

Road 6.7 6.7 7.1 7 6.9 7.3 7.4 7.2 7.1 6.5

City 7.4 7.1 8.1 8.3 8 8.8 8.9 8.7 8.4 8.1

5
a) Calculate the average and variance of daily consumption in the city.

What is the average consumption per hundred kilometers on the road?

c) Calculate the sample correlation coefficient for the linear adjustment between the
kilometers traveled (response variable Y) and highway consumption (variable
independent X).

12. The annual production of strawberries from a greenhouse depends on the percentage of
existing humidity. The following table shows the value of this production, in
tons, depending on humidity:

Production (ton.) 325 415 287 220 160

Humidity (%) 20 25 30 35 40

a) Quantify the quality of the adjustment made (sample correlation coefficient) and
present the conclusions.

b) Calculate the coefficient of determination. What conclusions can you draw?

6
Correlation and linear regression analysis

The 4 pairs of values are related to the variables: memory size (Mbytes)
the transferred bytes (Mbytes).

Memory size in Mbytes (X) Bytes transferred in Mbytes (Y)

0.238 39,058
0.286 37,938
0.334 36,531
0.381 35,484

a) Create the scatter plot. Conclude about the correlation between the two.
variables.
b) Calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient. Conclude about the correlation.
between the two variables.
c) Estimate the linear regression line and the coefficient of determination.

Eight programs were monitored to study the demand for resources.

In this work, the response (dependent) variable is the CPU time, and the
the independent variable is the number of disk accesses (disk I/O)

CPU Time (Y) Number of disk accesses (X)

2.0 14
4.6 15
5.7 23
7.3 31
9.8 38
10.9 40
12.6 53
13.2 51

a) Make the scatter plot. Conclude about the correlation between the two.
variables.
b) Calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient. Conclude about the correlation.
between the two variables.
c) Estimate the linear regression line and the coefficient of determination.

7
To study the pollution of a river, a scientist measured the concentration of a
determined organic compound (Y) and the rainfall precipitation in the week
anterior (X):

X Y
0.91 0.10
1.33 1.10
4.19 3.40
2,68 2.10
1.86 2.60
1.17 1.00

Is there any relationship between the level of pollution and rainfall?

4. Seeking to quantify the effects of sleep deprivation on the ability to

simple problem solving, an investigator randomly selected 10
subjects and subjected them to an experiment. He left them without sleep for
different hours, after which you asked them to resolve the same
the items 'add accounts' from a test. Obtained, thus, the following data:

No of errors-Y Hours without sleep-X

8 8
6 8
6 12
10 12
8 16
14 16
14 20
12 20
16 24
12 24

a) Calculate the Pearson linear correlation coefficient

b) Determine the linear regression equation.

8
5. The table below shows the frequency of the average pulse in different periods.
age groups:

Age (years) Pulse (ppm)

2 112
4 104
6 100
8 92
10 88
12 86
14 84
16 80

a) Check if there is a significant correlation between the variables.

b) Determine the linear regression equation.

There are suspicions that the quality of the medicine depends on the maturation time.
spent in its production. To verify this, a pharmaceutical laboratory
collected the following data:

Tempo-X Quality-Y
1 23
2 31
3 40
4 46
5 52
6 63

a) Graphically represent these points.

b) Calculate the Pearson linear correlation coefficient.
c) Adjust the data using a least squares line (linear model).
d) Determine the coefficient of determination and conclude about its result.

In a certain population, the correlation coefficient between X and Y is -0.80.

a) What does this value mean?

b) What percentage of the variance of Y is not explained by the variations of X?

9
Probabilities
Two events have P(A)=1/4, P(B|A)=1/2, and P(A|B)=1/3.

Calculate P(A∩B) B).

2. Given two events A and E for which P(A)=0.67, P(E)=0.23, and P(A∩E)=0.12,
find P(Ā) E).

3. A digit is selected from 0, 1, 2, ..., 9. Consider the following events:

The digit is even.

The digit is a multiple of 3.

The digit is a multiple of 4.

P(E|F) F).

4. A card is drawn from a deck of 52. Consider the events related to

experience: A1draw an ace from the deck and A2draw a sword card from the deck

a) A1and A2are they independent?

b) A1A2Are they mutually exclusive?

c) Calculate the probability of drawing an ace or a spade card.

5. Consider the random experiment that consists of the simultaneous throwing of two
perfect data and the following events

sum of the results equals 7

both results are odd

product of the results equals 12

Determine P(A C) and P(A B)

6. In the roll of a die, determine the probability that it will land on:

a) Face by, or prime number

b) Face by a multiple of 3

10
7. Let A and B be independent events and P(A) = 1/6 and P(B) = 1/4. Determine:

a)P(A∩ B) , b)P(A∪ B) P(A∩ B ) , d)P(A∩ B )

8. Let A and B be two events such that P(A)=1/4, P(B)=2/3 andP(A∩ B)= 1/6.
Determine

a)P(A∪ P(A)P(B) , d) P(A B), e)P(B A), f)P(A∩ B ) , g)P(AB) , h)

P(B A)

9. Let M1e M2independent events, such thatP(M1∪ M 2) = 0.8e

P(M1M 2) = 0.2. Calculate P(M2).

10. A city of 200,000 inhabitants has two daily newspapers available: 'The
"Aurora" and "The Knower". An investigation revealed the following data:
-50,000 people read 'O Aurora' daily;
-40,000 people read 'O Conhecedor' daily;
-5000 people read both newspapers daily.
What is the probability that when we randomly choose an inhabitant of this city, they are
reader:
from at least one of the newspapers.

From none of these newspapers.

c) Exclusively from the newspaper 'O Aurora'.

11. In a population, 20% of families have a dishwasher, 30% have a machine.

of laundry and 10% have both types of machines. Calculate the probability of a
randomly chosen family:
to have at least one of the types of machine.
b) Not having any of the types of machines.
c) To have only one type of machine.

12. It is known that regarding a given manufacturing company, there is a pair of

complementary products, the following situation: the probability of product 1 being
the probability of product 2 being sold is 0.5; the probability of
Product 1 is sold because product 2 is sold is 0.7.
Determine the probability of:
a) The two products are to be sold.

11
b) Product 2 is sold because product 1 is sold.
At least one of the products must be sold.

13. After some tests carried out on the quality of a certain component
electric, it was concluded that this has a type I defect with an equal probability
a 0.6, a type II defect with a probability of 0.7 and no type I defects
neither type II defects with a probability of 0.25.
a) Determine the probability of the component having type I defect and type II defect.

b) Determine the probability that the component has only type I defect or only
type II defect.
c) Determine the probability of the component having a type II defect, knowing that it
there are no type I defects.

14. In a laboratory, a researcher prepared a setup with 3 classes of bacteria A,

B and C, in the proportion of 10%, 30% and 60% of each class, respectively. The bacteria
Class A reacts to sulfate in 80% of cases, Class B in 60%, and Class C
at 40%.
a) What is the probability that a randomly chosen bacterium from the preparation reacts to
sulfate?
The researcher collected a bacterium from the preparation and it reacted with the sulfate.
He concluded that she belonged to class C. Do you agree with the investigator?

15. An accident can be caused by human error, brake failure, or tire blowout.
of tire, with the 1st cause being twice as likely as each of the others.

a) Determine the probability of an accident being due to each of the causes.

b) The probability that an accident is correctly attributed to human error is

of 80% and wrongly attributed to this cause is 4%. Calculate the probability that
an accident attributed to human error had this cause.

16. In one hospital, 50% of individuals had disease K, and 30% had disease L.
and 20% with disease M. The probability of curing disease K is 0.7; for diseases L and
The probabilities are respectively 0.8 and 0.9. A patient admitted was given
high. Calculate the probability that this individual has suffered from disease K.

In a public service institution, there are 3 employees. Ana serves

30% of customers make mistakes in the task they perform 3% of the time. Manuel

12
serves 20% of the clients and makes a mistake 8% of the times, and Paulo serves 50% of the clients

it makes a mistake 5% of the time.

a) What is the probability of having made a mistake in customer service?

b) Imagine that a customer notices there is an error in their documentation after

to have been attended to. Determine the probability that he was attended to by Paulo.

18. In a certain industrial company, customers present complaints.

related to two types of problems: delays in delivery time and poor
product quality. An analysis of the complaints book was carried out and verified
I know that the probability of a customer complaining due to the delay in the delivery deadline is

of 20%, the probability of complaining solely due to the poor quality of the products is
15% is the probability of a customer complaining due to a delay in the delivery deadline.
the product quality is 15%.

a) Calculate the probability that a randomly chosen customer has complained due to poor service.

quality of the products.

b) Calculate the probability that a randomly chosen customer has only complained due to
to the delay in delivery.

c) Calculate the probability that a chosen customer has not complained.

19. The analysis of road accident claims from the last year revealed that, among the victims of

accidents where they wore seat belts, 10% suffered serious injuries while
that, among the victims who were not wearing seatbelts, 5% sustained injuries
lightweights. It was found that 75% of drivers were using the seat belt.
a) Considering an accident in which the victim was wearing a seatbelt, what is the
probability of it being a minor injury?
b) Considering an accident that resulted in a serious injury, what is the probability
Did the victim not wear a seatbelt?

20. In a certain industrial company, customers raise complaints.

related to two types of problems: delays in delivery time and poor
product quality. An analysis was conducted on the complaints book and it was verified
I know that the likelihood of a customer complaining due to a delay in the delivery deadline is

13
of 20%, the probability of complaining solely due to poor product quality is
15% is the probability of a customer complaining due to a delay in the delivery deadline.
the product quality is 15%.
a) Calculate the probability of a randomly chosen customer having complained due to poor service.

quality of products.
b) Calculate the probability that a randomly chosen customer only complained due to
to the delay in the delivery deadline.

c) Calculate the probability that a chosen customer has not complained.

21. The incidence of a certain disease in the population of a country in the fourth
the world is 3%. A test available to detect the disease shows a result
positive in 96% of people who are actually sick. Unfortunately, the test
it also gives a positive result in some people who do not have the disease but
only in 8% of these.

a) A certain individual from that country underwent the test and the result was
negative. What is the probability that he actually has the disease?
b) If the test is positive, what is the probability that he does not have the disease?

In the elections of a certain country, the parties R, D, and V are competing.

The polls assign 47%, 45%, and 8% of the votes, respectively. Among the supporters
the parties R, D, and V agree with the death penalty 60%, 30%, and 10%,
respectively.
a) What is the probability that a randomly chosen voter agrees with the
death penalty?
b) Chosen a voter randomly, it is known that they agree with the death penalty.
Determine the probability of being a supporter of party R.

23. From the set of large companies in a given industrial sector, it is known that 60%
Of these companies, 40% have a quality control department.
of human resources and 20% have both departments. A company is
randomly selected from the file of companies in the referred sector. Calculate the
probability of this company:

a) To have a quality control department or a human resources department.

b) To have only one of these departments.

14
Solutions
1.1/8; 3/8; ½

2.0.33; 0.77; 0.55; 0.11; 0.78

3.1; 0.4; 0.33

4.a) São independentes; b) Não são mutuamente exclusivos; c) 16/52

5.8/36

1/24

3/4

9.0.75

17/40

11.a) 0.4; b) 0.6; c) 0.3

12.a) 0.35; b) 0.875; c) 0.55

13.a) 0.55; b) 0.2; c) 0.375

0.5

15.a) 0.5; 0.25; 0.25; b)0.95

16.0.4545

15
Random Variables
1. Determine if the given values can be used as values of a function of
probability of a random variable in the range of values x=1,2,3,4.

a) f(1)=0.25 f(2)=0.75 f(3)=0.25 f(4) = -0.25

b) f(1)=0.15 f(2)=0.27 f(3)=0.29 0.29

1/19 f(3)=2/19 5/19

2. Determine whether the given functions can serve as probability functions in

given range of values.

−2
a)f(x)= x= 1,2,3,4,5
5

x2
f(x)= x= 0,1,2,4
30

1
c)f(x)= x= 0,1,2,3,4,5
5

3. Determine if the given values can be used as values of a function of

cumulative distribution of a random variable in the range of values x=1,2,3,4.

a) F(1)=0.3 F(2)=0.5 (F3)=0.8 1.2

b) F(1)=0.5 0.4 (F3)=0.7 1.0

c) F(1)=0.25 F(2)=0.65 (F3)=0.83 F(4)=1.0

4. Find the cumulative distribution function of the random variable that has the
probability distribution:

x
f(x)= x= 1,2,3,4,5
15

Present the respective graph.

5. The random variable X has the cumulative distribution function

16
 ⎧0 x< 1
⎪1 3 1 ≤ x< 4
⎪⎪
F ( x ) = ⎨1 2 4≤ x< 6
⎪5 6 6≤ x< 10
⎪
⎪⎩ 1 x≥ 10

Present the respective graph. Calculate:

a)P(2< x≤ 6);

b)P(X= 4);

c)f(x).

6. The probability density function of the continuous random variable X is given by

⎧1 2< x< 7
⎪
f(x)= ⎨ 5
⎪⎩ 0 for other values

a) Draw the graph and verify that the total area under the curve is equal to 1.

b) Calculate aP(3< x≤ 7) .

c) Determine the cumulative distribution function and use it to calculate item b).

7. The probability density function of the continuous random variable X is given by

⎧ c 0 < x< 4
⎪
f(x)= ⎨ x
⎪0 for other values
⎩

a) Determine the value of c.

b) CalculateP(X< 1 4)e P(X≥ .

c) Determine the cumulative distribution function and use it to calculate part b).

8. Find the expected value of the discrete random variable X with the following
probability distribution

x− 2
f(x)= x= −1,0,1,3
7

17
9. Find the expected value of the continuous random variable X with the following function
probability density

⎧ 1 (x+1) 2< x< 4

⎪
f(x)= ⎨ 8
⎪⎩ 0 other values

10. Consider the following probability density function

⎧x
⎪ 0< x< 2
f(x)= ⎨ 2
⎪⎩ 0 other values

Find:
a) E[X];
b) VAR[X].

11. Consider the random variable that represents the number of men who do
part of a group of 6 people randomly selected from 4 women and 5
men that is defined by the following probability function:

x p(x)
2 5/42
3 20/42
4 15/42
5 2/42

a) Determine the location parameters (mean, median, and mode) and the dispersion
(variance and standard deviation) of that variable.

Graphically represent the probability function and the distribution function of

probability of the same variable.

b) Calculate the probability of having at least 3 men in the referred group and the
probability of having exactly zero women.

12. Consider that the probability density function of a random variable t is

given by

f(t)= a+ b.t com 1≤ t≤ 7

f(7)= 0

18
a) Determine the parameters a and b.
b) Graphically represent the probability density function and the function
Probability distribution of the variable t.
c) Determine the location parameters (mean, median, and mode) and dispersion.
(variance) for the variable t.
d) CalculateP(t≥ 2).

13. A box contains the following 4 cards: the duke of clubs, the suit of hearts, the
deck of spades and the ace of diamonds. Two cards are drawn from the box, with replacement
from the first before the second is extracted. Consider the random variable X, which
represents the sum of the points obtained on the two cards.

a) Define the probability and distribution functions of X.

b) Determine the mean and the standard deviation of X.

c) Calculate the probability that the sum of the points obtained does not exceed 5.

d) Solve again the previous items, assuming that the first card is not replaced.
in the box before extracting the second one.

Solutions to the exercises on Random Variables

4
No, because f(4) is negative; ∑ f(x)> 1
x=1

No;

No

⎧0 x< 1
⎪ 1/15 1≤ x< 2
⎪
⎪⎪ 3/15 2≤ x< 3
4.F ( x ) = ⎨
⎪ 6 / 1 5 3 ≤ x< 4
⎪ 10/15 4≤ x< 5
⎪
⎪⎩ 1 x≥ 5

19
 ⎧0 x <1
⎪ 1/3 1≤ x < 4
⎪⎪
1/2f(x)= 1/6 ⎨ 4≤ x< 6
⎪ 26/ 6≤ x< 10
⎪
⎪⎩ 1/6 x≥ 10

⎧0 x< 2
7 ⎪ x−2
6.a)15/dx=∫ 1 ; b)4/5; c)F ( x ) = ⎪ 2≤ x< 7
⎨
2 ⎪ 5
⎪⎩ 1 x≥ 7

⎧0 x< 0
⎪
7.a) 1/4; b) 1/4; 1/2; c) F ( x⎪⎨) =
x
0 ≤ x< 4
⎪ 2
⎪1 x≥ 4
⎩

8.1/7

9.37/12

4/3

11.a)3.33; 3; 3; 0.556; 0.745; b)37/42; 0.

a=7/18 b=-1/18

⎧0 x< 4
⎧ 1/16x= 4 ⎪ 1/16 4≤ x< 5
⎪ 4/16x= 5 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ 5 / 1 6 5 ≤ x< 6
⎪⎪ 4 / 1 6 x = 6 ⎪
13.a)f(x)= ⎨ F ( x ) = ⎨9 / 1 6 6 ≤ x< 7b) 6.5; 1.53;
⎪ 2/16x= 7 ⎪ 11/16 7≤ x< 8
⎪ 4/16x= 8 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ 15/16 8≤ x< 10
⎪⎩ 1/16x= 10 ⎪1
⎩ x≥ 10
c)5/16; d)6.5; 1.258; 4/12.

20
Probability Distributions – discrete and continuous

A shopping mall has a system of 12 machines for use.

Multibanco. It is considered that the system is operational if at least
half of these machines work. Suppose that each machine works.
regardless of the others and that the probability of operation of each
One is 0.6. Calculate the probability of the system functioning.

The number of cars using a certain bridge per hour follows a

Poisson distribution with parameter λ= 6. Calculate the probability of the bridge being
used by less than 5 cars in a span of 2 hours.

A box contains 6 blue chips and 4 red ones. An experiment consists of

take out a card, note its color, without putting the card back in the box. Determine the
Probability of extracting 3 blue tokens in 5 extractions.

4. If 20% of the screws produced by a machine are defective, determine the

probability of, among four randomly chosen screws, obtaining:

1 defective screw.

b) 0 defective screws.

c) At most two screws can be defective.

d) Determine the mean and the standard deviation of the distribution.

5. Suppose you have to take a test consisting of 20 independent questions.

Each question has five alternative answers, of which only one is correct.
Suppose also that all the questions are scored with a value of 1. If you decide
respond to each of the questions asked, determine:

a) The probability of getting three correct answers.

b) The probability of being approved in the mentioned test, knowing that to be

To pass, one must get at least 9 out of 20 questions correct.

c) Your average of correct answers.

d) How many questions should the test consist of for the probability of
you get three of the questions right, which is approximately 25%.

21
The probability of a student entering university graduating is
0.4. Determine the probability that, among 5 students:

a) None shall license.

b) To graduate.

At least one should get licensed.

7. If the probability of an individual suffering from a harmful reaction, resulting from the
the injection of a certain serum is 0.001, determine the probability of among
2000 individuals:

Exactly three suffered from that reaction.

More than 2 suffered from that reaction

The time required to perform a task is a random variable with

normal distribution with a mean of 72 minutes and a standard deviation of 12 minutes.

a) Calculate the probability of:

The task took more than 93 minutes.

ii. The task will not take more than 65 minutes

iii. It takes between 63 and 78 minutes

b) Determine the time t such that:

i. P(X>t)=0.2514

ii. P(X<t)=0.97982

9. The duration, in thousands of hours, of a component of a type of devices

radar is a random variable X whose probability density function is:

⎧ 0.1e −0.1x for x> 0

f(x)= ⎨
⎩0 for x≤ 0

What is the probability of the component lasting:

Less than 4 x 103hours?

b) Between 5 x 10310x103hours?

22
10. Suppose that the time an operator takes to fill out a form
electronic is uniformly distributed between 1.5 and 2.2 minutes.

a) Calculate the average and variance of the time that the operator needs to fill out
the form.

b) What is the probability that the operator will need less than 2 minutes to
fill out the form?

11. The classifications of an entrance exam to a school follow a distribution.

Normal with an average of 500 and standard deviation of 100. Determine the probability of a
student to have classification:

greater than 650;

b) Less than 250;

c) Between 325 and 675.

The delay time of a train, whose departure time is at 8 o'clock, is a

random variable that follows a normal distribution, with an expected value of 15
minutes and a standard deviation of 4 minutes.

a) Determine the probability that on any given day, the train will be late.
maximum 8 minutes.

b) If a customer arrives at the train station at 8:10, what is the probability of that
client to catch the train?

13. If the heights of 300 students are normally distributed, with an average of
172.72 cm and a standard deviation of 7.62 cm, how many students have heights:

Higher than 182.88 cm

b) Equal to 162.56 cm or shorter

c) Between 165.10 cm and 180.34 cm inclusive

Equal to 172.72 cm.

23
Solutions to the exercises on Probability Distributions
1.0.8418

2.0.0076

3.0.4762

4.a) 0.4096; b) 0.4096; c) 0.9728; d) 0.8; 0.8

5.a) 0.2054; b) 0.01; c) 4; d) 14

6.a) 0.0778; b) 0.2592; c) 0.9222

7.a) 0.1804; b) 0.5940

8.a) i. 0.0401; ii. 0.2810; iii. 0.4649

80.04

9.a) 0.3297; b) 0.2387

10.a) 1.85;0.041; b) 0.714

11.a) 0.0668; b) 0.0062; c)0.9104

0.04

13.a) 0.0918; b) 0.0918; 0.6826.

24
Confidence Intervals

1. Let X be a random variable with a normal distribution and known σ, deduce a

confidence interval for the mean, using a sample of size n.

2. Let X be a population with a normal distribution of mean μ and standard deviation equal to
2. A random sample of size n = 25 was taken from this population and
revealed an averagex78.3.

a) Calculate the confidence interval for μ at 99%.

b) What is the width of the confidence interval (at 99% confidence) when estimating μ by
x= 78.3?

c) What should be the sample size for the range (at 99% of
confidence), when estimating μ byxdo not exceed 0.1?

d) Calculate the 95% confidence interval for μ.

e) What is the effect of varying the level of confidence?

f) What should be the sample size for the range, at 95% confidence, at
estimate μ forxDon'texceed 0.1? And at 99.9% confidence? Interpret the
results.

From a normal population with mean μ and variance equal to 4, a sample was taken.
of 9 observations in whichx= 4.

a) Construct a 95% confidence interval for the population mean.

b) If one wanted to reduce the range of the previous interval by half as

Would it proceed? Justify.

4. Consider a normal random variable with a variance of 4. The following sample was collected:

3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12, 14

a) Determine a 90% confidence interval for the mean.

b) What should be the level of confidence to use for the range of the interval
was 2.77?

c) Indicate the sample size you would consider for the range of the
the interval should be less than one, under the conditions of paragraph 1.

d) Briefly explain what would happen if the degree of increase were raised to 99%
trust, maintaining the sample.

25
5. Consider the sample of a normal random variable with variance equal to 4:

20, 14, 10, 12, 6, 1, 11, 12, 15

a) Deduce and indicate a confidence interval, at 80%, for the population mean.

b) What should be the level of confidence to use for the range of the interval
was 2.77?

6. A paper company wants to estimate the average time required for a new
machine produces a ream of paper. It is known that a sample of 36 reams
It averages about 1.5 minutes per ream of the machine. Assuming that σ = 0.30
minutes, construct a 95% confidence interval.
The owner of a café wants to calculate the average daily profit per customer. In a sample of
100 clients verified that the average spending per client was 350 units.
monetary units (u.m.), with a standard deviation of this sample being 75 u.m. Estimate a
confidence interval for the true average spending with 90% confidence.

8.A high-precision watch factory intends to study the reliability of its

production. A random sample of 10 watches is chosen. After a month
these watches are compared to a standard clock and their deviation is recorded;
it turns out that the sample mean is 0.7 seconds and its standard deviation is 0.4
seconds. Assuming that the distribution of clock errors (relative to the
standard clock) is normal, which can be stated with 90% confidence, regarding the
average reliability of the factory watches?

A mini-market intends to estimate the average number of liters of water it sells.

daily (phenomenon with normal behavior), for control purposes
orders to suppliers. After 20 business days, you found that on average
sold 32 liters of water/day, with the standard deviation of this sample being equal to 12 liters.
Assuming normality, calculate the confidence limits for a confidence level
of 95%.
10. With the purpose of estimating the average weight (in kilograms) of 15-year-old children
age in a specific geographic region, 10 were randomly selected
children who provided an average of 38.4 kilograms and a standard deviation of 5.5
kilos. Assuming normality.

a) Determine a 95% confidence interval for the average weight of all

children.

b) Considering that the estimate for the average value is not accurate enough
(given that the confidence interval is too large), one wonders: what should it be
the sample size so that the 95% confidence interval has a
amplitude of 3 kilos?

11. The intention is to study the behavior of a river, so 19 were removed.

flow measurements of the river at different heights of the year. It was concluded from this sample
that the average flow is 6.94 and the standard deviation is 1.1. Assuming the normality of
population.

26
 a) Deduce a (1− α)100% confidence interval for the average flow of the river.

b) The following confidence interval was obtained for the average flow rate

]6.503; 7.376[

Indicate the confidence that should be assigned to this interval.

12. We weighed 16 bags of coffee and with the observed weights, in grams, we constructed
the following 95% confidence interval for the average weight of a bag:

1000.74; 1009.26
a) Deduce the average value and the standard deviation of the weight of the bags that make up the
sample, assuming the normality of the population.

b) To construct a confidence interval with a width of 3 grams, what

should it be the sample size, keeping the confidence level of the interval?

The active concentration of an ingredient in a liquid detergent is supposedly

affected by the catalyst used in the process. The standard deviation of the concentration
active is 3 grams/liter regardless of the catalyst used, being the
normal process behavior. Ten observations were collected, each of
with your catalyst:

Cat. 1 57.9 66.2 65.4 65.2 62.6 67.6 63.7 67.2 71.0 65.4

Cat. 2 66.4 71.7 70.3 69.3 64.8 69.6 68.6 69.4 65.3 68.8

Determine a 95% confidence interval for the difference of means of the data.
obtained from the two catalysts.

14. It is intended to investigate the level of salary remuneration of men and women.
certain professional category. From two samples obtained between two groups, stand out-
if the following results (in u.m.):

Sample of 250 men: x133.8 s21 = 5.7

Sample of 150 women:x2= 31 s22= 10.3

Construct a 99% confidence interval for the average salary differences between
both sexes and conclude about the possible existence of sexual discrimination in the
assignment of compensations.

15. A trader intends to acquire fruits from one of the orchards A or B. How the
the weight of the fruits is a preferential factor, the merchant takes a casual sample of
36 fruits (in each orchard) and choose the orchard that corresponds to the sample with
greater average weight. If the weight of the fruits is normally distributed, being:

27
 Pomar: Average (g): Standard deviation (g) :
A 20 2
B 18 5
What is the probability of the merchant choosing orchard B?

16. In two populations of laboratory guinea pigs (with normal behaviors)

equal variances), one for male animals and the other for female animals.
female, two samples with dimensions 11 and 31 were collected respectively.
The sample data regarding the weights, in grams, of these guinea pigs were the
following: and

n1= 11 x1= 818 s1= 40

2= 31 x2= 715 2= 50

Consider that the populations have normal behaviors of variances

equal (and unknown). Determine a 98% confidence interval for the
difference of the average weights and check if one of the populations is, on average, more
heavier than the other.
17. To evaluate the hardness of a plastic material, the following sample of 8 was collected.
elements:

5.0; 4.9; 4.6; 5.1; 4.7; 4.8; 4.9; 5.1

Assuming the normality of the population:

a) Indicate estimators of μ and σ2and based on the sample obtain estimates

punctual for each of the parameters.

b) Deduce a 95% confidence interval for the population variance.

c) Comment, justifying, the following statement: 'the combined effect of an increase

simultaneous of the sample size and the level of confidence, leads
"mandatory reduction of the width of a confidence interval."

18. Assume a normal population, with parameters

unknowns. Based on a random sample of 16 observations, a was constructed
the following confidence interval for the population mean:

[7.398, 12.602[
a) Knowing that, with the sample information, s = 4 was obtained, what is the degree of
confidence that can be attributed to the aforementioned interval?

b) Based on the same sample, build a 95% confidence interval for the
population variance.

c) Suppose that the true population variance is 44. If you intend to construct
a confidence interval (at 95% for the population mean) whose width does not
exceed 6.5, what should be the sample size to consider?

28
19. Collected were 9 observations of a random variable N (8;σ) obtaining the following values:

7.2; 7.8; 7.5; 8.6; 7.9; 8.3; 6.4; 8.4; 9.8

Construct a confidence interval for σ2a 95%.

20. Consider a population with a Normal distribution of parameters

unknown. From this population, a random sample of size 25 was taken.
Suppose that the sample provided the following results:
25 25
∑ x= 75i ∑ x = 321
i
2

I =1 i =1

Construct a 95% confidence interval for the standard deviation.

The height (in mm) of the soap foam in a basin is important for the
detergent manufacturers and it is assumed that their behavior is Normal. It was
an experiment was conducted, placing the same amount of detergent in 10
standard size basins and, after a certain agitation of the water, it was measured
height of the foam. The following results were obtained:
10 10
∑ x=i 229 ∑ (x − x=) 1553
i
2

i =1 i =1

a) Determine a point estimate for the mean and for the standard deviation.

b) Determine a 99% confidence interval for the standard deviation.

c) Comment on the two types of estimates obtained (in the previous sections) for the
standard deviation.

22. A market study found the following 95% confidence interval

for the proportion of people receptive to a new type of bath foam to
launching soon in the market: ]0.52; 0.61[ . Comment on the following statements,
indicating whether you find them correct or incorrect:

95% of people will start using the new bath foam.

b) The probability of the new bath foam reaching a market share of

50% is 0.95.

c) The market share could be, with 95% confidence, 56.5% (value
midpoint of the interval;
The obtained result indicates only that it is timely to proceed with the launch of the
new bath foam.

29
23. In a region affected by an epidemic outbreak, a sample of 2500 was observed.
individuals, having found 850 contaminated.

Determine 95% and 98% confidence intervals for the proportion of

contaminated in the population.

24. A sample of 40 first-year students was collected. othe ULusíada in the academic year of
2005/2006, it was found that 10 of these students attend the courses that
selected as the first option.

a) Deduce a 95% confidence interval for the true proportion of

students who are in the course they chose as their first option.

b) If one wanted to reduce the amplitude of the previous interval by half:

i. e to maintain the sample size, what level of confidence should be

to use?

ii. and to maintain the level of confidence, indicate the sample size that should
to use?

c) If 200 samples of size 40 were collected from the same population, from
So that you would build 200 confidence intervals at 99%, how many of these
intervals I would expect to contain the true value of the proportion of
students in analysis?

In a certain district, 840 of the 2000 voters surveyed in a poll declared

I will vote for plan A.

a) Deduce a (1− α) 100% confidence interval for the proportion of voters

to plan A.

b) Calculate the 95% confidence interval for p.

c) If 4000 voters had been surveyed and 1680 had declared a preference for the
Plan A, what would the 95% confidence interval be now? Comment on the results.

26. Two surveys conducted (in 1990 and 1999) regarding consumption of
alcoholic beverages, for ages between 15 and 35, provided the following
data:

Yes noof surveyed consumers non-consumers

1990 4000 1750 2250
1999 5000 2250 2750

Through a confidence interval, at 98%, indicate the truth of the statement: 'The
percentage of consumers of alcoholic beverages, in individuals of ages
aged between 15 and 35 years, recorded a significant increase in the decade
of 90.

30
27. With the aim of identifying risk factors for coronary disease, the following were analyzed.
two samples of 215 men and 1140 women, it was recorded that 58 of
men and 217 of the women had diabetes.

Estimate a 90% confidence interval for the difference in proportions of

diabetics in both populations and interpret the results obtained.

28. Two samples drawn from two normal populations consisting of 21 and 9.
observations have variances given bys12= 24 es22= 9 respectively. Prepare a
confidence interval for the ratio of variances at 95% confidence.

29. To prepare a study on the performance in the subject of Statistics in

Two courses, the grades obtained by the students in each of them were analyzed.

Course A: 41 students, x A= 13 sA2= 10.3

Course B: 61 students, xB= 10.8 sB25.7

a) Construct a 95% confidence interval for the ratio of variances and remove
conclusions about the dispersions of grades.

b) Using a 98% confidence interval, check if the means in the two

courses differ significantly.

30. To find out the degree of preference of consumers from two cities in
Regarding a brand of detergent, a survey was conducted where the
respondents rated the product on a scale of 0 to 20. Thus, data was collected
randomly 21 consumer opinions from city A and 11 from city B, being
the results obtained are the following:

x A12.9sA2= 2.1

xB14.7sB2= 1.8

Assume a normal behavior in the distribution of opinions of both cities.

a) Deduce and calculate a 95% confidence interval for the quotient of the
variances of opinions and comment on the result obtained.

b) Indicate, justifying, how you could reduce the range of the interval.
anterior

c) Check, justifying, if there is a significant difference (for a confidence level of

99%) among the average ratings that consumers from the two cities assign
to the referred detergent.

31. Define point estimation and interval estimation. Say which of the
two will be better, justifying.

31
Solutions
⎤ σ σ ⎡
1. x−
⎥ zα / 2 ≤ µ ≤ x+ zα / 2
⎦ n n ⎢⎣

]77.2696; 79.3304[
n≥17330.

3.a) ]2.6933; 5.3067[; b)−.

4.a) ]8.5868; 10.9132[; b) 0.95; c) n≥44; d)−.

5.a) ]10.3656; 12.0744[; b) 0.9624.

6.]1.402; 1.598[.

7.]337.6625; 362.3375[.

8.]0.4685; 0.9315[.

9.]26.3919; 37.6081[.

10.a) ]34.4693; 42.3307[; b) n = 52.

11.a) ]6.94− 0.252tα / 2.18 6.94+ 0.252tα / 2.18 [ ; b)0.90.

12.a)x = 1005; s = 8; b) n = 110.

13.]−5.830,−0.570[.

14.]2.021, 3.579[ .

15.0.9742

16.]62.491, 143.51[ .

17.a)x 4.8875s 2= 0.0327; b) ]0.0143, 0.1354[; c)−.

18.a) 0.98; b) ]8.7273; 38.3387[; c) n≥16.

19.]0.4373; 3.5179[ .

20.]1.5609; 2.7824[.

21.a)x= 22.9; s = 13.136; b) ]8.112; 29.9614[; c)−.

False.

0.3214; 0.3586 e 0.3180; 0.3620.

24.a)]0.1158; 0.3842[; b)i. 0.673; ii. n = 160; c) 198.

25.a) ]0.42− 0.011z1−α / 2 0.42+ 0.011z1−α / 2 [ ; b) ]0.3984; 0.4416[ . c) ]0.4047; 0.4353[ .

32
−0.037, 0.012

27.]0.0265, 0.1335[

28.]0.667, 7.760[ .

[1.0385, 3.2526]

[0.341, 3.236[

31.-

33
Hypothesis Testing

Employees of a certain company were supposed to work, on average, 8 hours.

daily rates.
In order to investigate whether employees are working more than the hours
scheduled, the union recorded the number of hours that 150 workers (chosen
randomly) worked on any given day, having obtained the following results:

a) Test at a significance level of 5% if the company should be punished for requiring that
your employees work more than they should.
b) What kind of mistake can you make regarding the decision you made?

2. In a certain company, there is a plan to import a large batch of instruments.

accuracy, for which the manufacturer guarantees an average weight equal to 100 g. Being the
weight an important characteristic for product quality, it was decided to test the
veracity of the manufacturer's claim. For this, the company's technical department
importer obtained a sample of 15 instruments, through which the
following values:

Assuming the normality of weights, what is your opinion, at the level of significance of
1%, relating to the manufacturer's statement.

3. Assume that a merchant received a shipment of eggs with the guarantee of

are from class A, that is, eggs whose weight follows a normal distribution with a mean equal to
a 55g and a standard deviation of 8g. Since the supplier only gives you 2 days to
complain, weigh 10 eggs and choose for a significance level of 5%.

a) Assuming that the average weight of the 10 eggs is equal to 57 grams, what decision should he make?
take?
b) Calculate the probability of a Type II error, considering the true average weight of
eggs should weigh 50g.

4. Suppose that the average milk volumes of 16 packages taken out

Randomly from the production line is equal to 997ml.

34
a) Assuming that the population standard deviation, considered normal, is equal to 5ml,
test, at the level of 5%, the hypothesis that the average volume of all milk packages is
equal to 1 liter.
b) Assuming that the population mean is equal to 998ml, calculate the probability of
accept the hypothesis tested in the previous item.

5. Suppose that in a certain production, the weight of coffee bags is normally

distributed with a standard deviation of 10 grams. Also assume that the machine of
filling is set for 500 gram bags. Under these conditions, to measure the
the functioning of the machine analyzed a sample of 9 bags randomly
withdrawn from production and it was determined that the hypothesis of good functioning was rejected
if the machine's sample average is greater than 510 grams.

a) Calculate the probability of making a Type I error.

b) If the true average weight of the bags is equal to 505 grams, calculate the
probability of accepting the hypothesis of good functioning.

6. Suppose a certain television channel wants to know what had been the
percentage of people who watched a certain program. To this end, a
survey having interviewed 220 people, of which 132 said they had seen the
referred program.

a) Determine a 95% confidence interval for the percentage of people in

the entire population that saw this program.
b) What should be the number of people surveyed to obtain an interval of
95% confidence level with half the range of the previous one? (Assume that the
the proportion of people who watched the program remains the same.
c) It can be stated, at the 5% level, that more than half of the people saw the
program?

A certain brand of motor oil claims that its oil is known for
last on average 5000 km with a variance of 250,000 km2Assuming that the
duration follows a normal distribution, test the statement regarding
variance, at a significance level of 5%, based on the following values of the number of
kilometers that 6 cars traveled before the oil burned:

5020 6000 4500 5700 5500 4900

35
The administrator of a Hospital intends to estimate the outstanding accounts (not yet
charged), pertaining to treatments and hospitalizations. Assume that the amount for each
debt follows a normal distribution and that the experience of previous years allows
consider a value for the standard deviation equal to 50 euros. To carry out your
objective, the administrator randomly selected 25 of these accounts and evaluated the
your value, having incurred a total debt of 1850 euros.

a) Determine a 95% confidence interval for the average amount of each account
not settled.
b) It can be statistically asserted, at the 1% level, that the average value of each account
Is the unpaid amount less than 100 euros? What mistake might you be making with your decision?
c) Assuming that the true average value of each outstanding account is equal to 85
euros, calculate the probability of making a type II error.
a sample standard deviation value, based on the 25 accounts, equal to 60
euros, could it endanger, at the level of 5%, the value previously considered?

9. Admit that the sales management of a certain company intends to launch a

new telecommunications service. According to business criteria, the service only
it should be launched in the market if there are more than 80% potential buyers.
Thus, to ascertain the eventual launch of the service, the company decided to carry out
a survey of 400 major clients, with 340 being favorable to the acquisition of the new
service.
At a significance level of 5%, it can be concluded that the company opts for
service launch? And for a significance level of 1%?

10. Admit that a random sample of 400 households from a certain city
it revealed that 8% of these are rental houses, while in another city, one
A sample of 270 households revealed that 37 were rental houses.

a) Construct a 99% confidence interval for the percentage of houses

rental in each city.
b) Suppose that the confidence intervals obtained in the previous section are
considered to be of little accuracy. What should be the sample sizes for the error
does not exceed 2%?
c) It can be statistically affirmed, at the 5% level, that there is a higher percentage of
rental houses in either of the two cities? Justify.

11. The Duramais and Duramuito batteries cost the same price. To test if
both have the same duration, two samples of 100 batteries of each were collected
mark, having obtained the following results:

36
 Brand Dimension of Average Standard deviation
sample
Duramais 100 1180 120
Duramuito 100 1160 40

What can be concluded at a significance level of 5%? And at 1%?

12. Suppose that the average fabric production (in grams) of two looms of a
factories can be considered normal. Admit it, even in an experience conducted
with the aim of comparing these two looms, in terms of their average productions,
and obtained the following results:

8 8

1 ∑ i ∑ x = 816.664 grams
Tear:x= 80.8g i
2 2

i=1 i=1
9 9
∑ i
Tear=2 96.3g ∑ y = 1030.959 grams
i
2 2

i=1 i=1

a) At a significance level of 5%, test the equality of the variances of the looms.
b) Compare, at a significance level of 1%, the average productions of the two looms.
Admit the necessary assumptions.

13.A finance department has two employees receiving tax returns.

Mr. Vagaroso and Mr. Snail. Last week a new Director was appointed to
this office. This, to give an idea of the type of public service provided
through its employees, decided to consult the yellow book of complaints, where
verified that a large part of the complaints filed were related to the
very slow service from Mr. Vagaroso, especially when compared
with the service time of Mr. Snail. To test the veracity of these
statements, the director decided to collect a sample on the service time,
in minutes, spent by each of these employees with each user. The
the obtained sample results were as follows:

Employee Dimension of Average Standard deviation

sample
Mr. Snail 16 22 20
Mr. Vagaroso 21 29 12

a) Test the hypothesis of equality of population variances (consider α = 5%).

37
b) Assuming that the service times of each of the employees follow a
normal distribution, construct a 99% confidence interval for the difference between
the average service times of the two employees. Comment on the results obtained.
arrived.
c) Assuming that the service times of each of the employees follow a
normal distribution, decide whether the director should agree with the complaints of
users, at a significance level of 5%.
d) Test the hypothesis that the variance of Mr. Snail's service time is equal to
350, at a significance level of 1%.

14. Suppose that a certain cigarette company sent to a laboratory

samples of tobacco treated by two different processes, having been obtained the
the following results for five measurements of nicotine content, in mg:

Process A 24 27 26 21 24
Process B 27 28 23 31 26

Assuming that the nicotine contents, per mg, follow normal distributions with
standard deviations equal to 2 for process A and 2.5 for process B, which can
conclude at the 5% level? And at the 1% level?

A financial analyst intends to compare the profitability of two assets.

financials X and Y. Assuming that the returns follow a normal distribution
with standard deviations of 0.7 and 0.5 respectively, what can be concluded at the level
of 5%, if in a sample of size 50 the average return of X was equal to 0.8 and the
Is Y equal to 0.6?

A sports magazine claims that people who watch football games

broadcasted on TV are in equal numbers of men and women. In order to test such
statement, a random sample of 400 people who watch was collected
football broadcasts on TV, of which it was found that 220 were men.

What to conclude about the magazine's news at a significance level of 10%? And at 5%?

38
 Solutions
1.a) Z = 12.1, H is rejected0at the level of 5%.
b) Type I error.

2.T = -2.20, H is not rejected0at the level of 1%.

3.a) Z = 0.79, Do not reject H0at a level of 5%.

b)βP(Type II error) = 0.492.

4.a) Z = -2.4, Null Hypothesis is rejected0at the level of 5%.

b)βP(Type II error) = 0.6406.

5.a)αP(Type I error) = 0.0013

βP(Type II error) = 0.9332

6.Z = 2.97, H is rejected0at the level of 5%.

7.Q = 6.25, H is not rejected0at the level of 5%.

8.a) IC95%(µ)=(54.4;93.6)
b) Z = -2.6, H is rejected0at the level of 1%. Type I error.
c)βP(Type II error) = 0.7967
d) Q = 34.56, H is not rejected0at a level of 5%.

9.Z = 2.5, Reject H0at the level of 5% and at the level of 1%.

10.a) IC99%(p1(0.045; 0.115); CI99%(p2(0.083; 0.191).

b) n1>1221; n21962.
c) Z = -2.29, H is rejected0at the level of 5%.

11.Z = 1.58, Do not reject H0at the level of 5% and, consequently, at the level of 1%.

12.a) F = 1.2, H is not rejected0at the level of 5%.

b) T = -4.49, H is rejected0 at a level of 1%.

13.a) F = 2.78, H is rejected0at the level of 5%.

b) (-21.42; 7.42)
c) T = -1.32, We do not reject H0at the level of 5%.
d) Q = 17.14, H is not rejected0 at the level of 1%.

39
14.Z = -1.82, H is not rejected0at the level of 5% and, consequently, at the level of 1%.

15.Z = 1.64, H is not rejected0at the level of 5%.

16.Z = 2, Reject H0at the level of 5%.

Note: In hypothesis testing, it must always be stated what it means in each context.
to reject or not to reject the tested hypothesis.

40