LOURENÇO DO ROSÁRIO SECONDARY SCHOOL

BIOGRAPHY AND TYPES OF GYMNASTICS

12th Grade, Group A

Teacher :
Students:

Quelimane
2020

Index

Introduction..........................................................................................................................3
 2

Objectives..........................................................................................................................3
General:.................................................................................................................................3
Specific..........................................................................................................................3
Methodology.......................................................................................................................3
[Link] AND TYPES OF GYMNASTICS......................................................................3
1.1. History and Origin of Gymnastics...................................................................................3
1.2. Concept and characteristics of Gymnastics.......................................................................5
1.3 The First School, Gymnastic Block and the Propagation of Gymnastics.........................5
1.4. MODALITIES OF GYMNASTICS...........................................................................6
1.4.1. Competitive Modalities ....................................................................................... 6
[Link]-Competitive Modality...............................................................................10
Conclusion
References:.....................................................................................................................16

Introduction

This work aims to talk in detail about the history of gymnastics.

characteristics and modalities of gymnastics.
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It contains, highlighting that the term Gymnastics, initially used as a reference to the
all kinds of organized physical activity, whose contents varied from the
necessary activities for survival, games, athletics, fights, preparation
of soldiers, acquired from 1800 with the emergence of schools and movements
gymnastics described above, a connotation more linked to the practice of physical exercise,
From this time, Gymnastics began to play important roles in society.
industrial, "presenting itself as capable of correcting postural flaws arising from the
attitudes adopted at work, thus demonstrating their ties with the
medicine and, thus, gaining status", (SOARES, 1994).
However, numerous gymnastic methods have been developed mainly in the
European countries that have influenced and continue to influence Gymnastics to this day.
worldwide and in particular the Mozambican.
Objectives
General:
Understand the concept and the various aspects related to gymnastics

Specific
Define the concept and characteristics of gymnastics;
Describe the history of gymnastics in the world;
Identify and describe the different types of gymnastics that exist.

Methodology
This work was produced based on a consultation of bibliographic works that address
about the aforementioned topic beyond consultations on websites that were later collected and
compiled the information the work was produced this work which consists of three parts
main: introduction, development and conclusion.

1. BIOGRAPHY AND TYPES OF GYMNASTICS

1.1. History and Origin of Gymnastics
For a better understanding of the universe of Gymnastics and its evolution, it is necessary,
analyze its organizational structure at a global level. The International Federation of
Gymnastics (FIG) is the oldest and most internationally comprehensive organization in
 4

area of gymnastics. It is subordinate to the International Olympic Committee (IOC), being

responsible for the gymnastic disciplines that are competed in the Olympic Games. It is
therefore the Federation with the greatest power and influence in world Gymnastics.
SOUZA, 2008).
The FIG is an organization that aims to guide, regulate, control, disseminate, and
promote events in the area of Gymnastics. It has its origins in the European Federations of
Gymnastics (European Gymnastics Federations - FEG), established on 23 of
July 1881 in Brussels, Belgium, with the participation of France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.
Although recognized by the International Olympic Committee since 1986, the FEG only
participated as the official federation of Artistic Gymnastics in the Olympic Games of
London in 1908. (SOUZA, 2008)
On April 7, 1921, the FEG included other countries in its ranks, resulting in the
foundation of the International Gymnastics Federation - FIG with the participation of 16
federations (member countries). Currently has its network in Moutier, Switzerland, and has
121 member countries. Each of these national federations represents the highest body.
of Gymnastics in your country, having the same objectives as the FIG at the national level. Still

related to FIG are the Federations that control Gymnastics in the scope
continental, among them the Asian Gymnastics Union founded in 1964, the Pan-
American Gymnastics founded in 1982, and the African Union of Gymnastics founded in
1990. (VANUSA SOUZA, 2008).
The FIG currently consists of 5 committees, 4 of which are related to the disciplines.

competitive (Men's Artistic Gymnastics, Women's Artistic Gymnastics, Gymnastics

Rhythmic Sports and Aerobic Gymnastics) and one related to General Gymnastics that has
demonstrative character. (VANUSA SOUZA, 2008)
According to AYOUB (2003, p.34), gymnastics effectively developed in Greece.
ancient, based on the exercises that soldiers practiced, including skills and
also acrobatics. Meanwhile, the Greeks had the habit of practicing various exercises,
as a form of worshiping the body and as military preparation.

The word Gymnastics originated from the Greek Gymnastiké, and its meaning comes from its
practice among the Greeks, which is the art of strengthening the body and also giving it agility.
Thus, gymnádzein, "exercise with the naked body", translates the way the Greeks used to do it.

exercises, without clothes. However, the word gymnádzeiné translates as "to train".
(BARBOSA-RINALDI, 2004, p.45).
 5

It became an Olympic sport starting from Greece, as the Greeks began to

to be used in the Athens Olympics in the year 1896, but only for men. And it was in the year
Since 1928, women's participation was allowed in Amsterdam.

1.2. Concept and characteristics of Gymnastics

Gymnastics is a form of physical exercise that is classified into two modalities,
both competitive events where there is competition, like in the Olympics, and non-competitive events

competitive, like those practiced in gyms, (AYOUBA, 2003, p.34). Gymnastics

is often sought after by those who want to improve their body, lose weight or even
strengthen the muscles and also improve mental enhancement in the form of
relaxing the mind. It involves the practice of a series of
movements that require strength, flexibility, and motor coordination.
Gymnastics is a concept that encompasses both competitive and non-competitive modalities and
involves the practice of a series of demanding movements offorce, flexibility and
motor coordinationfor the sole purposes of physical and mental improvement.
One of the main characteristics of Gymnastics is the possibility of using a
huge variety of devices, including large ones like the trampoline
acrobatic, the balance beam, the gymnastic rings, the parallel bars; the apparatus of
overload like dumbbells, exercise bikes, weight machines;
portable devices such as the rope, the ball, the clubs, even the adapted devices or
alternatives from nature or human manufacturing, (STEPLHANYY, 2007)

1.3. The First School, Gymnastic Block and the Propagation of Gymnastics
In the Modern Era, gymnastics was strongly promoted by the Germans. In 1811, with
the aim of providing physical training to young people, the first outdoor gymnasium
was founded by the German Johann Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778-1852), (ARAÚJO,
2007).
Thus, after the German kingdom of Prussia was defeated by France in the Battle of
Jena, in 1806, Jahn, who became known as the 'father of gymnastics', began
to encourage young people to train so that they would be able to defend their Homeland in
battles.
Jahn's attitude was considered revolutionary, and because of that, he was arrested and his
the practice was even prohibited in Germany during the period between 1820 and 1842,
that became known as "Gymnastic Block". It was from there that the gymnasts
they began to spread gymnastics in other countries, (STEPLHANYY, 2007). Years
 6

later, Jahn's deeds were recognized. The Father of gymnastics received a high
the German distinction and gymnastics were able to spread freely throughout Germany, achieving

great advances in the world.

1.4. GYMNASTICS MODALITIES

According to (RAMOS, 2007), gymnastics is classified into two (2) modalities, the
competitive and non-competitive.

1.4.1. Competitive Modalities

In ARAÚJO's view (2007), the competitors who enter competitions like the
Olympics, in addition to working with physical structure, through movements that
demand strength, flexibility, and agility, they also exercise the minds of practitioners, as
its practice requires concentration and reasoning.

Aerobic Gymnastics
According to the 'Gymnaestrada Guide – X World Gymnaestrada Berlin 1995', in 1994 the
Aerobic gymnastics was admitted by the FIG in Atlanta in 1996, it was the first
championship. At the FIG Congress held in Atlanta in 1996, it was decided to
inclusion and all regulations for its incorporation are being prepared for
will be presented at the FIG Congress in 1998, (ARAÚJO, 2007).
Aerobic gymnastics is a form of gymnastics that was formerly known as aerobics.
sports. It is a discipline in which various exercise routines are performed and that
they can have high or low intensity movements, whether doing gym exercises
like jumps or other movements, through the use of some devices. Like in
other types of gymnastics, music is often used, and the athlete
tends to harmonize the movements in relation to music.

Acrobatic Gymnastics
Acrobatic Gymnastics (Acrobatic Sports), although it is the official name of the sport,
she is often called Acrobatics. And although Acrobatics was greatly
developed in the 7th century due to the creation of the circus, it as a sport is
relatively young. The first world competitions date back to 1973. Many
 7

gymnasts retire from artistic gymnastics to move on to acrobatic gymnastics,

(PUBLIO, 2002).
According to the aforementioned author, the history of acrobatic gymnastics began hundreds of years ago.

for years, during the sacred dances and festivities practiced in Egypt, among others
countries, it was possible to observe acrobatic movements. In Europe, the activity was...
the role of the saltimbancos, and their popularity was due to the circus.
On the other hand, BOURGEOIS (1998) states that in the Contemporary Age, the practice of
Acrobatics was used in the training of aviators and parachutists. The first
The world acrobatic gymnastics championship was held in 1974.
Generally, this type of gymnastics aims to perform acrobatics in such a way that
it requires skill, strength, balance, flexibility, and is also performed in a team.
(RAMOS, 2007).
Acrobatic Gymnastics is divided into male categories with duo and quartet.
female with duo and trio, and mixed which is only in duo. The acrobats in group
they must perform three sets. One of balance, one dynamic, and another combined. The
Dynamic series are more active and feature elements of launches with partner flights.
The balance series value static exercises. At higher levels, the third
the series is a combination of the two previous series. All series are run with
music and with choreography. This helps enrich the movement of the body, (RAMOS,
2007, p.56.
Therefore, it stands out for the beauty of the exercises performed on the ground, accompanied
of music. In short, it is divided into the following categories: mixed duo, duo
female, male duo, female group (composed of 3 gymnasts) and group
male (composed of 4 gymnasts).

Artistic Gymnastics
Artistic gymnastics is a creative blend of boldness and control. The mastery of
Apparatus requires many skills and exhausting training. Modern gymnastics has evolved.
at the end of the 19th century, (RAMOS, 2007, p.66). The author states that when the games

The Olympics were revived in Athens in 1896, and have been present in every edition of
games since then. In the beginning, I understood difficult subjects to qualify as
"artistic", such as climbing and acrobatics. Between 1896 and 1924, the sport evolved into what
we recognize as modern gymnastics.
In the early days of artistic gymnastics at the Games, participants generally had
ballet training. Artistic gymnastics is a separate Olympic sport from gymnastics.
 8

rhythmic and trampoline, with events including floor exercises, pommel horse,
rings, vault, parallel bars and horizontal bars for men and floor exercises,
arch, irregular bars and balance beam for women. Men and women compete
for medals in individual events, combined exercises (all exercises) and
combined exercises in a team, (RAMOS, 2007). It is a way that requires strength,
balance and skill, an example is the dressage horse.
From BOURGEOIS's perspective (1998, p.78), Olympic or artistic gymnastics can be
divided by several devices, being divided by sex. The male devices are:
solo, horse with handles, rings, vault, parallel bars, and horizontal/fixed bar.
And the men's apparatus are: asymmetric parallel bars, pommel horse, balance beam, and floor.
In each test, two sets of exercises are carried out, one called mandatory and
another call made freely, created by the athlete himself. For point counting are
considered: difficulty, combination, originality, and execution.
(BOURGEOIS, 1998).

Rhythmic Gymnastics
History shows us that it is a recent sport, very complex, and that it started in the
the need and competence of a great professional to want to develop the
musical perception through bodily and expressive movements. It's interesting how
Rhythmic Gymnastics is increasingly practiced worldwide and is constantly being restructured.
seeks to enhance the close relationship between technical perfection and the art of execution
expressed movements through music. Its goal is to analyze through history
the development of Rhythmic Gymnastics in the world and understand its characteristics and
specificities. (MOLINARI, 2000).
Rhythmic gymnastics began as a competitive sport in 1948 and had several names.
over the years. It was only in 1998 that the FIG - International Federation of
Gymnastics began to call it rhythmic gymnastics, (BOURGEOIS, 1998).
Thus, Rhythmic Gymnastics or R.G. is a specifically female modality.
loves the fact of combining the artistic potential of the expressive movement of the body with the

technique of using or not using devices characteristic of it, combined with interpretation
of a song. It is an art sport that excites, motivated by competition and the desire to
reach perfection. (MOLINARI, 2000, p.123).
According to the author above, the modality involves movements in the form of dance in
various types and difficulties and also with the use of small equipment;
With principles in modern gymnastics, the foundation of this modality is movement. The
 9

The apparatuses used in rhythmic gymnastics are: hoop, ball, rope, ribbon, and clubs.
(MOLINARI, 2000, p.123).
It was characterized by replacing mechanical movements with organic ones, the metric ones.
rhythmic hair and dynamic strength hair. Lightness, rhythm, fluency, and dynamics
they brought broad possibilities to develop agility, flexibility, grace and
the beauty of movements. (MOLINARI, 2000).
Movement is something innate to human beings. And gymnastics involves the practice of movements.

its main objective. One of the roles of Rhythmic Gymnastics is to help in

development, enhancement and improvement of motor categories (stabilization,
movement, manipulation). This incorporates a wide range of experiences of
movements, so that children develop and refine their motor skills,
in addition to promoting the development of cognitive, affective, and social domains, the
Rhythmic Gymnastics promotes this understanding, as it is a modality that has rhythm.
as one of its foundations. (MOLINARI, 2000, p.57).
Rhythmic Gymnastics aims to develop the body as a whole. It is based on
enhancement of the natural movements of the human being, in the improvement of their
psychomotor abilities. Rhythmic Gymnastics hasn't been around for that long and deserves the
interesting definition and interpretation: G. R as a Sport-art, (LAFRANCHI,
2001)

Trampoline Gymnastics:
The inclusion of Trampoline Gymnastics and Sports in FIG was discussed in Atlanta.
Acrobatics, represented respectively by the FIT - International Federation of
Trampoline and by the IFSA - International Federation of Acrobatic Sports, which
are in the process of preparing and changing the statutes and regulations, to
will be submitted for approval at the next FIG Congress in 1998. (ARAÚJO,
2007).
Trampoline gymnastics consists of acrobatic jumps on a trampoline. This
The modality can be contested in the following events: double mini-trampoline, trampoline
individual, synchronized trampoline and tumbling, (MOLINARI, 2000, p.126). In this
In the modality, one or two trampolines are used for one or two athletes who must
execute a series of ten elements.
It is possible that trampoline gymnastics originated in French shows, whose
presentations were made using a device used to jump. This device
gave rise to a portable trampoline, and between the 1940s and 1950s, the three-time champion of
 10

acrobatic exercises on the floor industrialized the trampoline and began to promote the new
modality, (MOLINARI, 2000, p.126).
Thus, the trampoline became part of the training in the Armed Forces of
United States. In 1953 the first international competition was held.
However, trampoline gymnastics entered the Olympics only in
2000.

[Link]-Competitive Modalities
The non-competitive ones aim not at competitions, but at health, well-being and
also the beauty of the body, (ARAÚJO, 2007, p.69).

a) Contortionism
Contortionism or contortion is the form of acrobatics that involves bends and twists.
in the human body. The practice of contortionism is developed in circus performances,
It is the art of mesmerizing people through the body. It is widely known and admired.
in the whole world since ancient times. The foundation of this art lies in the ability to fold

unusual joint movements, that is, much more than a person can bend,
(ARAÚJO, 2007, p.74).
In ancient times, it was constantly found in illustrations and sculptures in Egypt,
Greece and Rome. This brings references that this practice has been carried out since the beginning.

of these civilizations. The Roman circus was one of the impulses for contortionism
continued until the present day. In the past, the people who practiced the
contortionism was viewed with strangeness and even compared to animals. Today it is
one of the biggest circus shows.
Contortion is a circus art that stands out for both men and women.
an art that aims to show the flexibility of the human body. According to
a study from the University of Hertfordshire (England), this flexibility is linked to
genetics of these people. The children who start to develop flexibility from
At 7 years old, one can achieve excellent performance. After the age of thirteen, it becomes more difficult.

achieve a satisfactory result, (MOLINARI, 2000, p.130).

The contortionists challenge their bodies by achieving and desiring the most impossible positions.

to be made. Among the movements are:

Front bends: it is the exercise that the artist performs by flexing the torso.
about the extended legs, or even placing both legs behind the
neck.
 11

Tail contortions: it is the act of putting the feet on the head, performing extensions.
of trunk and hip. This category is the most well-known that can be seen in
circus.
Boxes: the contortionist has the ability to bend their body inside a
very small box putting the head between the knees.
Contortion numbers are not only based on flexibility, but also
mix dance numbers, humor,jugglingand even special effects.
The contortionists today present their shows in a way that is enjoyable.
For the audience to watch, they seek perfect and harmonious forms.

b) Brain Gymnastics

Brain gymnastics was born out of the need to keep the brain constantly engaged.
exercise. Its importance is due to the fact that for all the rescue work to be
the cross-referencing of information happens effectively and quickly, it is essential that the

the brain should have all its synapses properly unblocked, active, in shape and
suitable for use. Only then will the archived information be retrieved in
the right moment, at the necessary time and will circulate quickly, assisting in decisions,
with greater precision, effectiveness, and agility, (MOLINARI, 2000, p.126).

This form of gymnastics is practiced through coordinated exercises and movements of the
bodies that, when executed appropriately, access and stimulate specific parts
of the brain, previously little used and/or disconnected from the brain set. A
an example of this practice is simple orders received by thebraintransmitted to the body
in the form of movements, which are gradually accelerated. It is the objective of
brain gymnastics, stimulate the hemispheres of the organ, so that they work simultaneously and
integrally, what offers the possibility of using the brain in a total way,
to its full potential formemorizationelearning, with greater speed and
efficiency, (ARAÚJO, 2007). Born in the 1970s, at the University of
California, this modality is worked in conjunction with the philosophical and technical principles of

Tai Chi Chuan, fromacupunctureand thereyoga, in order to harness the full potential of the brain.

Workplace Gymnastics
It is a set of practices of physical activities performed at the workplace so that
be possible to allow all employees to be well prepared for their
daily work. The stretching techniques are conducted, guided, and supervised.
 12

by a physical educator, (ARAÚJO, 2007). The objective of this activity is to improve the
general physical condition of the individual who practices it, whether muscular, to improve the

flexibility physical conditioning or to prevent injuries, providing less

physical and mental fatigue.

Usually practiced in the workplace for employees, during working hours.

work, to avoid repetitive strain injuries.

Localized Gymnastics
Specialists in the field of physical education and physical behavior consider gymnastics
located as a method of physical conditioning aimed at developing the
localized resistance of a muscle or muscle group, to tone it without
hypertrophy, making the body firmer (hypertonia) and more resistant to fatigue, (ARAÚJO,
2007, p.89).
So, the objective of localized gymnastics is to increase muscular endurance and serve as
base for other physical activities such as weightlifting and aerobic exercises in general.
So, it only allows for a small gain in muscle mass and not an increase.
accentuated, provided by bodybuilding due to the weight used in activities
we will be limited, MOLINARI, 2000, p.138).
It consists of individual or collective physical exercises of a utilitarian nature,
pedagogical or therapeutic focused on physical and integral strengthening, for the
laser or rehabilitation. In short, it involves exercises done in gyms that
to help physical conditioning and also lose weight and for some also the
muscle strengthening.

e) Hydrotherapy
A physical modality where the absence of gravity reduces the risk ofcontusion,
providing well-being to the practitioner who will not feel the sweat on their body because of
from water constantly hydrating it. Aquatic aerobics is the main modality for
the elderly and people in motor recovery, (MOLINARI, 2000, p.146).
This exercise was born after the evolution ofhydrotherapythat began in Europe during the
18th century. Brazilian doctors prescribed sea baths for their patients.
only at the beginning of the 20th century. And it was in Germany that water gymnastics was born.

arriving in Brazil around the 1980s. Initially, its target audience was only
elderly, a scenario that has changed over the years, including other groups of people such as
adults and pregnant women with different objectives, (ARAÚJO, 2007, p.94).
 13

Currently, your practice has various purposes such as weight loss, mainly
for peopleobeseimprovement of health, muscle gain, interaction with others
people, childbirth preparation for expectant mothers and the sensation of pleasure during and after

the activity. Over time, branches emerged from Hydro Gymnastics as

Aquagym, Aquatic Gymnastics, Hydroactivity, and Aquaeobics. Did you notice that
they could adapt different types of activities in the water and created Hydro yoga,
Hydrodance, Hydrocapoeira, Hydro Power and Hydro local. In addition to classes where students
they don't touch the bottom of the pool like Deep water and Deep runner (running in the water). This

These are just a few of the developed possibilities, there is an infinite number of them.
According to (BOURGEOIS, 1998), for the teacher to make the most of the gain in
To avoid any type of injury, it is necessary to have extensive knowledge of the sector.
aquatic, which are divided into:
Buoyancy: Result of the force opposing gravity calledpushfor
top.
Hydrostatic pressure: The tension exerted on the body that the deeper it is
the greater it will be. It causes resistance in the execution of the movement.

Viscosity: Friction caused in water, which can vary between high and low
according to the speed of the exercise or the temperature of the pool.

Density: Calculation of mass with volume. If the body is denser than the
water he sinks. The weight of the bones with the level of fat and lean mass of
individuals interfere with their ability to float.
The pools range on average from 27 to 29ºC.
In turn, ARAÚJO (2007, p. 94) emphasizes that a water aerobics class lasts
from 40 minutes to even an hour, this will depend on the schedule and rules of
establishment. The ideal is for the teacher to divide the class into three parts: the initial as
warming up, the main one with intensity-increasing exercises and the last with
relaxation and return to calm.
The movements made by the students are done precisely against the force exerted.
for the water that is from bottom to top. This form of overload can rely on
materials to increase resistance, such as dumbbell, aquatube or pool noodle, ankle weights,
glove, vest, ball, board or any other water material.
According to the above author, music is the main factor during the activity, since the
students are there many times to socialize and have fun. The rhythm provides the
necessary stimulus for practitioners, (ARAÚJO, 2007, p.97). Thus, the benefits
acquired through water aerobics are:
 14

Cardiovascular and respiratory improvement;

Gain in strength and lean mass;
Improvement of motor coordination and balance;
Provides pleasure and quality of life.

Conclusion
After completing the work, I realized that gymnastics is a knowledge that needs to
being present in school physical education, as its field of knowledge is broad and
deserves to stand out among the other knowledge of bodily culture in schools.
 15

In this sense, I realized that gymnastics must be practiced within the school context, as
within Physical Education it is important for the student, whether in the motor aspect, social,
cognitive and even affective.
The fact that gymnastics engages all the student's muscles allows them to acquire a
greater flexibility, balance, and muscle strength. And all of this is achieved through a
way we adore.
Although the advantages of school gymnastics are many, one must take care.
especially with the evolution of the exercises. It should follow a pedagogical sequence

adequate. Thus, all children will have a similar performance, not favoring one
negative comparison between them that can generate a certain frustration and isolation,
contradicting one of the great benefits of school gymnastics, which is development
affective and social.

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