APPARATUS USED IN
CHEMISTRY LAB
OUR CHEMISTRY WORLD
OUR
LABORATORY
TEST TUBE RACK
Test tube rack is a
laboratory equipment that
is used to hold upright
multiple test tubes at the
same time. It is most
commonly used when
various different solutions
are needed to work with
simultaneously, for safety
reasons, for safe storage of
test tubes, and to ease the
transport of multiple tubes.
TEST TUBES
A test tube is also known as a culture
tube or sample tube, is a common
piece of laboratory glassware
consisting of a finger-like length of
glass or clear plastic tubing, open at
the top and closed at the bottom.
Test tubes are for general chemical
work and are usually made of glass,
for better resistance to heat and
corrosive chemicals and longer life.
Tubes made from expansion-resistant
glasses, mostly borosilicate glass (or
fused quartz) can withstand high
temperatures, up to several hundred
degrees Celsius.
TEST TUBE HOLDER
A test tube holder is used to hold Test Tubes. It is used for
holding a test tube in place when the tube is hot or should not
be touched.
Particularly, for liquid heating, when holding a test tube holder
with a test tube, hold it such that it aligns with the lab bench
and also point the open end of the tube away from yourself or
anyone nearby.
Additionally, while using a test tube holder, the proper
distance between the test tube holder and the top of the test
tube is approximately 3 centimeters.
TEST TUBE BRUSH
A test tube or spout brush is a brush
used for cleaning test tubes and
narrow mouth laboratory glassware,
such as beakers and flasks.
It is composed of nylon, synthetic, or
animal fur bristles of various diameters
lined against a rather sturdy wire
handle with a looped end for
hanging. The wire can be made from
a wide range of metals, such as
aluminium, bronze, beryllium, copper,
and brass. These brushes are
designed to be resistant to acid and
other corrosive chemicals, including
aromatic and aliphatic
hydrocarbons, ketones, ethyl acetate
esters, trichloroethylene, and hot
water.
SPATULA
A spatula is a broad,
flat, flexible blade used
to mix, spread and lift
material.
In laboratories, spatulas
and microspatulas are
small stainless steel
utensils, used for
scraping, transferring, or
applying powders and
paste like chemicals or
treatments.
POLICEMAN
A policeman is a hand-held
flexible natural-rubber or
plastic scraper. The common
type of it is attached to a glass
rod and used in chemical
laboratories to transfer residues
of precipitate or solid on glass
surfaces when performing
gravimetric analysis.
WATCH GLASS
A watch glass is a circular concave piece of glass used
in chemistry as a surface to evaporate a liquid, to hold
solids while being weighed, for heating a small amount
of substance and as a cover for a beaker. The latter use
is generally applied to prevent dust or other particles
entering the beaker; the watch glass does not
completely seal the beaker, so gas exchanges still
occur. When used as an evaporation surface, a watch
glass allows closer observation of precipitates or
crystallization, and can be placed on a surface of
contrasting color to improve the visibility overall. Watch
glasses are named so because they are similar to the
glass used for the front of old-fashioned pocket
watches. In reference to this, large watch glasses are
occasionally known as clock glasses.
BEAKERS
A beaker is a generally cylindrical
container with a flat bottom. Most also
have a small spout (or "beak") to aid
pouring, as shown in the picture.
Beakers are available in a wide range
of sizes, from one millilitre up to several
litres. Beakers are commonly made of
glass (today usually borosilicate glass),
but can also be in metal (such as
stainless steel or aluminium) or certain
plastics (notably polythene,
polypropylene, PTFE).
WASH BOTTLE A wash bottle is a squeeze bottle with a
nozzle, used to rinse various pieces of
laboratory glassware, such as test tubes and
round bottom flasks.
Wash bottles are sealed with a screw-top lid.
When hand pressure is applied to the bottle,
the liquid inside becomes pressurized and is
forced out of the nozzle into a narrow stream
of liquid.
Most wash bottles are made up of
polyethylene, which is a flexible solvent-
resistant petroleum-based plastic. Most bottles
contain an internal dip tube allowing upright
use.
Wash bottles may be filled with a range of
common laboratory solvents and reagents,
according to the work to be undertaken.
These include deionized water, detergent
solutions and rinse solvents such as acetone,
isopropanol or ethanol. In biological labs it is
common to keep sodium hypochlorite solution
in a wash bottle to disinfect unneeded
cultures.
FUNNEL
There are many different kinds of funnels that
have been adapted for specialized
applications in the laboratory. Filter funnels,
thistle funnels (shaped like thistle flowers), and
dropping funnels have stopcocks which allow
the fluids to be added to a flask slowly. For
solids, a powder funnel with a wide and short
stem is more appropriate as it does not clog
easily.
When we use with filter paper, filter bunnels,
Büchner and Hirsch funnels can be used to
remove fine particles from a liquid in a process
called filtration. For more demanding
applications, the filter paper in the latter two
may be replaced with a sintered glass frit.
Separatory funnels are used in liquid-liquid
extractions.
FILTER PAPER
Filter paper is a semi-permeable paper barrier
placed perpendicular to a liquid or air flow. It
is used to separate fine substances from liquids
or air. It is used in science labs to remove solids
from liquids.
Filter paper has various properties. The
important parameters are wet strength,
porosity, particle retention, volumetric flow
rate, compatibility, efficiency and capacity.
The raw materials are different paper pulps.
The pulp may be from softwood, hardwood,
fiber crops, mineral fibers. For high quality
filters, dissolving pulp and mercerised pulp are
used. The paper is often creped to improve
porosity. The filter papers may also be treated
with reagents or impregnation to get the right
properties.
A scan of Whatman Filter Paper
FLORENCE FLASK
A Florence flask is a type of flask
used as an item of laboratory
glassware. It is used as a container to
hold liquids. A Florence flask has a
round body, a single long neck, and
often a flat bottom. It is designed for
uniform heating, boiling, distillation
and ease of swirling; it is produced in
a number of different glass
thicknesses to stand different types
of use. They are often made of
borosilicate glass for heat and
chemical resistance. Traditional
Florence flasks typically do not have
a ground glass joint on their rather
longer necks, but typically have a
slight lip or flange around the tip of
the neck. A common volume for a
Florence flask is 1 litre.
A volumetric flask (measuring flask or
VOLUMETRIC FLASK graduated flask) is a piece of
laboratory glassware, a type of
laboratory flask, calibrated to contain
a precise volume at a particular
temperature. Volumetric flasks are
used for precise dilutions and
preparation of standard solutions.
These flasks are usually pear-shaped,
with a flat bottom, and made of glass
or plastic. The flask's mouth is either
furnished with a plastic snap/screw
cap or fitted with a joint to
accommodate a PTFE or glass
stopper. The neck of volumetric flasks
is elongated and narrow with an
etched ring graduation marking. The
marking indicates the volume of liquid
contained when filled up to that
point.
CONICAL FLASK /
ROUND BOTTOM FLASK /
ERLENMEYER FLASK
An Erlenmeyer flask, also known
as a conical flask or titration
flask, is a type of laboratory
flask which features a flat
bottom, a conical body, and a
cylindrical neck. It is named
after the German chemist Emil
Erlenmeyer, who created it in
1860. The tapered sides and
narrow neck of this flask allow the
contents of the flask to be mixed
by swirling, without risk of spillage,
making them suitable for titrations
by placing it under the burette and
adding solvent and the indicator in
Erlenmeyer flask.
GRADUATED
CYLINDER
A graduated cylinder,
measuring cylinder or
mixing cylinder is a
common piece of
laboratory equipment used
to measure the volume of a
liquid. It has a narrow
cylindrical shape. Each
marked line on the
graduated cylinder
represents the amount of
liquid that has been
measured.
BUNSEN BURNER
A Bunsen burner, named after
Robert Bunsen, is a common
piece of laboratory equipment
that produces a single open
gas flame, which is used for
heating, sterilization, and
combustion.
The gas can be natural gas (which is
mainly methane) or a liquefied
petroleum gas, such as propane,
butane, or a mixture of both.
Bunsen burner flames depend on air
flow in the throat holes (on the burner
side, not the needle valve for gas flow):
1. air hole closed (safety flame used for
lighting or default),
2. air hole slightly open,
3. air hole half-open,
4. air hole fully open (roaring blue
flame).
WIRE GAUZE
A wire gauze is a sheet of thin metal that has net-like patterns
or a wire mesh. Wire gauze is placed on the support ring that is
attached to the retort stand between the Bunsen burner and
the beakers in order to support the beakers or other glassware
or flasks during heating.
Wire gauze is made of a material called nichrome wire which is
galvanized iron wire. This type of material provides long life
expectancy and can be used over and over again without a risk of it
being torn. The sides/corners of the wire gauze are turned inward to
help prevent fraying, improve handling and reduce safety risk from
protruding ends of wire.
There are two types of wire gauze: woven wire gauze and a wire
gauze with a ceramic center. These two types of wire gauze that are
made of metal have the same ability to transmit the heat efficiently,
but the gauze with a ceramic center will allow the heat to be
dispersed more [Link] ceramic at the center of the wire gauze is
enmeshed at high pressure to prevent it from peeling.
Wire gauze is an important piece of supporting equipment in a
laboratory because beakers or any type of glassware cannot be
heated directly with a flame from the Bunsen burner, and the wire
gauze will help protect the glassware
BUNSEN BURNER
STAND / TRIPOD
STAND
HOW TO USE BUNSEN BURNER WHILE HEATING A
GLASSWARE
THERMOMETER
A thermometer is a device
that measures temperature
or a temperature gradient.
A thermometer has two
important elements:
(1) a temperature sensor (e.g.
the bulb of a mercury-in-glass
thermometer or the digital sensor
in an infrared thermometer) in
which some change occurs with
a change in temperature, and
(2) some means of converting
this change into a numerical
value (e.g. the visible scale that
is marked on a mercury-in-glass
thermometer .
EVAPORATING
DISH /
PORCELAIN DISH
An evaporating dish or
watch glass is a piece of
laboratory glassware used
for the evaporation of
solutions and supernatant
liquids, and sometimes to
their melting point. Most are
made of porcelain or
borosilicate glass.
CRUCIBLE
A crucible is a small vessel
made from ceramic. It is
used to heat various type of
chemicals that are required
a very high temperature,
usually solid chemicals.
Crucible is a container that
can withstand very high
temperatures. While crucibles
historically were usually made
from clay, they can be made
from any material that
withstands temperatures high
enough to melt or otherwise
alter its contents.
CRUCIBLE TONGS
Crucible tongs are scissor-
like tools, but instead of
having two blades, these
tools are replaced with two
pincers or pieces of metals
that concave together,
which allow the users to
grasp a hot crucible, flasks,
evaporating dishes, or even
small beakers. They are
made of durable metals,
allowed them to endure a very
hot temperature when
touching with the hot objects.
CLAY TRIANGLE
A pipeclay triangle is a
piece of laboratory
apparatus that is used to
support a crucible being
heated by a Bunsen burner
or other heat source. It is
made of wires strung in an equilateral
triangle on which are strung hollow
ceramic, normally fire clay, tubes. The
triangle is usually supported on a tripod
or iron ring. Unlike wire gauze, which
primarily supports glassware such as
beakers, flasks, or evaporating dishes
and provides indirect heat transfer to
the glassware, the pipeclay triangle
normally supports a crucible and allows
the flame to heat the crucible directly.
The triangular shape allows rounded
crucibles of various sizes to rest in a
stable way.
PIPETTE
A pipette (sometimes spelled
pipet) is a laboratory tool
commonly used in chemistry,
biology and medicine to
transport a measured volume
of liquid.
BURETTE
A burette (also buret ) is a laboratory equipment used in
analytical chemistry for the dispensing of variable
amount of a chemical solution and measuring that
amount at the same time. It is a long, graduated glass tube,
with a stopcock at its lower end and a tapered capillary tube
at the stopcock's outlet. The flow of liquid from the tube to the
burette tip is controlled by the stopcock valve. There are two
main types of burette; the volumetric burette and the Piston
burette or Digital burette.
A volumetric burette delivers measured volumes of liquid.
Piston burettes are similar to syringes, but with a precision bore
and a plunger. Piston burettes may be manually operated or
may be motorized. A weight burette delivers measured
weights of liquid.
BURETTE CLAMP
& STAND
Burette clamp is a
scientific equipment
which used specifically
to hold and secure a
burette on a stand, so
that a burette is fixed
and more convenient
for the experiment.
UTILITY CLAMP
A utility clamp is a laboratory
apparatus resembling a pair of
scissors. The screw in the middle
works as the wide adjustment of
2-prong. It composes of 3 parts:
2-prong adjust, metal rod, and
clamp down (attach the clamp
to the ring stand for adjust the
height). This apparatus is
connected to ring stand or retort
stand and used to hold rounded
laboratory glassware, for
example, a beaker, flask, etc.
This clamp is made from stainless
steel.
FORCEPS
Forceps are a handheld,
hinged instrument used for
grasping and holding objects.
Forceps are used when fingers
are too large to grasp small
objects
CHEMICAL
BALANCE
Weighing scales or chemical
balances (or weigh scales or
scales) are devices to
measure weight.
WEIGHT BOX &
FRACTIONAL WEIGHT SET
Weight Box contains nine brass weights
(one each of 1g, 5g, 10g, 50g and 100g
sizes, and two each of 2g and 20g sizes), in
polished wooden box, with a 1 to 500mg
fractional weight set, 5mg rider and forceps.
GLASS ROD /
STIRRING ROD
A glass stirring rod, glass rod,
stirring rod or stir rod is a piece
of laboratory equipment used
to mix chemicals and liquids
for laboratory purposes. They
are usually made of solid glass,
about the thickness and slightly
longer than a drinking straw,
with rounded ends.
PASSING TUBES / GLASS TUBES
Glass tubes are
mainly cylindrical
hollow-wares.
CAPILLARY TUBE
These tubes are
used in the
determination of
melting point of
solids and boiling
point of liquids.
FILLING OF
CAPPILARY
MELTING TUBE
THIELE TUBE /
M.P. APPARATUS
The Thiele tube, named after
the German chemist Johannes
Thiele, is a laboratory
glassware designed to contain
and heat an oil bath. Such a
setup is commonly used in the
determination of the melting
point of a substance. The
apparatus itself resembles a
glass test tube with an
attached handle.
USE OF THIELE TUBE
USE OF CAPILLARY & MELTING TUBE
