1

1.1 Background of the Study

Child labor is the global phenomenon. The problem however is most critical in the
least developed countries. In developed countries children generally do not need to
support economically by their families. On the contrary, parents support their children
until they are able to stand independently. But, in underdeveloped countries, the
reserve is true. Children must support their families economically being labours or are
forced to leave home and survive independently. For this reason, the overwhelming
majority of children become child labours. Child labour exploitation is a reflection of
the socio-economic reality of the country, which is also a consequence of the feudal
land holding system which is still a bitter reality of many third world countries.
Thus, child labour is a cause and effect of the exploitative socio- economic and
political structure of the world like other developing countries (Pradhan, 2024).

There are hundreds of millions of children and young people around the world who
are imprisoned, not in physical jails; in a state of permanent then locks or bars alone
could create. These are children who labour at tasks then harm their bodies and
winds, their spirits and future. In the context of child labor, a working definition of
a `child` may be a person below the general limit of 15 years or in special
circumstances 14 years, set by the Minimum Age Convention 1973 (Ministry of
Labor/ILO/IPEC, 1997). Child labor means a person in the age grips 5.14 employed
for hire rewards on a full time basis and includes a self- employed child are a child
assisting his/ her parents in their occupation for two of more hours a day (CWIN,
2022).

Child labor remains a serious problem in the world today. According to revise
estimate by the ILO`s Bureau of Statistics, the number of working children between
the ages of 5 and 14 is at least 120 million. As many expected given the prevailing
economic conditions the overwhelming majority of these are in developing countries
in Africa, Asia and Latin America. But pockets of child labor also exist in many
industrialized countries. Numerous children work in occupations and industries, which
are plainly dangerous and hazardous. They are found in mines, in factories making
glass bangles, matches and fireworks, in deep- sea fishing, in commercial agriculture
and so on (ILO, 2022).
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There is no need to repeat that the existing Nepali society is one of the most
poverty stricken and backward societies in the world, increasing poverty, illiteracy and
ignorance are leading our society into more and more misery. The living standards of
people have gone down every passing day like the setting sun. This miserable
condition of our country has affected each and every sector of society. And the
children area its main victims, we all desire our children to grow up into good
citizens, but there is a lack of good opportunities for their overall development. Not
only have they been deprived of basic necessities like nutrition, shelter, clothing,
education and health care, but they also suffer from humiliation, neglect, exploitation
and disease. In other words, they are missing their entire childhood. There are many
problems and obstacles in their path that prevent them from feeding a normal
childhood. According to ILO convention No 182 the definition of the worst from of
child labor comprises. (CWIN, UDCL Nepal 2021).

a) All form of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as the sale and trafficking
of children, debt bondage and serfdom and forced to compulsory labor, including
forced or compulsory labor including forced or compulsory of recruitment of children
for use on armed conflict.

b) The use procuring of offering of a child for protraction, for the production of
pornography or for pornographic performances.

c) The use procuring or offering of a child for illicit activities, in particular for the
production and trafficking of drugs, as defined in the relevant international treaties.

d) Work which its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to
harm the health, safety or morals of children (Article 3 of the convention).

There are several factors that are pushing them towards activities such as family
breakdown, burden of work and seeking better job and better life in the city. The
number of child laborers in the urban areas of Nepal is increasing day by day.
The migration of children from rural
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areas to urban areas is a reflection of poor socio economic condition of their

livelihood. In Nepal more than 40 % of the total population is children aged below
14 years and 60% out of total children are economically active supporting their poor
families. Children are future pillars of the nation, so their all-round development is
quite essential. Children are innocent, faultless and symbol of creativity. But in our
society, the proper environment for them is not available in which they could grow
happily rather they are ill-treated and exploited by bourgeois people. In Nepal
children are facing various problems due to the backwardness. Poverty and illiteracy
are the main cause of child labor in Nepal. Child labor is not only the problem of
an individual or a family but also the general problem of society child labor may be
regarded broadly as any work of children under recreation that children require. It is
the working of children at unfit ages for unreasonable hours or unhealthy condition
(UNICEF, 2020).

Child labor is not teenagers working for a few hours to earn additional pocket
money, not children helping a family farms, not youngsters doing household work but
children prematurely living adult lives, working long hours for low wages under
condition to their health and to their physical and mental development, sometime
separated from their families frequently deprived of meaningful educational and
training opportunities that could open for them a better future. The problem of child
labor has become an emerging issue in Nepal. There is a gradual increase in social
awareness among different segments of society and this has helped empower them for
the rights of working children. Child labor in Nepal has two defunct dimensions one
is connected with the rapid urbanization and the growth of industries (ILO, 2020).

Nowadays, child labor in Nepal is being considered very seriously. It is deeply rooted
in most part of the country traditionally children in Nepal are involved in agriculture
domestication of animals, handicrafts and other employments. Many children are
compelled migrate in town in search of employment, following the tragic calamity in
their native land hardship, in their life, corrupted for social relationship and so on.
Child labours have been accepted as an integral part of the Nepalese economy and
society. Form many children in Nepal, the working day starts at dawn and extends
late till evening every day. During the day
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of labour of those children, they are deprived of their basic rights to protection,
participation and development. The seriousness of this issue requires that all available
data should be scrutinized and analyzed before recommendations for change can be
made. (CWIN, 2018).

A child first setting foot in an urban area is most likely to gain easy employment in
a roadside restaurant, tea or sweet shop. Cheap labor demands are high and skills
are not required. At these times the children get involved directly with the help of
parents, relatives or friends. The local restaurants employed children have no other
alternatives, and they stay there as long as the owner wishes. They always have to
work from early morning to late night. They do not have chance to enjoy or even
get holiday. So they are exploited by their master (Bhandari, 2017).

1.2 Problem Statement

The use of domestic child labour is common in Nepal; especially in its affluent
urban areas. However, specific information on the incidence of domestic child labour
in urban and rural setting is lacking, though it is suspected that at least half of
domestic child labour may be working in urban centers in Nepal. Indeed these are
general lake of data and information through analysis of the incidence and nature of
domestic child labour at both national and local levels. The harsh living conditions,
exploitative social relations and in some cases, even children have to leave home on
their own and migrate to urban area in search of work. The domestic child labour is
spread all over Nepal. Many NGOs, INGOs and social institutions are involved for
elimination of child labour.

Domestic child labour is now recognized as a serious social problem in Nepal. It is

rooted in the history of the country, its agrarian structure, low level of development
and the poverty of people. If society ensures the freedom and dignity of the children
by creating the conditions in which they can develop their potential. They have the
chance to grow to a full and satisfying adulthood assuring constructive role in the
society. The problem of child labour as faced by the developing economics today has
indeed taken a serious dimension. The exploitative socio-economic structures resulting
in the marginalization of the poor have left them with no option but to adopt child
labour as a survival strategy.
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Child labour is not accidental market demand for child labour determined children
employment in various enterprises and industries. Children are employed because they
are docile, obedient, hired at cheaper rates than adults and dispensed off easily if
labour demands should fluctuate. The high level of fertility in poor family causes
critical condition by means of which children have to work for survival as well as to
support their family. Numbers of children have been sent to the urban areas by their
parents for the sole reason that they are poor. Because of this reason some of the
children they migrate to the urban areas in quest of better job. Children are
compelled by their employers to do any kind of work even in most several
conditions. Employers prefer children because they are easily available, naïve willing,
innocent and easy to control and exploit. They are an uncomplaining labour force
that can be made to do any work for as much time for whatever wages. In addition
employing children means guarantee of stable work force as they can be exploited
continuously for many years. To a poor villager child work especially off their
residence means not only extra income for the family but one less month to as well.
The study mainly focused on the answers of the given research questions
 What is the present socio-economic condition of domestic child labours.?
 What is the relationships between domestic child workers with their employers?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The general objective of this study is to find out the causes and consequences of
domestic child labour in Madhyapur Thimi Municipality of Bhaktapur district. The
specific objectives are:
 To examine the socio-economic condition and family background of domestic
child labours.
 To assess the general working condition of domestic child labours.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The Domestic Child Labour is one of the common phenomenon's in Bhaktapur city.
The majority of Domestic Child Labours are the eldest in a poor rural family and
work to help their parents for supporting their household. Most of domestic child
workers are forced to take heavy burdens. They have extremely long work for little
or no payment. Some of them have to pay the loan taken by parents and some of
the workers are intended to study but they
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are not able to get chance for study.

Children are the best creation of nature. And they are the sources of humanity,
human civilization and development so their bright future should be essential. But
when they remain illiterate, creates burden to the country itself. So, the research on
the basis of Domestic child Labour should be done for their welfare. In future, it
will be an obstacle to the overall development of the country. So the detailed
informant and study on DCL is essential to eradicate the child labour problem. This
study is very helpful for providing information about Domestic Child Labour for
concerning authority to some extent.

Some domestic servitude is one of the worst forms of child labour in informal sector
of which a few study have been done. So, this study is expected to be of great
importance in the context of the study area selected. This study is very useful for
policy makers. It is also great important for NGO’s and INGO’s which are working
on the field of child labour. This study may be a significant guideline in
implementing action program making them aware of their rights and in the
elimination of the child labour.

1.5 Limitation of the Study

 Due to the small sample size and limitation of economy it may not represent
overall condition of domestic child labour in Nepal.
 This study is confined to the Domestic Child Labour in Madhyapur Thimi
Municipality of Bhaktapur district, specifically ‘Wamune and Morutol’ in
Balkumari area. So, results may not be generalized for all types of child
labour but the inferences might be valid to some extent to those areas which
have similar geographical and environmental settings.
 This study covers limited area of Madhyapur Thimi Municipality of Bhaktapur
district especially Balkumari area so the result may not be applicable at the
national level.
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1.6 Organization of the Study

It is the overall structure of entire research work. This study has been categorized
into five chapters

Chapter- I: Introduction
The first chapter deals with the introduction, background of the study, statement of
the Problem, objective of the study, significance of the study, limitation of the study
and layout of the study.

Chapter-II: Review of Literature

The second chapter is mainly focused with literature review that includes a discussio
on the conceptual framework on topic related subject.

Chapter-III: Research and methodology

The third chapter describes the research methodology used to conduct the present
research. It deals with research design, sources of data, data processing, sample units,
period of study, method of study and different tools.

Chapter-IV: Data processing and analysis

The fourth chapter is concerned with analytical framework. It includes the different
tools.

Chapter-V: Summary, conclusion and recommendation

The fifth chapter includes the summary, conclusion and implications. The reference
and appendix are also incorporated at the end of study.
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2.0 Review of Literature

Child labor consist of all types of work profound by children up to the age of
sixteen years that is damaging to children health or their physical, mental, intellectual,
moral or social development and interferes with their evocation. Support the view that
child work is a potential.

2.1 Theoritical Review

The modernization paradigm holds that child labor is a result of widespread poverty
which compels families to send their children with the force. According to this theory,
the employment of children is parents driven and a matter of economic necessity. The
economic well bring of parents helps to reduce the level of child labor and increase
the trend to send their children to school. The related Marxist theory argues that child
labor is product of capitalism and the demand for cheap, unskilled labor and the
decrease in the rate of profit the capitalist to increase their exploitation of child labor.
Originally, the problem of child labor first appeased in the tenth century. Despite the
change in the political system the exploitation of child labor has not been changed are
forced to work in the discriminatory labor system. In the rural area, children are still
playing a significant role to support the family. The most common work done by the
children in the rural areas are fetching water, collecting firewood, grazing cattle, taking
care of younger siblings and supporting parents in the farm work. These days due to
raising conflicts the migration of children to urban areas has been increasing
tremendously, which has contributed to an overwhelming in the magnitude of child
labor. In this way, a majority of children are, employed in various informal sectors
which local restaurants are the agencies which employ more child laborers.

Historically, the problem of child labor first appeared in 16 th century. This was
further expanded in different forms and area in the 17 th century and children were
further exposed to high risk areas in the 18 th and 19th century. In Germany, France
and UK the problem of child labor was obvious in factories, cotton mills, glass and
match making and brick kilns whereas in Norway and Sweden the problem existed in
farming, herding and fishing. In France a welfare act for child laborers was
introduced in 1941 and in 1853. The government of Germany introduced the first law
regarding the health and soft of children and trade unions in Europe began to raise
the issue of child labor as part and parcel of their movement however, the
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implement actions of the laws were very poor. The developed countries
not only
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Germany, UK, Norway, Sweden, France but also Japan, Cyprus, Portugal, Belgium
and a serious child labor problem until less than fifty years ago. It has been
observed that some countries are not yet free of the child labor problems, economic
exploitation and family breakdown (Prdahan, 2024).

2.2 Empirical Review

Nepal is predominantly rural with 90% of its people living in rural areas. More than
50 percent of the total populations are relying on agriculture for their survival. Most
of the families their children work as soon as they are 6-7 years old. Working
children are engaged in various kinds of agriculture labor such as farming operations,
collection of fodder, operations, collection of fodder, and tending animals. In cottage
and small- scale industries, such as, candle making rug weaving, wood polishing and
carrying, child labor has been noticed but no authentic data are available. However,
carpet industry has got the rational and international attention so far as the child
labor is concerned. And it is believed that there are about 2010 carpet industries in
Nepal of which 1600 (98%) are in Kathmandu valley. Out of estimated 300,000
workers 150,000 are children (Nepal, 2023)
There is not enough data or authoritative information to determine the exact magnitude
of child labor problem all over the nation. Moreover, estimates of the number and
incidence of child labor in Nepal are very wide. It is mainly due to lack of reliable
information on the overall distribution of economically active population by age and
the concentration of child workers in the informal sector where a large number of
children are believed to be working furthermore, as child work under the age of 14 is
legally prohibited in Nepal, there is a tendency to conceal the data on the child
laborers both in formal and informal sectors. However, several field studies found that
a large number of children are working under bondage both in the urban and rural
areas. It is estimated that, of the 2.6 million working children (5-18 years) in Nepal,
1.7 million participated economic activities. This comprises of 26.7% of the total
children in the country, overwhelming majority of the economically active children do
the works based on agriculture (i.e. 95%) and the rest 5.3% in nonagricultural work.
Of the 2.6 million working children in Nepal, 0.9 million work in the non-economic
sectors such as housekeeping and 1.7 million in the economic sectors in unpaid or
underpaid occupations (Karki, 2022).
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In 1989, the General Assembly of the United Nation adopted the convention on the
rights of the child which makes it clear that all children have the same rights as
adults and also adds distinct rights that apply to all human beings under the age of
eighteen years.
The ways these rights are interpreted depend on the age and maturity of children but
one of the most important principles in that best interests of child or a group
of children before
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considering the concern of adults.

2.3 Policy Review

The constitution of kingdom of Nepal is a fundamental law of the country and all
laws consist with it. According to Nepal’s constitution (1990), the labor act was
formulated in 1992. Following this, the labor rules were amended in 1993. The
children's act was enacted in 1992 by addressing UN-CRC 1990. The common law
code of 1963, the foreign employment act of 1985, and the human trafficking Control
act of 1986 also restrict the use of child labor and protect the healthy development
of children.

[Link] The ILO's Perspective on Child Labour

The international labor conference adopted the minimum age (industry) convention,
1919 (No. 5) the first in a long line of such convention, which fixed a minimum
age of 14 for admission to be employed in an industry. In fact, more member states
of ILO adopted a minimum age of 14 or higher and more than 100 countries have
ratified on or more of the 10minimum age conventions prior to convention No. 138.
For the ILO, the abolition of child labor and more generally the protection of
children and young persons against work of under conditions on their suitable age
have been constant concerns since its foundation.

The conference (1979) designated the year as "International year of the child" and
called on member states to ratify and implement the relevant international labor
standard and above all, to take measures to ensure the proper protection of children
regarding to work.

[Link] The Labour Act, 1992 and Labour Rules, 1993

The current labor act prohibits the employment of children (under the age of 14
year) and provides various safeguards to minors (at age of 14 but less than 18 years
old) children and minor are prohibited from operating dangerous machinery hazardous
to health, maximum weight to be carried by a minor as, minor males (16-18) 25 kg,
minor females (16-18 years) 20 kg, and minor males or females (14-16 years )
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15 kg, doing night duties (between 6pm

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and 6 am) and working more than 6 hours a day or 36hours a week. It has also set a
minimum wage for children.

[Link] The Children Act, 1992 and Child Rules, 1995

The children's Act (1992) was issued to safeguard the interest of the children and
contains a number of provisions on child labor. The act defines a child to be a
human being below the age of 16 years and states that a child who has not attained
the age of 14 shall not be employed in any work as a laborer and shall not be
engaged as a laborer against his will. The act further prohibits engaging a child in
work which is likely to be harmful to his health or hazardous to his life. The
children's Rules (1995) prescribe the functions of central child welfare Board and the
District child welfare board.
Apart from the specific functions already indicated relating to the regulation of
employment of children, the district child welfare board has other functions similar
to those of the central
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child welfare board at the district level (cited in ILO, 1995).

[Link] ILO's Policy on Child Labour

The ILO's policy on child labor has been derived from two interrelated but distinct
objectives. First, the effective and complete abolition of child labor will be attained
through legal and socio-economic measures. Law, prohibiting admission for the
employment below a certain minimum age should be adopted and enforced. Socio-
economic measure leading to improvements in living standards, higher levels of adult
employment, and the application of compulsory school education should be adopted in
order to make children economically unnecessary and to change the moral force and
practical application of the law.

Recognizing that the adoption and successful implementation of level and socio-
economic measure for complete abolition of child labor in practice will take time.
Hence, child labor will continue to be a persistent problem in large part of the
world. Therefore, the second policy objective is the protection of children at work.
For this purpose, it encourages countries to regulate the working conditions, e. g.
shorter working hours, improved wages and remuneration, safer and less hazardous
working environment. Welfare, facilities and services etc.

In short, the complete abolition of child labor and the protection of working children
are the long and short-term policy objects of ILO. However, the ILO does not
generally oppose all types of work. After all, child work talks various forms. In
some case, the child work under the supervision of within the family circle may be
an integral part of the socialization process as a means of traditionally acquired skills
form parents to child. Such work could also be a source of pride and satisfaction to
the children themselves. Even in the modern industrial society, children may work on
a part time basis to earn a livelihood for themselves or for their families, and it
result disadvantage, educationally and socially. Where they work in conditions that are
exploitative and damaging to their health and to their physical and mental
development, where they are separated from their families. They are often deprived of
educational training opportunities, where they work as bonded laborers and are forced
to lead prematurely adult lives.
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[Link] United Nations on the Rights of Children

Since abuse of children has been regarded as severe violation of human rights UN
has announced nearly 20 different human rights relates to international conventions
and declarations for the protection and promotion of the right of the children against
sexual exploitation and abuse. Every child of this world has the right to live his/her
children, .But unfortunately, many children around the world are suffering from the
lack of food, shelter, love, healthcare and education. Even after the UN declaration of
right, we are witnessing an alarming shocking plight of children in the global
context. It is naked truth that millions of children are working in hazardous
condition, millions are abused and millions are physically and psychologically
handicapped by wars and natural disasters.

Looking at harsh reality of the issue the right of child as per UN declaration is still
controversial. Actually in Nepal a large section of children are often neglected. Child
exploitation is assumed to be necessary evil. A child has an important place in his
family and family is one of the most important parts of the society. In reality
(especially in rural communities) children need to contribute to their household
economy from the tender age of five. They are important helping hands and partners
of family income. The children are thus victimized by poor economy.

2.3.2 Review of Articles and Journals

Jha (1988) conducted a study of the child workers in Kathmandu city. He discussed
the working condition, cost of living and their exploration by the hotel / restaurant
owners. The study examined the factor responsible for the migration of the child
worker form rural areas to Kathmandu valley and its socio-economic consequences. It
exposes the mockery of laborers legislation in Nepal, which provides little protection
to the child laborers form the employers.

Bhandari (2024) focused on the problems of child workers in the carpet as the highly
labor intensive Industry. The carpet industry had employed many workers. It was
estimated that the number of children working in the carpet industries in Nepal were
more than 150000 constituting 30 percent of the total carpet work force. According
to Pradhan, the child workers in the factories were mainly aged 5-15 years the labor
 17

force in carpet industry also consists of women and young girls. He identified that
there was a heavy exploitation of the child laborers in the carpet industries. They had
no job securities, as they were not registered as workers. They could be withdrawn at
any time. They were accommodated and were forced to work in very poor
conditions. They had no medical and educational facilities. They had virtually no
lives and had to work for long hours. Yet they were ill-treated and poorly paid.

Pradhan (2022) has attempted to analyze the problems of child labor against the
background of rural migration and urbanization. He pointed out that the prime cause
of child labor in Nepal is the social recognition as a way of life in our society.
Poverty, starvation are key factors that contribution for growing number of children in
the exploitation in the active labor market. Most of the children form rural and
poor families are forced to child labor not only for an additional income but also to
reduce the number of hungry stomach to be faced and hence, reduce their financial
burden.

CWS (1996) had conducted a research on account of the situation analysis of street
children in Nepal. The study found that many children left home because of their
abusive and alcoholic parents, maltreatment of step parents and also due to the
attraction of the town facilities. Most of these children fall in the ages
between 9-16 years. In the Central
 18

Development Region 86 percent of these children are male and remaining 14 percent
are female. Almost half of the children in this region were illiterate.

CWIN (2019) study was based on the sampled migrant children working in selected
sectors in Kathmandu. Majority of were born in surrounding districts. More than 90
percent of the migrant child workers were born in rural areas, whereas only 9.6
percent were born in urban areas in Nepal.

Dhital (2021) made a study on “Child Domestic Workers in Kathmandu”. This study,
which is based on interview of children, shows that there are about 30,000 bonded
and semi bonded child labours in Nepal, engaged in domestic services. Many of them
are brought to the cities by the landlords. Some of them are sent / brought directly
by their parents, while others are sent / brought by the middlemen. There are also
bonded children from above the orphans and runways. The children, before them
have a heavy workload, life without joy, empty pocket, abuses, loss of family
contacts and an uncertain future. A great majority of them are unpaid working for as
much as 17 hours a day for just two meals. They are seldom allowed to partake in
the family food and are given too little to eat. Scolding and physical abuse is
common, but they have no body to protect them.

CWIN (1992) has published a book named “Misery Behind Looms” the main
objective of this book is to find out the problem of child labour in the carpet
industries in Nepal. According to this book, the working conditions of satisfactory
about 95 percent of the children have unhealthy condition. The factories have created
the disease to the workers such as; respiratory diseases, poor eye sight, ENT and
gastrointestinal problems, malnutrition, anemia and skin problems. In addition
subjected to this, the girl labours are also forced to traffic with so called assumed
borders in India. The children are not only over-boarded by work but also socially
and economically exploited. The prevailing laws have proved ineffective to address
their problem. It is therefore, recommended that effective programmes should be
launched to combat the problem of child labour in the carpet factories.
 19

INSEC (1992) conducted a survey on bonded labour in Nepal under “Kamaiya

System”. This study is based on a field survey of three districts in mid-western and
far-western Terai region of Nepal namely Bardiya, Kailali and Kanchanpur. During the
Survey 17728 Kamaiyas were contacted and interviewed every year on oral contract
is negotiated on Maghe Sankranti (The first day of Magh) between the employer and
Kamaiya. In average the Kamaiyas are paid only paddy, for which he along with his
entire family members including the children must work under extremely difficult
circumstances for about 15 hours a day over 90 percent of the Kamaiyas are Tharus
and they are mostly homeless. In order to reduce the magnitude of this exploitation
the study recommends various measures.

The Labour Act (1992) provided for the rights, interests, facilities and safety of
workers and employers working in enterprises of various sectors. The labour act
provides for the extension of the provisions of minimum remuneration and certain
facilities prescribed in the Act to enterprises where less than ten workers or
employees work. Thus in terms of a notification issued by His Majesty’s Government,
it is also mandating for industrials or transport enterprises employment less than ten
workers or employees, to (a) issue a letter of appointment to every workers or
employees, indicating his/her post and remuneration (b) pay for work beyond 8 hours
a day or 48 hours a week. At a rate of 150 percent of basic remuneration (c) grant
thirteen days holiday with pull remuneration and fifteen days sickness leave on half
pay to those who have completed one year uninterrupted services (d) arrange for
healthy and safety for workers, comply with provisions on maximum weight of load
to be carried and provide full treatment to workers for physical injury suffered in the
course of work.

Karki (2022) has studied on “Situation of Domestic Child Labours in Kathmandu”.

The general objective is to find out facts and realities of the conditions of the
domestic child labours of Kathmandu Metropolitan City. The study revealed that
extreme poverty; landlessness and parental force are the root causes of domestic child
labours. These children are from the economically poor and backward families and
they represent the same community. The domestic child labours have to
survive under the most humiliating
 20

conditions of neglect, injustice and in human treatment compared to other members

of the society. Majority of child labours were found receiving monthly salary less
than Rs 501. Only 27.5 percent labours have received support in education. Majority
of them have to work more than 11 hours in a day. These domestic child labours
have to carry out of them are forced to work at the time of illness / injure and are
not visited doctor at the time of illness/injury.

[Link] Methodology
The current study is based on primary data collected from 50 respondents from the
different parts of Madhyapur Thimi Municipality, Bhaktapur. A well-structured
questionnaire was designed to collect the information from the respondents the
questionnaire was designed to study perception about child labor. Likert five point
scales were used for obtaining responses. The responses have been collected by
means of face-to-face interviews by authors.

3.1 Research Design

This study has been carried out on the basis of exploratory cum descriptive research
design and case study types of research design because of the study has focused on
to investigate the causes and consequences of domestic child labour in Madhyapur
Thimi Municipality Ward no. 13 and 14 of Bhaktapur District.

3.2Nature and Sources of Data

This study aims to dig out the causes and consequences of domestic child labour in
Ward No. 13 and 14 of Madhyapur Thimi Municipality of Bhaktapur district. This
study has been generated both primary and secondary data for the completion of this
study. Primary data were collected from respondents and secondary data were
collected from different published and unpublished written books, articles, journals,
reports etc.

3.3 Population and Sample

Ward No. 13 and 14 of Madhyapur Thimi Municipality of Bhaktapur district is the
universe
 21

of this study. This study has been carried out on the basis of purposive sampling.
Under this method, two urban wards (13 and 14 ‘Wamune and Marutol’) are
selected, from these two wards 50/50 respondents (100) will be selected for the
study. The small areas as settlements have been taken as areas of sampling.

3.4Data Analysis Tools

To analyze the generated data the help of computer program i.e. MS-Word, MS-
Excel, etc. were taken and simple statistical tools like table, graphs and diagrams
were used for data analysis; descriptive method was used for the analysis of
qualitative data.
 22

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