Ohm’s Law

(Hukum Ohm)
Bima Sena Bayu D., S.ST
 Tujuan
• Menjelaskan kepada mahasiswa
hubungan antara tegangan, arus dan
resistansi.
• Memberikan pemahaman kepada
mahasiswa tentang analogi hukum
Ohm dalam rangkaian listrik

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 What is Ohm's Law?
• Ohms Law is a mathematical equation explaining the
relationship between Voltage, Current, and Resistance
within electrical circuits. It is defined as follows:
E = I x R; R = E/I; I = E/R
• E = Voltage (Voltage is an electric potential difference
between two points on a conducting wire. Voltage is
measured in volts and comes from various sources such as
electric outlets and batteries.)
• I = Current (Current is measured in amperes. Current is
the flow of charged particles caused by a difference in
potential (voltage).)
• R = Resistance (Resistance is the opposition that a
material body offers to the passage of an electric current.
Resistance is measured in ohms. Examples of items with
resistance are: light bulbs, heating elements, hot plates,
toasters.)

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 How voltage, current, and
resistance relate
• An electric circuit is formed when a conductive path is
created to allow free electrons to continuously move. This
continuous movement of free electrons through the
conductors of a circuit is called a current, and it is often
referred to in terms of “flow," just like the flow of a liquid
through a hollow pipe.
• The force motivating electrons to “flow" in a circuit is called
voltage. Voltage is a specific measure of potential energy
that is always relative between two points. When we speak
of a certain amount of voltage being present in a circuit, we
are referring to the measurement of how much potential
energy exists to move electrons from one particular point in
that circuit to another particular point. Without reference to
two particular points, the term "voltage" has no meaning.
• Free electrons tend to move through conductors with some
degree of friction, or opposition to motion. This opposition
to motion is more properly called resistance.

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 Here are the standard
units of measurement for electrical
current, voltage, and resistance

Each unit of measurement is named after a

famous experimenter in electricity: The amp
after the Frenchman Andre M. Ampere, the volt
after the Italian Alessandro Volta, and the ohm
after the German Georg Simon Ohm.
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 How voltage, current, and
resistance relate
• The mathematical symbol for each quantity is
meaningful as well. The "R" for resistance and
the "V" for voltage are both self-explanatory,
whereas "I" for current seems a bit weird. The "I“
is thought to have been meant to represent
"Intensity" (of electron flow), and the other
symbol for voltage, "E," stands for "Electromotive
force." From what research I've been able to do,
there seems to be some dispute over the
meaning of "I." The symbols "E" and "V" are
interchangeable for the most part, although some
texts reserve "E" to represent voltage across a
source (such as a battery or generator) and "V"
to represent voltage across anything else.

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 How voltage, current, and
resistance relate
• One foundational unit of electrical measurement, often taught in
the beginnings of electronics courses but used infrequently
afterwards, is the unit of the coulomb, which is a measure of
electric charge proportional to the number of electrons in an
imbalanced state. One coulomb of charge is equal to
6,250,000,000,000,000,000 electrons. The symbol for electric
charge quantity is the capital letter "Q," with the unit of
coulombs abbreviated by the capital letter "C." It so happens
that the unit for electron flow, the amp, is equal to 1 coulomb of
electrons passing by a given point in a circuit in 1 second of
time. Cast in these terms, current is the rate of electric charge
motion through a conductor.

Q
I=
t
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 How voltage, current, and
resistance relate
• These units and symbols for electrical quantities will
become very important to know as we begin to explore the
relationships between them in circuits. The ¯rst, and
perhaps most important, relationship between current,
voltage, and resistance is called Ohm's Law, discovered by
Georg Simon Ohm and published in his 1827 paper, The
Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically. Ohm's
principal discovery was that the amount of electric current
through a metal conductor in a circuit is directly
proportional to the voltage impressed across it, for any
given temperature. Ohm expressed his discovery in the
form of a simple equation, describing how voltage, current,
and resistance interrelate:

E = I×R
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 How voltage, current, and
resistance relate
• In this algebraic expression, voltage (E)
is equal to current (I) multiplied by
resistance (R). Using algebra techniques,
we can manipulate this equation into two
variations, solving for I and for R,
respectively:

E E
R= I=
I R
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 How voltage, current, and
resistance relate

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 How voltage, current, and
resistance relate
• In this first example, we will calculate the amount of
current (I) in a circuit, given values of voltage (E) and
resistance (R):

• What is the amount of current (I) in this circuit?

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 How voltage, current, and
resistance relate
• Ohm's Law is a very simple and useful tool for analyzing electric
circuits. It is used so often in the study of electricity and
electronics that it needs to be committed to memory by the
serious student. For those who are not yet comfortable with
algebra, there's a trick to remembering how to solve for any one
quantity, given the other two. First, arrange the letters E, I, and
R in a triangle like this:

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 Review
• Voltage measured in volts, symbolized by
the letters "E" or "V".
• Current measured in amps, symbolized by
the letter "I".
• Resistance measured in ohms, symbolized
by the letter "R".
• Ohm's Law:
– E = IR
– I = E/R
– R = E/I

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 Power In Electric Circuits
• In addition to voltage and current, there is
another measure of free electron activity in a
circuit : power. First, we need to understand just
what power is before we analyze it in any circuits.
Power is a measure of how much work can be
performed in a given amount of time. Work is
generally defined in terms of the lifting of a
weight against the pull of gravity. The heavier
the weight and/or the higher it is lifted, the more
work has been done. Power is a measure of how
rapidly a standard amount of work is done.

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 Power In Electric Circuits
• In electric circuits, power is a function of both voltage and
current. Not surprisingly, this relationship bears striking
resemblance to the "proportional" horsepower formula
above:

P = E×I
• In this case, however, power (P) is exactly equal to
current (I) multiplied by voltage (E), rather than merely
being proportional to IE. When using this formula, the unit
of measurement for power is the watt, abbreviated with
the letter "W."

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 Review
• Power is the measure of how much work can be
done in a given amount of time.
• Mechanical power is commonly measured (in
America) in "horsepower."
• Electrical power is almost always measured in
"watts," and it can be calculated by the formula
P = I x E.
• Electrical power is a product of both voltage and
current, not either one separately.
• Horsepower and watts are merely two different
units for describing the same kind of physical
measurement, with 1 horsepower equaling 745.7
watts.

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 Calculating Electric Power
• We've seen the formula for determining the power in an
electric circuit: by multiplying the voltage in "volts" by the
current in "amps" we arrive at an answer in "watts." Let's
apply this to a circuit example :

• In the above circuit, we know we have a battery voltage of

18 volts and a lamp resistance of 3 Ω. Using Ohm's Law to
determine current, we get:

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 Calculating Electric Power
• Now that we know the current, we can
take that value and multiply it by the
voltage to determine power:

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 Calculating Electric Power
• Using algebra again to manipulate the formulae,
we can take our original power formula and
modify it for applications where we don't know
both voltage and current:
• If we only know voltage (E) and resistance (R):

• If we only know current (I) and resistance (R):

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 Review
• Power measured in watts,
symbolized by the letter "W".
• Joule's Law:
– P = I2 R
– P = I.E
– P = E2/R

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 Resistor
• Because the relationship between voltage, current, and
resistance in any circuit is so regular, we can reliably
control any variable in a circuit simply by controlling the
other two. Perhaps the easiest variable in any circuit to
control is its resistance. This can be done by changing the
material, size, and shape of its conductive components
(remember how the thin metal filament of a lamp created
more electrical resistance than a thick wire?).
• Special components called resistors are made for the
express purpose of creating a precise quantity of resistance
for insertion into a circuit. They are typically constructed of
metal wire or carbon, and engineered to maintain a stable
resistance value over a wide range of environmental
conditions. Unlike lamps, they do not produce light, but
they do produce heat as electric power is dissipated by
them in a working circuit. Typically, though, the purpose of
a resistor is not to produce usable heat, but simply to
provide a precise quantity of electrical resistance.
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 Resistor
• Resistors can also be shown to have varying
rather than fixed resistances. This might be for
the purpose of describing an actual physical
device designed for the purpose of providing an
adjustable resistance, or it could be to show
some component that just happens to have an
unstable resistance:

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 Resistor

Fixed Resistor Variable Resistor

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 Electronic Component
Pipe Resistor

1” Pipe Smaller pipe Resistor restricts

flow of current.
1/2” Pipe restricts
flow of fluids Resistors are made of
carbon or wire.

Valve
Variable
Valve restricts Resistor is a
flow of fluids Potentiometer
This could be used to control volume in a radio
Resistance measured in Ohms (Symbol = Ω)
1 ohm
2 inch pipe The smaller the The larger the 10 ohm
1 inch pipe pipe the more resistor value 100 ohm
3/4 inch pipe restriction of flow the more 1,000 ohm = 1K ohm
1/2 inch pipe restriction 10,000 ohm = 10 K ohm
1/4 inch pipe to current flow 100,000 ohm = 100 K ohm
09-09-2007 Electric & Electronic Circuit 11,000,000 ohm = 1 M ohm
24
2m
13m Pg 7
 Resistor Color Rings
Resistor
A Resistor Value is determined
by its color band and is measured in ohms

First Ring is First number / Closest to edge of resistor

Second Ring is second number
Third Ring is number of zero’s
Fourth Ring is tolerance 1% or 5% or 10% etc.

Resistor Color Code Values

First Ring Second Ring Third Ring Multiplier Fourth Ring
Black = 0 Black = 0 Silver = X .01 Brown = +/- 1%
Brown = 1 Brown = 1 Gold = X .1 Red = +/- 2%
Red =2 Red =2 Black = X 1 Gold = +/- 5%
Orange = 3 Orange = 3 Brown = X 10 Silver = +/- 10%
Yellow = 4 Yellow = 4 Red =2= X 100 None = +/- 20%
Green = 5 Green = 5 Orange = 3 = X 1000
Blue =6 Blue =6 Yellow = 4 = X 10,000
Violet = 7 Violet = 7 Green = 5 = X 100,000
Gray = 8 Gray =8 Blue = 6 = X 1000,000
White = 9 White = 9 Violet = 7 = X 10,000,000
1m 09-09-2007 Electric & Electronic Circuit 1 25
14m Pg 8
 Resistor
Ring
Black = 0
Brown = 1
Red =2
Orange = 3
Yellow = 4
First Ring is units Green = 5
Second Ring is Ten Blue =6
Third Ring is number of zero’s Violet = 7
Gray = 8
Example of Color Rings White = 9
First Ring Second Ring Third Ring
Red =2 Red = 2 Red = X 100 = 2200 ohms
Black =0 Red = 2 Brown = X 10 = 020 ohms

Test of Color Rings

First Ring Second Ring Third Ring

Brown = ____ Green = ____ Brown = _____ = ______ ohms

Green = ____ Red = ____ Yellow = _____ = ______ ohms

3m 09-09-2007 Electric & Electronic Circuit 1 26

14m Pg 9
 Review
• Devices called resistors are built to provide precise amounts
of resistance in electric circuits. Resistors are rated both in
terms of their resistance (ohms) and their ability to
dissipate heat energy (watts).
• Resistor resistance ratings cannot be determined from the
physical size of the resistor(s) in question, although
approximate power ratings can. The larger the resistor is,
the more power it can safely dissipate without suffering
damage.
• Any device that performs some useful task with electric
power is generally known as a load. Sometimes resistor
symbols are used in schematic diagrams to designate a
non-specific load, rather than an actual resistor.

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 SELESAI

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 Exercises

• Given I1= 2 amp, and R1 = 3 ohm, find Es.

• Given Es = 12 volt, R1 = 2 ohm, find I1.
• Given that Es = 100 volt, I1 = 50 mA, find
R1.
• Given that P = 90 Watt, I1 = 3 Amp, find the
value of R1.
• Given that R1 = 10 ohm, Es = 5 volt, find the
power dissipated by R1.
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 Exercises
• The maximum safe current through a
normal person is 5.0mA. A repair
technician touches the hot wire in an
appliance opened for servicing and
thereby comes into contact with 120V. Will
he receive a harmful shock
– if his hands are wet and the resistance of the
path through him to the ground is 8000 ohms?
Show your work.
– if his skin is dry and he is wearing rubber soled
shoes giving a resistance of 500,000 ohms to
ground. Show your work.

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 Exercises
• Diketahui warna dari sebuah resistor
adalah sebagai berikut :
– Merah, merah, merah, emas
– Kuning, violet, oranye, perak
– Coklat, hitam, kuning
Tentukan nilai masing-masing resistor diatas,
dan hitung I yang lewat jika resistor tersebut
dipasang seri dengan sumber tegangan Vs =
20 Volt !
• Hitung range daya yang mungkin pada
setiap resistor diatas !
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