1) 2 3) 4) Unix Commands cal:- Displays acalendar Syntax:- cal [options] [ month ] [year] Description :- cal displays a simple calendar. If arguments are not specified, the current month is displayed. The switching options are as follows: -1 | Display single (current) month output. (This is the default) =3 | Display previcurrentinext month output =5_| Display Sunday as the firstday ofthe week (Thisisthe default.) -m | Display Monday as the first day of the week -{_ [Display Julian dates (days one-based, numbered from January 1) ~y | Display a calendar for the current year Example: $cal or $cal 02 2016 Feb 2016 Su. Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 12 «13 14°15 «#16 «17 «18 «19 «20 21 22 23 24 «425 «26 27 28 29 clear :-It clears the terminal screen Syntax :- clear Description :- Clear clears your screen if this is possible, including its scroll back buffer. 1 Clear ignores any command-line parameters that may be present. pwd :- Displays path from root to current directory Syntax :- pwd [options] Example: $ pwd /home/kumar/progs cd: Itis used to change the directory. Syntax :- cd [directory] DescriptioUnix Commands Usedto goback onedirectory onthe majority ofall UNIX shells. Itisimportant that the space be between the cd and directory name or. Example:- $ pwd /home/kumar $ cd progs $ pwd /home/kumar/progs Sed. Jhome/kumar 5) Is:-Liststhecontents ofadirectory Syntax -- Is [options] Shows you all files, even files that are hidden (these files begin with a dot) List all files including the hidden files. However, does not display the working directory (.) or the parent directory (..). Ifan argument is a directory it only lists its name not its contents Shows you huge amounts of information (permissions, owners, size, andwhenlast modified.) Displays a slash (/) in front of all directories Reverses the order of how the files are displayed Includes the contents of subdirectories Example:- y y y v y $Is-1 -tw-r—-- 1 student student 23 Jan 16 15:27 file1 txt Field Explanation: Iffirst character is — then itis normal file Ifitis d then itis directory Field 1 - File Permissions: Next 9 character specifies the files permission, Each 3 characters refers to the read, write, execute permissions for user, group and world inthis example, -rw-+— indicates read-write permission for user, read permission for group, and no permission for others. Field 2-Number of links: Second field specifies the number of links for that fie. In this example, 1 indicates only one link to this file. Field 3 - Owner: Third field specifies owner of the file. Inthis example, this fileis owned by username’student’ Field4—Group:Fourthfieldspecifiesthe group ofthefile. Inthisexample, thisfile belongs to "student’ group, Field 5— Size: Fifth field specifies the size of file. In this example, '13' indicates the8) 7 8) 9) Unix Commands file size. > Field6—Last modified date & time: Sixth field specifies the date andtime ofthe last modification of the file. In this example, ‘Jan 16 15:27' specifies the last Modification time of the file. > Field7—Fileordirectoryname: The lastfieldis the name of thefile or directory. In this example, the file name is [Link] exit :-Itis used to terminate a program, shell or log you out of a network normally. Syntax :- exit echo :-It prints the given input string to standard output. Syntax :- echo string Example:- $ echo “hi.. hello unix” hi.. hello unix who :-who command can list the names of users currently logged in, their terminal, the time they have been logged in, andthe name of the host fromwhich they haveloggedin Syntax :- who [options] [file] Description:- ‘am i | Plintthe username ofthe invoking user, The’am'and'T mustbe space separated. -b Prints time of last system boot. -d print dead processes. -H__| Print column headings above the output. Includeidletimeas HOURS: MINUTES. Anidletimeof. indicatesactivity | within the last minute. =m_| Same as who am i 4 Prints onlythe usernames and the user count/total noofusersloggedin. | Example :- $ who dietstaffpts/1 2016-02-20 22:42 (:0.0) dietstaffpts/2 2016-02-20 09:30 (:0.0) Here first column shows user name, second shows name of the terminal the user isworkingon. Third& fourth column showsdateandtime oflogging, lastcolumn shows machine name. who am i:- Print effective userid Syntax :- who am i10) 11) 12) Unix Commands Description: - Print the user name associated with the current effective user id. Example : $ who am i dietstaffpts/3 2016-02-10 08:52 (:0.0) Here first column shows user name, second shows name of the terminal the user isworking on. Third& fourth columnshowsdateandtime flogging, lastcolumn shows machine name. mkdir:- This command is used to create a new directory Syntax :- mkdir [options] directory Description :- m Set permission mode (as in chmod) Pp No error ifexisting, make parent directories as needed Print a message for each created directory directory |The name of the directory that you wish to create Example:- $ mkdir aaa The above command will create directory named aaa under the current directory. We canalso create number of subdirectories with one mkdir command. rmdir:- Itis used to delete/remove a directory and its subdirectories. Syntax :- rmdir [options..] Directory Description :- It removes only empty directory. Allow users to remove the directory and its parent directories which become empty. be:- be commandis used for command line calculator. Itis similar to basic calculator. By using which we can do basic mathematical calculations. ‘Syntax :- bc [options] Description :- © be is a language that supports arbitrary precision numbers with interactive execution of statements. bc starts by processing code from all the files listed on the command line in the orderlisted. Afterallfiles have been processed, bcreads fromthestandardinput. Alll code is executed as itis readUnix Commands - | To avoid bc welcome message =| [Toinclude math library functionalities Example:- $be bc 1.06 Copyright 1991-1994, 1997,1998, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is free software with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. For details type ‘warranty’. 2"3 6 The above command used is for mathematical calculations. $be-1 boc 1.06 Copyright 1991-1994, 1997,1998, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is free software with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY For details type ‘warranty’ 1142 13, © The above command displays the sum of '11+2' $ be [Link] bbc 1.06 Copyright 1991-1994, 1997, 1998, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This isfree softwarewith ABSOLUTELY NOWARRANTY Fordetailstype warranty’. 13, ‘calc. bet file have the following code:11+2. Getthe input from file and displaysthe output 13) uname:- Itis used to print system information. Syntax :- uname [options] Description :- Print certain system information. -s__| print the kernel name =n__[ print the network node hostname =__| print the kernel release -v__| print the kernelversion =m_| print the machine hardware name -o [print the operating system Example:- $ uname Linux 14) tty:- Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. Syntax :- tty Description :- tty writes the name of the terminal that is connected to standard input onto15) 16) Unix Commands standard output, Command is very simple and needs no arguments. Example ~ Stty Istudentitty10 stty:- Change and print terminal line settings. Syntax :- sty Description :- stty sets certain terminal I/O modes for the device that is the current standard input. Without arguments, it writes the settings of certain modes to standard output. Example -- $sty speed 19200 baud, 25 rows, 79 columns kill =4U cat:- Itis used to create, display and concatenate file contents. Syntax : - cat [options] [FILE]... Description :- “A | Show all, -b_| Omits line numbers for blank space in the output, =e _| A$ character will be printed at the end of each line prior to a new line, -E_| Displays a $ (dollar sign) at the end of each line =n_| Line numbers for all the output lines. -s_| Ifthe output has multiple empty lines it replaces it with one empty line. =T_| Displays the tab characters in the output, Non-printing characters (with the exception of tabs, new-lines and formeeds) are printed visibly. Two basically three uses of the cat command. 1) Create new files. 2) Display the contents of an existing file. 3) Concatenate the content of multiple files and display. Example :- $ cat filet.c Above syntax will display the content of fle1.c $cat> filet.c Above syntax creates file1.c and allow us to insert content for this file.Unix Commands After inserting content you can use ctrl+d to exit the file. Iffile with same name exist then it will overwrite that file $ cat file1.c process management memory management file mgmt $ cat filet.c >> file2.c It can concatenate the contents of two files. For this you have to useappend output redirection operator. The contents of [Link] be appended to file1.c. 17) cp:-cp command copy files from one location to another. Ifthe destination is an existing file, then the file is overwritten; ifthe destination is an existing directory, the file is copied into the directory (the directory is not overwritten). Syntax :- cp [options]... source destination Description:- Here, after cp command contents of both source file and destination file files are the same. Itwill copy the content of source file to destination file. > Ifthe destination file doesn't exist, it will be created. Ifit exists then it will be overwritten without any warning, Ifthere is only one file to be copied then destination can be the ordinary file orthe directory file, archive files force copy by removing the destination file ifneeded interactive - ask before overwrite link files instead of copy follow symbolic links no file overwrite u update - copy when source is newer than dest Example:- $ cp file1 file2 The above cp command copies the content of file php to file2. php. Copy folder and subfolders: $ cp-R scripts scripts1 ‘The above cp command copy the folder and subfolders from scripts to scripts1 18) _rm:-Itis used to remove/delete the file from the directory.Unix Commands Syntax :- rm [options..] [file|directory] Description :- Files can be deleted with rm. It can delete more than one file with a single invocation. Fordeletinga single file wehaveto userm commandwith filenameto be deleted, > Deleted file can't be recovered. rm can't delete the directories. If we want to remove all the files from the particular directory we can use the * symbol -¥ [Ignore nonexistent files, and never prompt before removing. -i_| Prompt before every removal. | Examiple :- $ rm [Link] Remove the file [Link]. Ifthe fie is write-protected, you will be prompted to confirm that you really want to delete it. $rm* Remove all files in the working directory. If it is write-protected, you will be prompted before rm removes it $ rm -f [Link] Remove the file [Link], You will not be prompted, even if the file is write- protected; if rm can delete the file, it will $ rm -f* Remove all files in the working directory. rm will not prompt you for any reason before deleting them. $rm-i* Attemptto remove every file in the working directory, but prompt before each file to confirm, 19) _mv:- Itis used to move/rename file from one directory to another. Syntax :- mv [options] oldname newname Description :- my command which is short for move. ._ mvcommandisdifferentfromcp commandasitcompletely removes the filefrom the source and moves to the directory specified, where cp command just copies the content from one file to another. > mvhastwo functions: it renames a file and it moves a group of files to a different directory. Mv doesn'tcreatea copy of the file, it merely renames it. No additional ‘spaceis consumedondiskduringrenaming. Forexampleifwerenameafileosto 081 and then ifwe try to read file os we will get error message as it is renamed to 081 there is no existence of file named os.Unix Commands F mv will move the file(s) without prompting even ifitis writing over an existing target. Note thatthisis the defaultifthe standard inputis nota terminal ai Prompts before overwriting another file Example:- $ cat filet Memory Process Files $ mv filet file2 rename file1 tofile2 > If the destination file doesn't exist it will be created. mv can also be used to renamea directory. A group of files can also be moved toa directory. mv doesn't prompt for overwriting destination file if it exists. 20) ni nl numbers the lines in a file Syntax: - nl [OPTION] [FILE] Example Scat [Link] apples oranges potatoes lemons garlic Snl [Link] 1 apples 2 oranges 3 potatoes 4 lemons 5 garlic Inthe above example, we use the catcommandtodisplay the contents [Link]. Thenwe use nlto number each line and display the resultto standard output. $nl [Link] > [Link] Scat [Link] 1 apples 2 oranges 3 potatoes 4 lemons21) Unix Commands 5 garlic Inthe aboveexample, werunthe samen|command, butredirectthe outputtoa new file, [Link]. Then we use cat to display the results. cut :- cut command is used to cut out selected fields of each line of a file. The cut command uses delimiters to determine where to split fields, Syntax :- cut [options] filename Description file | A path name of an input file, Ifno file operands are specified, or ifa file operand is -, the standard input will be used ~c_| The list following -c specifies character positions -d_| The character following -d is the field delimiter -f_ | select only these fields on each line =b_| Select only the bytes from each line as specified in LIST Example = For example, let's say you have a file named [Link] which contains the following text: one two three four five alpha beta gamma delta epsilon Inthisexample, each of these words is separated by a tab character, not spaces. The tab character is the default delimiter of cut, so it will by default consider a field to be anything delimited by a tab. To "cut" only the third field of each line, use the command: $ cut -d’ ‘£3 [Link] three gamma let's say you want the third field and every field after it, omitting the first two fields. In this case, you could use the command: $ cut -d’ '-f3- [Link] three four five gamma —_ delta. epsilon $ cut -c 3 [Link] r m For example, to output only the third-through-twelfth character of every line of [Link], use thecommand: $ cut -c 3-12 [Link] e two thre pha beta gUnix Commands 22) paste:-pastecommandisusedtopastethe content from [Link] used to set column format for each line. Syntax :- paste [option] file Paste prints lines consisting of sequentially corresponding lines of each specified file. In the output the original lines are separated by TABs. The output line is terminated with anewline. -d__ | Specify of a list of delimiters. -s__| Paste one file at a time instead of in parallel | File | Apathname ofan input file. If-is specified for one or more of the file s, the standard input will be used. Example:- $cat>a Unix Linux. Windows $cat>b Dedicated server Virtual server $ paste ab Unix. Dedicated server Linux Virtual server Windows $ paste -d"|"ab Unix Dedicated server Linux|Virtual server Windows| $ paste -s ab Unix Linux Windows Dedicatedserver Virtual server $ paste -s -d"," ab Unix,Linux, Windows Dedicated server, Virtual server 23) more:-Displaystext one screen at atime. Syntax :- more [options] filename Description :- More command displays its output a page ata time. For example we are having a24) Unix Commands big file with thousands of records and we want to read that file then we should usemore command. Considera filenamed employeesthen wewilluse following command to read its contents a page at atime. ~c_| Clear screen before displaying -e_| Exitimmediately after writing the lastline of the lastfile in the argumentlist. =n_| Specify how many lines are printed in the screen for a given file. +n | Starts up the file from the given number. Example:- cm $ more -c [Link] Clears the screen before printing the file $ more -3 [Link] Prints first three lines of the given file. Press Enter to display the file line by line. $ more +/"hope" [Link] Display the contents of file [Link], beginning at the first line containingthe string "hope", p:- It compares two files and tells you which line numbers are different. Syntax : - cmp [options..] filet file2 Description :- -e > _Let's create a file named os2. And use cmp command to compare os and os'files. Output differing bytes as characters. Print the byte number (decimal) and the differing byte values (octal) for each difference. 8 Prints nothing for differing files, return exit status only. =e Output differing bytes as characters. Example:- $ cat filet memory process files $cat>file2 memory process files mgmt $ cmp filet filez File1 file2 differ: char 21, line 3 The two files are compared byte by byte and the location of the first mismatch is ‘echoed to the screen. cmp doesn’t bother about possible subsequent mismatches. vUnix Commands 25) _comm:- compare two sorted files line by line Syntax: somm [option]... FILE1 FILE2 Description :~ y 7 Compare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Requirestwosorted files and listsdifferingentriesindifferentcolumns. produces three text columns as output: 1Linesonlyinfilet. 2Linesonlyinfile2. 3Linesinbothfiles. -1_[ suppress lines unique to FILET -2_| suppress lines unique to FILE2 -3 | suppress lines that appear in both files For example let's create two files named file and file2 with following data. $ cat> filet [Link] chanchalsanghvi [Link] sumit [1] + Stopped $ cat> file2 anilaggarwal barunsengupta [Link] lalit Now let's use comm. Command with these two files. $commfilet file2 anilaggarwal barunsengupta [Link] chanchalsanghvi lalit [Link] sumit Inthe above outputwe can see that first column contains two lines unique to the first file and second column contains three lines unique tothe secondfile andthe thirdcolumncontainstwolinescommontoboththefiles. Comm. CanproducetheUnix Commands single column output using 3 options -1,-2 or -3. To drop a particular column, simply use its column number as a prefix. Example :- $ cat filet fle fc £3. fac 15.c $ cat file2 fic 3.c fac 6. fc Now, When you run the comm command on these files, this is what you get: $ comm filet file2 fle fc Be fc f5.c f6.c f7.c The outputis splitin 3 columns. Columnt indicates files which are uniquein filet, column 2 indicates files unique to file2. Column 3 indicates files common between [Link] command provides some real good options with which you can filter the outputbetter. Now, say you want to find out only the list of files which were there in the older version but not in the newer version: $ comm -23 filet file2 fe 5.c 1 The option-23 indicates to remove the second and third columns fromthe comm command output, and hence we are left with only the first column which is the files unique infilet Similarly, to find out the list of files which were not there in the old version, but has been added in the new version:Unix Commands $ comm -13 filet file2 f6.c fle As explained above, -13 option tells to remove the first and third columns from the comm output. Finally, to know the list of files which have been retained, or common inboth the versions: $ comm -12 filet file2 fc B.c fac When you apply comm command on files, the files should be sorted. This command works only on sorted files. 28) diff: Itis used to find differences between two files. Syntax :- diff [options..] fileone filetwo Deseri iption :- Diffis the third command that can be used to display file differences. Unlike its fellowmembers cmp and comm. ,italso tells uswhich lines in one file have tobe changed to make the two files identical -b Ignoreany changes which onlychangetheamountofwhitespace (suchas spaces or tabs) Ww Ignore whitespace entirely. B y ignore blank lines when calculating differences Display output in two columns. Ignore changes in [Link] upper- and lower-case letters equivalent, Example:- $ cat [Link] aaa bbb ccc ddd eee fff ggg $ cat [Link] bbb cc ddd eee fffUnix Commands ggg hhh $ diff [Link] [Link] 1d0 cc Ta? > hhh Lines like "1d0" and "3c2" are the coordinates and types of the differences between the two compared files, while lines like "< aaa" and "> hhh" are the differences themselves. diff change notation includes 2 numbers and a character between them Characters tell you what kind of change was discovered: + d-alinewas deleted © c-aline was changed * a-alinewasadded Numberto the left of the character gives you the line number in the original (first) file, and the number to the right of the character tells you the line number in the second file used in comparison. So, looking at the two text files and the diff output above, you can see what happened: 140 ee And this means that the line number 3 has changed. You can see how this confirms thattin the firs file the line was "ccc", and in the seconditnowis"cc" Ta? > hhh Finally, this confirms that one new line appeared in the second file, i's "hhh" in the line number 7.Unix Commands 27) chmod:-chmod command allows youto alter/ Change access rightsto files and directories. Syntax:- chmod [options] [MODE] FileName > chmod command is used to set the permissions of one or more files for all three categories of users (user,group and others). It can be run only by the user and super user. Command can be used in two ways. Let's first take a look at the abbreviations used by chmod command Category | Operation Permission u] User [+ | Assigns permission] r | Read permission g| Group |- | Removes w | Wile permission permission 0} Others |= | Assigns absolute |x | Execute permission File Permission : # | File Permission 0 | none execute only write only write and execute ead only Tead and execute Tead and write 7__[ set allpermissions THT o Relative permissions When changing permissions in a relative manner, chmod only changes the permissions specified in the command line and leaves the other permissions unchanged. In this mode it uses the following syntax: > let's first check the permission of file shortlist. It shows read/write permission Let's assign execute permission to this file for owner. $is-l -1w-t--—1 shortlist None 241 Feb 21 04:02 $ chmod u+x shortlist $s -l -rwxr-r~ 1 shortlist None 241 Feb 21 04:02 Here chmod uses expression u+xmeans — ushows user category thatis user, + shows we need to assign the permission and x shows execute permission. Sameway we can assign other permissions. 728) 28) Unix Commands Absolute permissions > Sometimes youdon'tneedtoknowwhatafile'scurrentpermissionsare, butwant tosetall nine permission bits explicitly. The expression used by chmod hereis a string of three octal numbers. Each type of permission is assigned a number as shown Read permission-4 Write permission-2 Execute permission -1 For each category we add numbers that represent the assigned permission. For instance , 6 represents read and write permission , and 7 represents all permissions. Example : $ chmod 666 myfile or(chmod u=rw,g=rw,o=rwmyfile) shortlist Shows read and wrie (4 +2) permissions for all three types of users. chown:- Command for system V that changes the owner of file, Syntax:-chown[options]newownerfilenameldirectoryname Description:- Change the permission on files thatare in the subdirectories ofthe directory that you are currently in. Change the permission for each file. Prevents chown rom displaying errormessages when itisunabletochangethe ownership of a file. Example :- $ Is 1 [Link] -w-t=t~ 1 root root 0 Jan 31 05:48 demo. txt $ chownvivek [Link] -Iwet--t-- 1 vivek root 0 Jan 31 05:48 [Link] chgrp:- chgrp commandis used to change the group of the file or directory. This is an admin command. Root user only can change the group of the file or directory. Syntax:- chgrp [options] newgroup filename/directoryname Descriptio R Change the permission onfiles thatarein the subdirectories ofthe directory that you are currently in. -6 Change the permission for each file. f Force. Do not report errors. Example = $ Is -I [Link] -1w-r—t- 1 root root 0 Jan 31 05:48 demo. txt30) 31) 32) Unix Commands $ chgrp vivek [Link] -1w-t-t— 1 root vivek 0 Jan 31 05:48 [Link] file:- file command tells you if the object you are looking at is a file or a directory. Syntax:- file [options] directorynamerfilename Description:- File commandisusedto determine the type of file, especially ofan ordinary ile We can use it with one or more filenames as arguments. For example we can use file command to check the type of the os1 file that we have created. $ file os1 os1: short english text finger:- finger command displays the user's login name, real name, terminal name and write status (as a "*" after the terminal name if write permission is denied), idle time, login time, office location and office phone number. Syntax:- finger [username] Description :~ -I___| Force Tong output format -s__| Force short output format Example :- $ finger rahul Login:abe Name: (null) Directory: /home/abe Shell: bin/bash Onsince Mon Nov 1 18:45 (IST) on:0 (messages off) Onsince Mon Nov 1 18:46 (IST) on pts/0from:0.0 Newmailreceived Thu Feb 7 10:33 2015 (IST) Unreadsince MonFeb812:592016 (IST) No Plan. sleep:-Delay for a specified amount oftime Syntax :- sleep NUMBER[SUFFIX] Description:- The sleep command pauses for an amount of time defined by NUMBER. 1 SUFFIXmaybe"s’ forseconds (the default), "m"forminutes, "h’ for hours, of fordays. Example :- To sleep for 5 seconds, use: $sleep 5 To sleep for 2 minutes, use:Unix Commands $ sleep 2m To sleep for 3 hours, use: $ sleep 3h 1 Tosleep for 5 days, use: $ sleep 5d 33) _kill:-kill command is used to kill the background process. Syntax:- kill [options] pid Description :- 34) 35) The commandkillsends the specified signal to the specified process or process group. Ifno signalis specified, the TERM signalis sent. The TERM signal willkill processes whichdo not catch thissignal. For other processes, it may benecessary touse the KILL (9) signal, since this signal cannot be caught. pid. Specify the list of processes that kill should signal s send the specified signal to the process - [list all the available signals. Force to kill a process. users :- users command displays currently logged in users. Syntax:- users Output: $ users dietstaff dietstaff ps:- Itis used to report the process status. ps is the short name for Process Status Syntax:- ps [options] Description :- -a | Listinformationaboutall processes most frequently requested: allthose except process group leaders and processes not associated with a terminal -A_| List information for all processes. Identical to -e, below ~f_| Generate a full listing -i_| Print session ID and process group ID. -I_| Generate a long listing Example = $psUnix Commands PIDTTY TIME CMD 291 console 0:00 bash 36) In--Incommandis used tocreate link toafile (or) directory. Ithelpsto provide soft ink for desired files, Syntax:- In [options] existingfile(or directory)name newfile(or directory)name Description:- What Is A Link? Alinkis an entry in your file system which connectsa filename to the actual bytes of data on the disk. More than one filename can"link"tothe samedata, Here'san example. Let's create a file named file1 txt: $ echo "This is a file." > [Link] This command echoes the string "This is a file". Normally this would simply echo to our terminal, but the > operator redirects the string's text to a file, in this case file .txt When this filewas created, the operating system wrote the bytes to allocation on the diskand also linked that datatoa filename, file1 txtsothatwe can efertothe file in commands and arguments. If you rename the file, the contents of the file are not altered; only the information that points to it The filename and the file's data are two separate entities. Filet txt NU This isa file’ Whatthe link command does is allow us to manually create a link to file data that already exists, So, let's use link to create our own linkto the file data we just created. Inessence, we'll create another file name for the data that already exists. $ link filet txt [Link] The important thing to realize is that we did not make a copy of this data. Both filenames pointto the same bytes of data on the disk. Here's anillustrationtohelp you visualize it [Link] [Link] N74Unix Commands “This is a file” Ifwe change the contents of the data pointed to by either one of these files, the otherfile's contents are changed as well. Let'sappenda line to one ofthem using the >>operator: $ echo "It points to data on the disk." >> [Link] Now let's look at the contents of file1 txt: $ cat [Link] This is a file. now let's look at the second file, the one we created with the link command. § cat [Link] This is a file In, by default, creates a hard link just like link does. So this In command $ In filet txt [Link] Itis the same as the following link command. Because, both commands createa hard link named [Link] which links to the data offile1 txt. $ link filet txt file. txt However, we can also use In to create symbolic links with the -s option. So the command: $In-s [Link] [Link] Itwill create a symbolic link tofile1 .txtnamed [Link]. In contrast to our hard link ‘example, here's an illustration to help you visualize our symboliclink: [Link] «| [Link] \ ‘Thisis a file’ You should also be aware that, unlike hard links, removing the file (or directory) thata symlink(symboliclink\) points towillbreak thelink. Soifwe create filet txt: $ echo "This isa file." > [Link] Now, create a symbolic link to it: $In-s [Link] [Link] we can cat either one of these to see the contents:37) 38) Unix Commands $ cat [Link] This is a file $ cat [Link] This is a file. But, ifwe remove filet txt: $ rm [Link] we can no longer access the data it contained with our symlink: $ cat [Link] cat: file2 txt: No such file or directory 3 Makes it so that it creates a symbolic link f Ifthe destination file or files already exist, overwrite them. | head:- head commands used to display the first ten lines of afile, and also specifies how many lines todisplay. Syntax:- head [options] filename Description:- Head command displaysthe top of thefile. When used withoutan option it displays the first ten lines of the file. n To specify how many lines you want to display. The number option-argument must be a decimal integer whose sign affects the location in the file, measured in lines. The number option-argument must be a decimal integer whose sign affects the location in the file, measured in bytes. -n number -c number| Example :- $ head [Link] Display the first ten lines of [Link]. $ head -15 [Link] Display the first fifteen lines of myfile. txt. $ head -c 20 [Link] Willoutputoniy the firsttwenty bytes (characters) of [Link], Newlinescountas asingle character, so ifhead prints out anewline, itwill countitas a byte. $ head -n 5K [Link] Displays the first 5,000 lines of [Link]. tail:-tailcommandis used to display the last or bottom partof the ile. By defaultit displays last 10 lines of a file. Syntax :- tail [options] filename Description:Unix Commands A To specify the units of lines. -b To specify the units of blocks n To specify how many lines you want to display. “¢number| Thenumberoption-argumentmustbeadecimalintegerwhose sign affects the location in the file, measured in bytes. Thenumberoption-argumentmustbeadecimalintegerwhose -n number sign affects the location in the file, measured in lines. Example: - $ tail [Link] It displays the last 10 lines of ‘index. txt’ $ tail -2 [Link] C Itdisplays the last 2 lines of [Link]’. $ tail -n 5 [Link] It displays the last lines of index. txt. $ tail -c 5 [Link] It displays the last 5 characters of ‘index. txt’ 39) sort: Itis used to sort the lines in a text file. Syntax:- sort [options] filename -b Ignores spaces at beginning of the line Check whether inputis sorted; donot sort Sorts in reverse order Ifline is duplicated only display once Example:- Reverse the result of comparisons $ cat > [Link] apples oranges pears kiwis bananas $[Link] apples bananas kiwis oranges pears Note that this command does not actually change the input file, [Link]. Ifyou want to write the output to a new file, output txt, redirect the output like this:Unix Commands $ sort [Link] > [Link] it will not display any output, but will create the file [Link] with the same sorted data from the previous command. To check the output, use the cat command: $ cat [Link] apples bananas kiwis oranges pears Youcanalsouse the built-in sort option -o, which allows you to specify an output file $ sort -o [Link] [Link] Using the -0 option is functionally the same as redirecting the output to a file; neither one has an advantage over the other. Sorting In Reverse Order : Youcanperformareverse-ordersort using the-rflag. For example, the following command: $ sort -r [Link] pears oranges kiwis bananas apples Checking For Sorted Order If you just want to check to see if your input file is already sorted, use the -c option: $[Link] Ifyour datais unsorted, you will receive an informational message reporting the line number of the first unsorted data, and what the unsorted data is. 40) find:- Finds one or more files assuming that you know their approximate path Syntax :- find [options] path Findis one of the powerfulutlity of Unix(or Linux) used forsearching the filesina directory hierarchy path A path name of a starting point in the directory hierarchy -maxdepth | Descend at mostlevels (a non-negative integer) levels of directories below the command line arguments. a ignore the case in the current directory and sub-directories,Unix Commands -size Find file based on size Example:- 41) unig: $ find -name "[Link]: Jokp/sum,java /[Link] $ find -iname "sumjava" JSUM java Jokp/sum,java Jsum java $ find -maxdepth 1 -name "[Link]" /sum java Find Files Under Home Directory Find all the files under /home directory with name [Link]. $ find home -name [Link] Jnome/[Link] $find.-size10M Display files whose size is exactly 10M $ find . -size +10M Display files larger than 10M size $ find -newer "sum,java" Display the files which are modified after the modification of a give file. $ find . -perm 777 display the files based on the file permissions. This will display the files which have read, write, and execute permissions. To know the permissions of files and directories use the command "Is I". $ find -name ™" -size +1000k The system would search for any file in the list that is larger than 1000k. -Reportorfilter out repeated ines inafile. Syntax:- unig [option] filename Description : Precede each output line with a count of the number of times the line occurred in the input ‘Suppress the writing of lines that are not repeated in the input Print all duplicate lines Avoid comparing first N fields [Ignore case when comparing ‘Avoid comparing first N characters. Prints only unique lines42) Unix Commands Ww ‘Compare no more than N characters in lines Example:- $ cat [Link] Unix operating system unix operating system unix dedicated server linux dedicated server Thedefaultbehaviour ofthe uniqcommandistosuppress the duplicateline, Note that, you have to pass sorted input to the unig, as it compares only successive lines. $ unig [Link] unix operating system unix dedicated server linux dedicated server The -coptionis used to find how many times each line occurs inthe file. Itprefixes each line with the count. $ uniq -c [Link] 2unix operating system 1 unix dedicated server 1 linux dedicated server You can print only the lines that occur more than once in a file using the -d option. $ uniq -[Link] unixoperatingsystem The -D option prints all the duplicate lines. $ uniq -D [Link] unix operating system unix operatingsystem tr:- Translate characters, Syntax:- tr [options] sett [set2] Description:- ~ Complement the set of characters specified by string? ~d Delete all occurrences ofinputcharacters thatare specifiedbysstringt “3 replaces repeated characters listed in the string? with single occurrence| Seti__| First string or character to be changed set2__| Second string or character to change the string? Example: Convert lower case letters to upper case The following tr command translates the lower case letters to capital letters in the43) Unix Commands give string $ echo “linux dedicated server" | tr "[:lowe LINUX DEDICATED SERVER $echo ux dedicated server" | tr “[a-z]" "[A-Z]" LINUX DEDICATED SERVER The-coptionis used to replace the non-matching characters with another set of characters. $ echo "unix" uaaa You can squeeze more than one occurrence of continuous characters with single occurrence. The following example squeezes two or more successive blank spaces into a singlespace. $echo"linux server" | tr-s linux server © The following examp! $ echo "linuxserve Server [:upper:]" tr-c removes the word linux from the string "| tr-d "linux" history:-history command is used to list out the recently executed commandsin the number line order. Syntax:- history [options] Description: The history command performs one of several operations related to recently- executed commands recorded in a history list. Each of these recorded commands is referred to as an “event” Example To list the recently executed commands $ history This command is used to list the history. To find specific command istory list: $ history |grep cd 33 cd Pictures! 37 cd 39 cdDesktop/ 61 cd/usr/bin/ 68 cd This command is used to list only ed commands from history list To copy history list to file clear the history list by deleting all of the entries.Unix Commands $ history -a [Link] This command is used to copy history list to history. txt file To Clear all histo $ history -c 1. This command can be used to clear all history from history list. 44) write:-Sendamessageto anotheruser. Syntax:- write person [ttyname] Description:- The write utilty allows you to communicate with other users, by copying lines from your terminal to theirs. When yourun the write command, the user you are writing to gets a message of the format: Message from yourname@yourhost on yourtty at hh:mm Any further lines you enter will be copied to the specified user's terminal. Ifthe other user wants to reply, they must run write as well > When youare done, type an end-of-file or interrupt character. The other user will see the message ‘EOF’ indicating that the conversation is over person | Ifyouwishtotalk to someone on your own machine, then personisjustthe person's login name. If you wish to talk to a user on another host, then person is of the form 'user@host’ ttyname | Ifyou wish to talk to a user who is logged in more than once, the tlyname argument may be used to indicate the appropriate terminal name, where ttyname is of the form 'ttyXX' or'pts/X’. 48) _grep:-Itselects and prints the lines froma file which matches a given string or pattern. Syntax:- grep [options] pattern [file] Description:- This command searches the specified input fully for a match with the supplied pattern and displaysit While forming the patterns tobe searched we can use shell match characters, or regular expressions. Let us begin with the simplest example of usage of grep. ai ignore case distinctions -v__| Invert the sense of matching, to select non-matching lines. -w__| Selectoniythoselinescontainingmatchesthatformwholewords. Select only matches that exactly match the whole line. print a count of matching lines for each input file. Example46) 47) Unix Commands $ grep "Error" [Link] This searches forthestring"Error"inthe log fileand printsallthelinesthathas the word "Error" $ grep "stri let file2 1 Searching for a string in multiple files. $ grep i "UNix" [Link] The -i option enables to search for a string case insensitively in the give file. It $ grep -w "world" [Link] Bydefault, grepmatches the given string/pattern even ifitfoundasa substringin afile. The -w option to grep makes it match only the whole words. $ grep -c "sting" [Link] We can find the number of lines that matches the given string/pattern $ grep 4 a" * We can just display the files that contain the given string/pattern $ grep -n “string” [Link] Wecanmake the grep commandto display the position ofthelinewhich contains the matched string in a file using the -n option pwd:-Displaying your current directory name (Print working directory). Syntax:-pwd [options] Description:- Atthe time of logging in useris placed in the specific directory of the file system, You can move around from one directory to another, but any point of time, you are locatedin only onedirectory. Thisdirectoryisknownas yourcurrentdirectory. pwd command tells your current directory. Example:- $ pwd /home/abc we:- Word Count (wc) command counts and displays the number of lines, words, character and number of bytes enclosed in a file. Syntax: - we [options] [filename] Description:- > This command counts lines, words and characters depending on the options used. It takes one or more filenames as its arguments and displays four-columnar output. For example let's read our os! file, And we use we command with that filename. print the newline counts. print the word counts. |Unix Commands -6_| print the byte counts. -m_| print the character counts. -L_ | print the length of the longest line. Example :- v Scat [Link] Red Hat Centos Fedora Debian Scientific Linux OpenSuse Ubuntu Xubuntu Linux Mint Pearl Linux Slackware Mandriva The ‘we' command without passing any parameter will display a basic result of “[Link]' file, The three numbers shown below are 12 (number of lines), 16 (number of words) and 112 (number of bytes) of the file. Swe [Link] 12 16 112 [Link] To count number of newlines ina file use the option ‘-I, which prints the number of lines from a given file. Say, the following command will display the count of newlines inafile. Inthe output the firstfiled assigned as count and second fieldis the name offile. $we -I [Link] 12 [Link] Using '-w' argumentwith ‘we' command prints the number of words inafile. Type the following command to count the words in a file $we -w [Link] 16 [Link] When using options ‘=c' and-m' with ‘wc! command will print the total number of bytes and characters respectively in a file $we -c [Link] 112 [Link] The ‘we'command allow an argument ‘,ittcan be used to print out the length of48) 43) 1) Unix Commands longest (number of characters) line in a file, So, we have the longest character line (‘Scientific Linux’) in a file, $we -L [Link] 16 [Link] man:-man command whichis shortformanual, provides in depth information aboutthe requested command (or) allows users to search for commands related to a particular keyword. Syntax:- man commandname [options] Description :- -a__| Print a one-line help message and exit. -k_| Searches for keywords in all of the manuals available. Example:- $ man mkdir Display the information about mkdir command | (Pipeline command):- Used to combine more than one command. Takes output of 1* command as input of 2" command. Syntax:- commmand1] command). Example: SIs -I| grep "Feb" -1 dietstaffdietstaff 336 Feb 19 14:[Link] (1 dietstaffdietstaff 410 Feb 19 14:[Link] drwxr-xr-x7 dietstaffdietstaff 4096 Feb 24 09:04 Desktop drwxr-xr-x7 dietstaffdietstaff 12288Feb 26 07:44Downloads drwxr-xr-x3 dietstaffdietstaff 4096 Feb 26 08:55 lab drwxr-xr-x2dietstaffdietstaff 4096 Feb 24 08:00 sheliscript -Mwer-r—1 dietstaffdietstaff 81 Feb 24 12:[Link] Explain the basic system administration commands of unix date :- Prints orsets the date and time. Syntax :- date[options] [+format] [date] Description :- > Display the current date with current time, time zone > The command can also be used with suitable format specifies as arguments, Each format is preceded by a + symbol, followed by the % operator, and a single character describing theformat. Format tha [Abbreviated weekday(Tue).Unix Commands %A | Full weekday(Tuesday) %b_| Abbreviated month name(Jan). %8_| Full month name(January). %o_| Country-specific date and time format %D_| Date in the format %m/%di%y. %j_| Julian day of year (001-366). %p_| String to indicate a.m. or p.m. %T_| Time in the format %H:%M:%S. %ht_| Tab space. %V_[Week number in year (01-52); start week on Monday. Example:- $date Fri Feb 19 [Link] IST 2016 $ date +%m 02 $ date +%h Feb $ date +%y 16 $ date +"Date is %D %t Time is %T" date is 19/02/16 Time is [Link] To know the week number of the year, $ date -V 4 > To set thedate, $ date -s "10/08/2016 [Link]" > The above command will print Wed Oct 08 [Link] IST 2016 2) wall:~send a message to everybody's terminal. Syntax :- wall [ message ] > Wall sends a message to everybody logged in with their mesg(1) permission set to yes. The message canbe given as an argumentto wail, oritcan be sentto wall's, standard input. When using the standard input from a terminal, the message should be terminated with the EOF key (usually Control-D). > The length of the message is limited to 20 lines. Example : - $sudo wall [Link] > Using the sudo command to run wall as the superuser, sends the contents, ofmessage txt to allusers. v ulimit : Setting limits on file size3) 4 Unix Commands Syntax: - ulimit [mit] Description :~ > The ulimit command imposes a restriction on the maximum size of the file that a users permitted to create , so that there is less wastage of disk space. passwd:-Itis used to change your password. Syntax:- passwd Description :- > Passwd changes the password or shell associated with the user given by name or the current user if name is omitted. > First user has to insert current password. Then new password will be asked followed by confirm new password field. > passwd command canalsobeusedtochangethehomedirectory wherethepath stands for the home directory. suid : - set user id. Description :- > suid (Set owner UserID up on execution) is a special type of fle permissions given toafile, > Normallyin Linux/Unixwhenaprogramruns, itinherits access permissions from the logged inuser. > suid is defined as giving temporary permissions to a user to run a program/file with the permissions of the file owner rather that the user who runs it. > Insimple words users will get file owner's permissions as well as owner UID and GID when executing a file/program/command Example:- $ chmod uts [Link] $1s-laout -twsr-xr-rw 1 dietstaff dietstaff 121 Feb 21 11:18 [Link]1) 2) Unix Shell Scripts Write a shell script to scans the name of the command and executes it. Program :~ echo "enter command name" read cmd Somd Output :- enter commandname cal February 2016 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 12345 6 7 89 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Writea shell scriptWhich works like calculatorand performs below operations Addition , Subtract ,Division Multiplication lif statement echo " Enter one no." read nt echo "Enter second no,” read n2 echo “[Link]" echo "[Link]" echo "3 Multiplication" echo "[Link]" echo "Enter your choice read ch echo"Sum="$sum elif[$ch="2"] then elif[$ch="3"] then 1]sum='expr $n1 \* $n2° echo "Mul = "sum elif[$ch="4"] then su fi Output :- Enter oneno. 32 Enter second no. 12 [Link] [Link] [Link] 4 Division Enter your choice 2 Sub = 20 using while loop and switch statement ie'y" while [$i="y"] do echo"Enteroneno." read nt echo"Enter secondno.” read n2 echo “[Link]" echo "2. Subtraction" echo "3 Multiplication" echo "[Link]" echo "Enter your choice” read ch case $ch in 4)sum="expr $n1 + $n2° echo "Sub = "$sum;; 3)sum="expr $n4 \* $2" Unix Shell Scripts 2]3) Unix Shell Scripts echo "Mul = "$sum;; 4)sum="expr$n1 /$n2° echo "Div="$sum *Jecho "Invalid choice”; esac echo "Douwantto continue ?y/n" read i if[ $i!="y"] then exit Output :- Enter oneno. 32 Enter second no. 22 [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] Enter your choice 2 Sub = 10 Douwantto continue ? yin N Write a shell scriptto print the pyramid structure for the given number. Program :- echo"enterthenumber" readn printf "\n" printt"s;" done printf "\n" done 3]4) 5) Unix Shell Scripts Output :- enterthenumber 4 1 12 123 1234 Write a shell scriptto find the largest among the 3 given numbers. Program :- clear echo"Enterfirstnumber:" reada echo "Enter second number: " read b echo"Enterthird number: readc if[$a-ge $b-a$a-ge $c] then echo "Sais largest integer” elif[ $b -ge $a -a $b -ge $c] then echo "Sb is largest integer" elif [ $c -ge $a -a $c-ge $b] then echo "$c is largest integer" fi Output :~ Enter first number: 22 Entersecondnumber: 33 Enter third number: 42 44 is largest integer Writeashellscriptto find factorialofgivennumbern. Program :~ clear 4|6) fact=" echo"Enternumbertofind factorial :” readn a=$n #ifentervaluelessthanO if[$n-le 0] then echo “invalid number" exit fi #factorial logic while [$n-ge 1] do fact="exprSfact\*$n’ n="expr$n-1" done echo "Factorial for $a is $fact" Output :- Enter numberto find factorial 5 Factorial for 5 is 120 Writea shell scriptto printall primenumbers from 1 ton. Program :- clear echo"entertherange” readn echo"the primenoare:" m=2 while [$m-le $n] do i-2 flag=0 while [$i-le “expr $m/2°] do if['exprsm% $i -eq0] then flag=1 break fi Unix Shell Scripts 5|7 iF'expr $i +1” done if[Sflag -eq 0] then echo $m fi m="expr$m+1" done Output :- enter the range 10 theprimenoare 2 3 5 7 Write a shell scriptto reverse a number supplied by a user. Program :- if[ S#-eq1] then if[$1-gt0] then num=$1 sumi=0. while [$num -ne 0} do Inum="expr $num % 10° sumi="expr $sumi \* 10 + $Inum* num="expr $num / 10° done echo"Reverseofdigitsis Ssumiof$1" else echo" Numberislessthan0" fi else echo "Insert only one parameter" fi Unix Shell Scripts 6]8) 9) Unix Shell Scripts Output bash [Link] 123 Reverse of digits is 321 of 123 WriteashellscripttofindfirstnFibonaccinumbers like:01,1,2,3,5,13,... Program :- clear ‘echo"Howmanynumberoftermstobegenerated ?" readn x0 y= iz: echo" Fibonacci Series up to $n terms:” echo "Sx" ‘echo "$y" while [ $i-It $n] echo"$z" xy y=8z done Output :- How many numbers of terms to be generated? 5 Fibonacci Series upto 5terms: 0 1 1 2 3 Write a shell script to check whether the given number is Perfect or not. Program :- echo Enter a number read no i=1 ans=0 while [ $i-le “expr Sno / 2°] 7|Unix Shell Scripts do if{’expr$no% $i -eq0] then ans="expr $ans + $i° fi i=’expr$it 1” done if[$no-eqSans] then echo $no is perfect else echo $noisNOT perfect fi Output :- Enter anumber 6 6 is perfect Enter anumber 10 10 is NOT perfect 10) Write a shell script which displays a list of a files in the current directory to which you have read, write and execute permissions Program :- for File in* do if[-1$File-a-w$File-a-x$File] then echo $File fi done Output Desktop Documents Downloads lab Music 8|Unix Shell Scripts Pictures Public shellscript Templates Videos 11) Writeashellscriptthatdeletesallthefiles inthecurrentdirectory whichareObytesin length. Program :- clear find -name"*"-size-1k—delete echo “files deleted” Output :- files deleted 12) Write a shell scriptto check whether the given stringis Palindrome or not, Program :- clear echo "Enter the string:" read str echo len="echoSstr|we-c’ len="exprSien- 1" = jF'expr Slen / 2° while test $i-le $) do k= echo $str | cut-c$i I=echo$str| cut-c$len* iftest $k = $1 then echo "String is not palindrome” exit fi iexpr i+ 1° len="expr $len - 1" done echo "String is palindrome" 3]Unix Shell Scripts Output :- Enter the string: abba String is palindrome Enter the string: abe String is not palindrome 13) Write a shell script o display the digits which are in odd position ina given 5 digit number Program :- echo"EnteraSdigitnumber" read num n=1 while [$n-le5] do a="echo$num|cut-c$n" echo $a n="expr$n+2° done Output :- Entera5digitnumber 12345 1 3 5 14) Write a shell script to check given year is leap year ornot. Program :- clear echo"enter any year" read num if['exprSnum % 4° -eq0] then if{'expr$num % 100° -eq0-aexpr$num % 400° -ne0} then echo"Notaleap year" else echo "Leap year" 10]15) 16) Unix Shell Scripts fi else echo" Notaleap year" fi Output :- enter any year 2016 Leap year enter any year 2100 Not a leap year Writea shell scriptto find the value of one number raised tothe power of another. Program :- echo "Input number" read no echo" Inputpower" read power counter=0 ans=1 while [Spower-ne counter] do ans="echo $ans \* $no | be” counter="echo $counter +1 | be’ done echo "Sno power of $power is Sans” Output :- Input number 5 Input power 3 5 power of 3 is 125 Writeashellscriptto display the following detailsin pay listPay slip details, House rent allowance, Dearness allowance, Provident fund, HRA is to be calculated at the rate 0f20% ofbasic, DAattherate of 40% of basic andPF atthe rate of 10% ofbasic. Program :- 11]Unix Shell Scripts ity’ while [$i=" do echo"Please enter your Basic:" read basic echo “PAY SLIP DETAILS" echo "1. HOUSE RENT ALLOWANCE” echo "2, DEARNESS ALLOWANCE" echo "3. PROVIDENT FUND" echo "your choice:" read ch case $ch in 1) hra=" expr Sbasic \* 20 / 100° ‘echo Your HOUSE RENT ALLOWANCE is Rs. $hrar; 2) da="expr Sbasic \* 40 / 100° echo Your DEARNESS ALLOWANCE is Rs. $da;; 3) pf="expr Sbasic \* 10 / 100° echo Your PPOVIDENT FUND is Rs. $pf;; *Jecho"Notavalid choice"; esac echo"Douwantto continue?" read i if[ $i!= then exit fi done y'] Output :- Please enter your Basic: 1000 PAY SLIP DETAILS 1, HOUSE RENT ALLOWANCE 2, DEARNESS ALLOWANCE 3. PROVIDENT FUND your choice: i Your HOUSE RENT ALLOWANCE is Rs. 200 Do u want to continue ? 12]Unix Shell Scripts 17) Writeashellscripttofindsumofdigits ofanumber. Program :- clear echo"enterthenumber" readn sum=0 a=$n while(($n >0)) do =" expr Sn % 10° =" expr$sum+$x° n="expr$n/10° done echo "the sum of $a is $sum" Output :- enterthenumber 3355 the sum of 3355 is 16 18) Write a shell script that greets the user by saying Good Morning, Good Afternoon, and Good Evening according to the system time. Program :- clear #hours="date|cut -c 12-13° hours="date +%H" if[ Shours-te 12] then echo "Good Morning” elif [ Shours -le 16 ] then echo "Good Afternoon" elif [ hours -le 20 ] then echo "Good Evening” else echo "Good Night” fi Output :~ Good Afternoon 13]19) 20) Unix Shell Scripts Write a shell script to generate mark sheet of a student. Take 3 subjects, calculate and display total marks, percentage and Class obtained by the student. Program :~ Clear echo"Enterthe fivesubjectmarksforthestudent” read s1s2s3 sum1="expr $s1 + $s2 + $s3" echo "Sum ofS subjects are: "$sumt per=‘expr Ssum1/3° echo" Percentage: " Sper if[ $per-ge 60] then echo "You get Distinction" elif [ $per -ge 50] then echo A€ceYou get First classa€+ elif [ $per -ge 40] then ‘echo "You get Second class’ else echo "You get Fail" fi Output :- Enterthe fivesubjectmarksforthestudent 78 88.92 Sum of 5 subjects are: 258 Percentage: 86 You get Distinction Writeashellscriptthatfindstotaino, ofusersandfinds outhowmany ofthemare currently logged in. Program :~ cat /etc/passwd>[Link] set ‘we -| [Link]” log="who|we -I echo "There are $1 users in network" echo "There are $log user loged in right now" Output :- There are 49 users in network Thereare2 userlogedinrightnow 14|