Artificial Intelligence

Unit 1
Topics to be
covered...
Definition of AI
Branches of AI
Role of Machine Intelligence
Types of Artificial Intelligence
Future of Artificial Intelligence
Evolution of AI
Intelligent Agents & It's Types
Agent Environment in AI
Characteristics and application of Learning
Agents Problem Solving Approach to Typical AI
problems Happy Ending!
Definition of AI
Definition of AI
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of a computer to do tasks that are
usually done by humans because they require human intelligence.
The capacity given by humans to machine to memorize and learn from
experience, to think and create, to speak, to judge and make decisions.
Definition of AI
AI programming focuses on three
cognitive skills:
Learning: Focuses on acquiring data and creating rules(algorithm) for
how to turn the data into actionable information.
Reasoning: Focuses on choosing the right algorithm to reach a desired
outcome.
Self-correction: Designed to continually fine-tune algorithms and ensure
they provide the most accurate results possible.

Goal of AI:
To create expert systems
To implement human intelligence in machines
Branches of AI
Branches of AI
Machine
Learning Deep
Learning
Natural Language
Processing Robotics
Expert
Systems
Fuzzy Logic
Branches of AI
Machine Learning:
Machine Learning is the science of getting machines to interpret, process and
analyze data in order to solve real-world problems.
Branches of AI
Deep Learning:
Process of implementing Neural Networks on high dimensional data to gain
insights and form solutions.
Deep Learning is the logic behind the face verification algorithm on Facebook,
self-driving cars, virtual assistants like Siri, Alexa and so on.
Branches of AI
Natural Language Processing:
Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to the science of drawing insights
from natural human language in order to communicate with machines and
grow businesses.
Twitter uses NLP to filter out terroristic language in their tweets, Amazon
uses NLP to understand customer reviews and improve user experience.
Branches of AI
Robotics:
Robotics is a branch of Artificial Intelligence which focuses on different
branches and application of robots. AI Robots are artificial agents acting in a
real-world environment to produce results by taking accountable actions.
Branches of AI
Fuzzy Logic:
Fuzzy logic is a computing approach based on the principles of “degrees of
truth” instead of the usual modern computer logic i.e. boolean in nature.
Fuzzy logic is used in the medical fields to solve complex problems that involve
decision making. They are also used in automatic gearboxes, vehicle
environment control and so on.
 Role of Machine
Intelligence in Human
life
Role of Machine Intelligence in human
life
Two Categories for AI Usage
i)Software/Methodology:
Prominent examples of AI software used in everyday life include voice
assistants, image recognition for face unlock in mobile phones, and ML-
based financial fraud detection. AI software usually involves just
downloading software with AI capabilities from an online store and requires
no peripheral devices.

ii)Embodied:
The hardware side of AI includes its utilization in drones, self-driven vehicles,
assembly- line robots, and the Internet of Things (IoT). This involves the
design of specific devices that are based on AI capabilities.
Role of Machine Intelligence in human
life
Navigation and Travel
The work of AI programmers behind navigation apps like Google Maps and
Waze never ends.
Yottabytes of geographical data which is updated every second can only be
effectively cross-checked by ML algorithms unleashed on satellite images.

Smart Input Keyboards:

The latest versions of mobile keyboard apps combine the provisions of
autocorrection and language detection to provide a user-friendly experience.
Role of Machine Intelligence in human
life
Internet of Things:
IoT deals with devices interacting with the internet, the AI part helps these
devices to learn from data.
The five broad steps involved in IoT-enabling are - create, communicate,
aggregate, analyze and act.

Security and Surveillance:

It is nearly impossible for a human being to keep a constant eye on too many
monitors of a CCTV network at the same time. So, naturally, we have felt the
need to automate such surveillance tasks and further enhance them by
leveraging machine learning methodologies.
Types of
Artificial
Intelligence
Types of Artificial
Intelligence
1. Purely Reactive
2. Limited Memory
3. Theory of Mind
4. Self-Aware
Types of Artificial
Intelligence
[Link] Reactive
These machines do not have any memory or data to work with, specializing in
just one field of work.
For example, in a chess game, the machine observes the moves and
makes the best possible decision to win.

[Link] Memory
These machines collect previous data and continue adding it to their
memory. They have enough memory or experience to make proper decisions,
but memory is minimal.
For example, this machine can suggest a restaurant based on the location
data that has been gathered.
Types of Artificial
Intelligence
[Link] of Mind
This kind of AI can understand thoughts and emotions, as well as
interact socially. However, a machine based on this type is yet to be
built.
A "theory of mind" machine can think emotionally and can respond with
emotions. For example: Ai like Sofia.

[Link]-Aware
Self-aware machines are the future generation of these new
technologies. They will be intelligent, sentient, and conscious.
These These types of machines can be called human equivalents.
For example: A robot 'arm' made by a group from Columbia University.
Future of
Artificial
Intelligence
Future of Artificial
Intelligence
Evolution of AI
 program
ming
Future
Evolution of AI of AI

Beginning of AI (1993)
AI knowledge-based expert system
(1970) Machine learning (1998)
Formal

Informal
Supervised learning
(2004) Spam filters
Facial
recognition
Unsupervised
learning
Clustering
algorithm Market
segmentation
Genetic
Intelligent
Agents &
It's Types
Intelligent Agents
An intelligent agent is an autonomous entity which acts upon an environment
using sensors and actuators for achieving goals.
An intelligent agent may learn from the environment to achieve their goals

Following are the main four rules for an AI agent:

Rule 1: An AI agent must have the ability to perceive the
environment. Rule 2: The observation must be used to make
decisions.
Rule 3: Decision should result in an action.
Rule 4: The action taken by an AI agent must be a rational action.
Intelligent Agents
Types
Simple reflex agent
Model-based reflex
agent Goal-based
agents
Utility-based agents
[Link] reflex
agent
The Simple reflex agents are the simplest agents. These agents take decisions
on the basis of the current percepts and ignore the rest of the percept history.
The Simple reflex agent works on Condition-action rule, which means it maps
the current state to action. Such as a Room Cleaner agent, it works only if
there is dirt in the room.

Problems for the simple reflex agent design approach:

They have very limited intelligence
They do not have knowledge of non-perceptual parts of the
current state Mostly too big to generate and to store.
Not adaptive to changes in the environment.
1. Simple reflex
agent
[Link]-based reflex
agent
The Model-based agent can work in a partially observable environment,
and track the situation.

A model-based agent has two important factors:

Model: It is knowledge about "how things happen in the world," so it is
called a Model- based agent.
Internal State: It is a representation of the current state based on percept
history.
These agents have the model, "which is knowledge of the world" and based on
the model they perform actions.
2. Model-based reflex
agent
3. Goal-based
agents
The knowledge of the current state environment is not always sufficient to
decide for an agent to what to do.
The agent needs to know its goal which describes desirable situations.
Goal-based agents expand the capabilities of the model-based agent by having
the "goal" information.
They choose an action, so that they can achieve the goal.
These agents may have to consider a long sequence of possible actions
before deciding whether the goal is achieved or not. Such considerations of
different scenario are called searching and planning, which makes an agent
proactive.
3. Goal-based
agents
4. Utility-based
agents
These agents are similar to the goal-based
agent.
Utility-based agent act based not only goals but also the best way to achieve the
goal.
The Utility-based agent is useful when there are multiple possible
alternatives, and an agent has to choose in order to perform the best
action.
The utility function maps each state to a real number to check how efficiently
each action achieves the goals.
4. Utility-based
agents
5. Learning
agents
A learning agent in AI is the type of agent which can learn from its past
experiences, or it has learning capabilities.
It starts to act with basic knowledge and then able to act and adapt
automatically through learning.

A learning agent has mainly four conceptual components, which are:

Learning element: It is responsible for making improvements by
learning from environment
Critic: Learning element takes feedback from critic which describes that
how well the agent is doing with respect to a fixed performance standard.
Performance element: It is responsible for selecting external action
Problem generator: This component is responsible for suggesting actions
that will lead to new and informative experiences.
5. Learning
agents
Agent Environment
in AI
Agent Environment
in AI
An environment is everything in the world which surrounds the agent, but it is
not a part of an agent itself. An environment can be described as a situation in
which an agent is present.
The environment is where agent lives, operate and provide the agent with
something to sense and act upon it. An environment is mostly said to be
non-feministic.

Features of Environment
Fully observable vs Partially
Observable Static vs Dynamic
Discrete vs Continuous
Deterministic vs
Stochastic Single-agent
vs Multi-agent Episodic
vs sequential
Known vs Unknown
Accessible vs Inaccessible
 If an agent sensor can sense or access the complete state of an environment
at each point of time then it is a fully observable environment, else it is
partially observable.

An agent with no sensors in all environments then such an environment

is called as unobservable.

[Link] vs Stochastic:
If an agent's current state and selected action can completely determine the
next state of the environment, then such environment is called a
deterministic environment.

A stochastic environment is random in nature and cannot be determined

completely by an agent.
[Link]-agent vs Multi-
agent
If only one agent is involved in an environment, and operating by itself
then such an environment is called single agent environment.

However, if multiple agents are operating in an environment, then such an

environment is called a multi-agent environment.

[Link] vs Dynamic
If the environment can change itself while an agent is deliberating then such
environment is called a dynamic environment else it is called a static
environment.

Static environments are easy to deal because an agent does not need to
continue looking at the world while deciding for an action.
Example: Taxi driving(DE), Crossword puzzles(SE).
[Link] vs Inaccessible
If an agent can obtain complete and accurate information about the state's
environment, then such an environment is called an Accessible environment
else it is called inaccessible.

An empty room whose state can be defined by its temperature is an

example of an accessible environment.

Information about an event on earth is an example of Inaccessible environment.

Characteristics and
application of
Learning Agents
Characteristics
[Link]: When an agent receive some form of sensory input from its
environment, it then perform some actions that change its environment in
some way.

[Link]: This agent characteristics means that an agent is able to act

without direct intervention from humans or other agents this type of agent
has almost complete control over its own actions and internal state

[Link]: This agent characteristics means that it is capable of reacting

flexibility to changes within its environment.

[Link]: This type of characteristics means that the agent is capable of

interacting in a peer to peer manner with other agents or humans.
 Applications
Classification
prediction
Search
engines
Computer
vision Self
driving car
Recognition of gestures.
Problem Solving
Approach to Typical
AI problems
Problem-solving agent
steps
According to computer science, a problem-solving is a part of artificial intelligence
which encompasses a number of techniques such as algorithms, heuristics to solve
a problem.

Goal Formulation: It is the first and simplest step in problem-solving. It

organizes the steps/sequence required to formulate one goal out of multiple
goals as well as actions to achieve that goal.

Problem Formulation: It is the most important step of problem-solving which

decides what actions should be taken to achieve the formulated goal.
Initial State: It is the starting state or initial step of the agent towards its
goal.
Actions: It is the description of the possible actions available to the agent.
Transition Model: It describes what each action does.
Goal Test: It determines if the given state is a goal state.
Path cost: It assigns a numeric cost to each path that follows the goal.
The problem- solving agent selects a cost function, which reflects its
performance measure.
Remember, an optimal solution has the lowest path cost among all the
solutions.
Problem-solving agent
steps
Search: It identifies all the best possible sequence of actions to reach the
goal state from the current state. It takes a problem as an input and returns
solution as its output.

Solution: It finds the best algorithm out of various algorithms, which may be
proven as the best optimal solution.

Execution: It executes the best optimal solution from the searching algorithms
to reach the goal state from the current state.
Happy Ending!