University of Juba

School of Mathematics
Undergraduate Programme
First Year, First Semester
Course Code: SMA111

Email address: duompeter2@[Link]

COURSE INFORMATION

• Title: Basic Mathematics I

• Semester One
• 3 credit hours
• Class: First Year, School of Computer Science and Information Technology.
GRADING POLICY

⚫ Group project/individual assignment/test 30 %

⚫ Examination 70 %

Total 100 %

SMA111: Basic Mathematics I

Goal
To develop a foundational understanding of fundamental mathematical concepts, including set
theory, logic, number systems, and basic functions.

Course Objective:
To introduce students to various Mathematical functions and their graphs, to various types of series
and to complex numbers.

Course Learning Outcome:

By the end of this course; the student should be able to;
• Define and solve problems involving complex numbers, relations and functions.
• Construct various mathematical proofs
• Solve problems involving permutations, combinations and Trigonometry.
• State, prove and apply trigonometry identities
• Solve problems on Partial fractions, polynomials in one variable and elementary function.
• Draw graphs of elementary functions, trigonometric functions and polynomials

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Course Description:
Sets, Elementary mathematical logic, statements, connective, equivalence, truth function and truth
tables, Mathematical proofs, Number systems, Complex numbers, Relations and functions, binary
operations, Elementary functions and their graphs, Polynomials in one variable, Partial fractions,
Permutations, Combinations, Trigonometry.

Textbooks and Journals for the course:

• Serge Lang (1998) Basic Mathematics ISNB9780387967875
• Charles P.M. (2000) Basic Mathematics ISNB 9780534378929
• Robert R.S. (1979) Set Theory and Logic ISNB 9780486638294
• Go to University of Juba library – a bunch of books titled “Calculus”

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 Lecture 1
1.2 NUMBER SYSTEM AND SET THEORY
1. Natural Numbers (positive integers): These are ordinary counting numbers i.e 1, 2,
3……ꚙ
2. Integers: Positive and negative whole numbers, including
zero (−∞. . . −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . ∞).
𝑃
3. Rational Numbers: Numbers that can be expressed as a fraction in the form of 𝑄
1 3
(e. g. , 2 , − 4 , 0.333, 5.272727). Where P and Q are integers and Q is not equal to zero.
Decimal representation are repeating or terminating.
4. Irrational numbers: Numbers that cannot be expressed as a fraction (𝑒. 𝑔. , 𝜋, √2).
They have an infinite number of decimal places and there's no repeating pattern in their
decimal expansion.
5. Real Numbers: All rational and irrational numbers.
6. Complex Numbers: Numbers with a real and imaginary part (𝑒. 𝑔. , 2 + 3𝑖).

1.2 SET THEORY

A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects. To put it simply, it's a group of things. The
"things" can be anything: numbers, letters, people, even other sets.
E.g. 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢} 𝑜𝑟 𝐴 = {4, 6, 8, 13}

The notation 𝜖 is used to indicate membership of a set, however the notation (∉) shows non-
membership. In order to represent the fact that one set is a subject of another set, we use notation
ϵ. A set “S” is a subject of another set “T” if every element in “S” is a member of “T”.

Example
If 𝐴 = {4, 6, 8, 13}, then
i) 4∈ {4, 6, 8, 13} or 4 ∈ 𝐴; 16 ∉ A
ii) {4,8}𝜖𝐴; {5,7} ∉ A

1.3 TYPES OF SETS

We have various types of sets that can be defined differently

a) Finite and infinite sets

Finite set has a known number of elements while Infinite set has unknown number of
elements.

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 e.g 𝑃 = {2, 4, 6 … … … … 20}_ finite
𝑆 = {1, 3, 5 … … … … . } _ infinite

b) Universal Set
Refers to all the elements that an analyst wishes to study. It is denoted by “U”.
c) Null set, void or empty set
This is a set which contains no element. It is denoted by Ø 𝑜𝑟 { }
e.g If B= Ø then it is a null set.
d) Equal or equivalent sets
Two sets C and D are said to be equal if every member of set C belongs to D and every
member of set D belongs to C.
e) Complement of a set
The complement of a set A is written as 𝐴′ . This set contains all the elements of universal
set that are not in A.
E.g 𝑈 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
𝐴 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
𝑨′ = {𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟗}

f) Sub-set
let A and B be two sets, if all elements in A are in B then we say A is a subset of B or A
is contained in B and is denoted by 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵.
Example 1
For example, if 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}, 𝐴 = {2,4,6,8,10} and 𝐶 = {1,3,5,7,9,11},
then A is a subset of B, because all elements of A are in B and C is not a subset of B,
because not all the elements of C are in B.

g) Power Set
It is a collection of all the subsets of a given set. There are two compulsory subsets
(a) A set is a subset of a given set
(b) A null set is a subset of every set found in the power set.
Note that the formula is 2n, where 𝒏 = number of subsets.
Example 1
Obtain the power set of 𝑀 = {𝑎, 𝑏}

𝑀 = {𝑎, 𝑏} = {{𝑎, 𝑏}, {𝑎}, {𝑏}, ∅}

Example 2

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Obtain the power set of 𝑇 = {4,7,8}

Solution
The formula is 2n, where n = number of subsets
𝑛 = 3, 23 = 8

{{4,7,8}, {4,7}, {4,8}, {7,8}, {4}, {7}, {8}, ∅}

#Exercise:
Find the power set of the following
1) 𝐹 = {1,2,3}
2) 𝐸 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒}

h) Intersection of a set

BՈC denotes the intersection of B and C. It is the set containing all those elements which belong
to both B and C.

Example

If 𝐵 = {5, 8, 11, 20, 25} and 𝐶 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13}, then the intersection will be

𝐵Ո𝐶 = {5, 11}.

i) Union of a set
It is a collection of the elements in all sets. Each element in union of a set appears once
and all the elements are arranged in ascending order. It is denoted by ∪.
Example
If 𝑃 = {1,2,3} and 𝑄 = {1,3,5,6}
𝑷 ∪ 𝑸 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟔}

1.4 SET OPERATIONS AND SOME LAWS OF SET THEORY.

1.1.1 The Venn Diagram

A simple way of representing sets is by the means of a Venn diagram. A Venn diagram
consists of a rectangle that represents the universal set. Subjects of the universal set are
represented by circles drawn within the rectangle or the universe.

Suppose that the universal set is designated by U and the sets A, B and C are subjects of
U, then the Venn Diagram below can be used to illustrate the sets as follows.

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 U

A B C

a) Intersection of sets
Venn diagram representing the intersection of A and B or 𝐴Ո𝐵 = 𝐶 is illustrated as follow;

A C B

OR
Let A and B be two sets, the intersection of AՈB are all elements common to both A and
B. It can be shown with a Venn diagram as;

Example 1

You are given the universal set 𝑇 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} and the following

universal set

A= {3,4,5,6}
B= {1,3,4,7,8}
Determine the intersection of A and B.

Solution
The intersection of A and B is the subject of 𝑇, containing elements that belong to both A and B.

𝐴Ո𝐵 = {3,4,5,6} Ո ({1,3,4,7,8}

= {3,4}

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 OR

T U
A 5 3
1
6 4 B
7

Example 2

Consider the following universal set T and it’s

subjects C, D and E T= {0,2,4,6,8,10,12}
C= {4,8}
D= {10,2,0}
E= {0}
Find
i) DՈE
ii) CՈDՈE
Solution
i) DՈE= {10,2,0}Ո{0} ={0}

Or

D E

DՈE

ii) CՈDՈE = {4,8}Ո{10,2,0}Ո{0} ={ } or Ø

T D
E

C 4,8 2,10

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 b) Mutually exclusive or disjointed sets

P R

Two sets are said to be disjointed or mutually exclusive if they have no elements in
common. Sets P and R below are disjointed
Disjointed sets are represented by a null
set in this case PՈR= Ø

d) The union of sets

It is a collection of the elements in all sets. Each element appears once and are arranged
in ascending order.
The Venn diagram representing the union of all sets A∪B is illustrated below.
U

AՍB = Shaded Area

Example 1

Consider the universal set T and its subsets A,B and C below

.𝑇 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓, }
𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑑}
𝐵 = {𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑}
𝐶 = {𝑎, 𝑐, 𝑒, 𝑓}
Find:
i) 𝐴∪B
ii) 𝐴∪𝐶
iii) 𝐵∪𝐶
iv) 𝐴∪𝐵∪𝐶
Solution
i) A∪B= {a, b, c, d}
ii) A∪C= {a, c, d, e, f}

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 iii) B∪C= {a, b, c, d, e, f}
iv) A∪B∪C= {a, b, c, d, e, f}

Example 2

Using 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, 𝐵 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and 𝐶 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

Find;

i) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1,2, 3,4,5,7,9}
ii) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {1,2,3,4,6,8,10}
iii) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐴′ = Ø

Example 3

For the universal set T={1,2,3,4,5} and its subsets A={2,3}

and B={5,4} Find;

i) 𝐴′
ii) {𝐴′}′
iii) {𝐵′}′

Solutions

i) 𝐴′ = {1,4,5}
ii) {𝐴′}′ = {2,3}
iii) {𝐵′}′ = {5,4}

Example 4

The sets L,M and N in a universal set consisting of the first 10 lower case letters of
alphabet are L={a,b,c} M={a,d,e,f} and N={b,c,a,e}. Determine the numbers of sets.

i) MՍN
ii) LՍN
iii) L’
iv) (LՍMՍN)’
Solution
i) MՍN ={a,b,c,d,e,f}
ii) LՍN = {a,b,c,e}
iii) L’= {d,e.f,g,h,i,j}
iv) (LՍMՍN)’={g,h, i,j}

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