Module : 1 Introduction of PCB Design

A printed circuit board (PCB) is an electronic assembly that uses copper conductors to
create electrical connections between components. PCBs also provide mechanical support
for electronic components so that a device can be mounted in an enclosure.

All PCBs are built from alternating layers of conductive copper with layers of electrically
insulating material. Conductive features on printed circuit boards include copper traces,
pads, and conductive planes. The mechanical structure is made up of the insulating material
laminated between the layers of conductors. The overall structure is plated and covered with
a non-conductive solder mask, and silk screen is printed on top of the solder mask to provide
a legend for electronic components. After these fabrication steps are completed, the bare
board is sent into printed circuit board assembly, where components are soldered to the
board and the PCBA can be tested.

Types of PCBs

 Single-sided - This board only has components mounted on one surface. The back surface
is typically fully copper (ground) and coated with a solder mask.
 Double-sided - This type of circuit board has components mounted on both surfaces. Each
surface is defined as a signal layer in the PCB stack-up, so the surfaces will contain traces
that carry signals between components.
 Multi-layer PCBs - These boards have conductors on internal layers that carry electrical
signals between components, or the internal layers could be conductive plane layers. Multi-
layer PCBs may be single-sided or double-sided.

Starting a New PCB Design

When it's time to start a new design, printed circuit boards pass through several
stages. Production-grade circuit boards are designed using ECAD software, or a CAD
application that includes many utilities that are specialized for circuit board design and
layout. ECAD software is built to help designers walk through a specific process for circuit
board design, beginning with basic electrical drawings and ending with manufacturing file
preparation. Circuit board design follows a basic process:

1. Front-end engineering - In this stage, the major components are selected and some
basic circuit diagrams are typically created so that the functionality in the board can
be designed.
2. Schematic capture - This is the stage where ECAD software is used to translate
simple circuit diagrams into electronic drawings that define electrical connections
between components. Schematic symbols are used to denote components in the
design.
3. Material selection and PCB stack-up design - In this stage, laminate materials are
selected and the stack-up is designed to accommodate the need for plane layers,
signal layers, dedicated routing channels, and specific material properties.
 4. Component placement - After the board shape is set and components are imported
into a new PCB layout, components are arranged in the layout to comply with the
design's mechanical requirements.
5. Routing - Once the component placement is approved, it's time to route traces
between components. Routing tools in ECAD software are used to set Trace
geometry may be determined in this stage with the goal of ensuring impedance
control (for high-speed signals).
6. Design review and verification - Once routing is completed, it's always a good idea
to inspect and evaluate the design to ensure there are no mistakes or unresolved
problems. This can be done with manual inspection or using post-layout simulation
tools.
7. Preparing for Manufacturing - Once the design is completed, it's time to prepare for
production by generating standard manufacturing files. These files are used in
automated fabrication and assembly equipment.
8. If you want to easily get through all of these stages in the PCB electronics board
design process, you need to use the best design software with an intuitive user
interface and a complete set of PCB design features.

 Fundamental of circuit design :

1. Understand the building blocks of circuit theory.

2. Understand the key concepts in circuits, such as impedance,
current, power, voltage.
3. Analyse ideal simple analogue circuits.
4. Analyse circuits using complex numbers.
5. Build and undertake measurements for simple analogue circuits.
6. Select and use propper mathematical tools for the solution of
problems in circuits.

 Creating New Components

1. To understand the component working and also read the datasheet.

 Introduction to Analog Circuit

Analog circuit design is the branch of electrical engineering that deals with designing circuits to
manipulate continuous signals. These signals can represent a wide range of phenomena, from audio
and video signals to temperature and pressure measurements. Here's a brief introduction to analog
circuit design:

1. Continuous Signals: Unlike digital signals, which have discrete values, analog signals vary
continuously over time. These signals are represented by voltage or current levels that can
take any value within a certain range.
2. Components: Analog circuits primarily use passive components like resistors, capacitors,
and inductors, as well as active components like transistors, operational amplifiers (op-amps),
and diodes. These components interact to process and manipulate analog signals.
3. Basic Circuits: Analog circuit design often begins with understanding basic circuit
configurations such as voltage dividers, filters, amplifiers, oscillators, and comparators. These
circuits form the building blocks for more complex systems.
 4. Amplifiers: Amplifiers are essential components in analog circuit design. They increase the
strength of signals, enabling them to be processed or transmitted over long distances without
significant loss. Common types include voltage amplifiers, current amplifiers, and operational
amplifiers.
5. Filters: Filters are circuits that selectively pass certain frequencies while attenuating others.
They are crucial for shaping the frequency response of analog systems, removing unwanted
noise, and separating different signals in communication systems.
6. Oscillators: Oscillators generate periodic waveforms such as sine, square, or triangle waves.
These circuits are fundamental in applications like clock generation, signal synthesis, and
frequency modulation.
7. Feedback: Feedback is a central concept in analog circuit design. It involves feeding a
portion of the output signal back to the input to control the circuit's behavior. Negative
feedback is commonly used to stabilize amplifiers, improve linearity, and regulate circuit
performance.
8. Noise and Distortion: Analog circuits are susceptible to noise and distortion, which can
degrade signal quality. Designers must consider techniques such as shielding, filtering, and
signal conditioning to minimize these effects.
9. Simulation and Analysis: Before fabrication, analog circuits are typically simulated using
specialized software tools. This allows designers to analyze circuit performance, optimize
component values, and predict behavior under various conditions.
10. Practical Considerations: Analog circuit design often involves trade-offs between
performance, cost, power consumption, and size. Designers must balance these factors while
meeting the specifications of the intended application.

Mastering analog circuit design requires a deep understanding of electronic principles, component
characteristics, and circuit behavior. It's a challenging yet rewarding field that plays a vital role in
countless electronic devices and systems.

 Introduction to digital circuit design

 Digital circuit design is a fundamental aspect of electrical engineering and computer science
that focuses on creating circuits to process discrete signals or digital data. Here's an
introduction to digital circuit design:

 Digital Signals : Unlike analog signals, which vary continuously, digital signals have discrete
values representing binary digits (bits) – 0s and 1s. These signals are used to represent
information in various forms, such as numbers, text, and multimedia.

 Logic Gates : At the heart of digital circuit design are logic gates, which are electronic circuits
that perform Boolean logic operations on input signals to produce output signals. Common
logic gates include AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR gates.

 Combinational Logic: Combinational logic circuits generate output signals solely based on the
current input signals. Examples include adders, multiplexers, demultiplexers, encoders, and
decoders. These circuits are crucial for performing arithmetic operations, data manipulation,
and signal routing.

 Sequential Logic: Sequential logic circuits incorporate memory elements such as flip-flops
and registers to store and manipulate data over time. This allows them to implement
 sequential operations and maintain state. Examples include counters, shift registers, and
finite-state machines (FSMs).

 Integrated Circuits (ICs): Digital circuit design often involves using integrated circuits (ICs)
that contain multiple logic gates, flip-flops, and other components in a single package. These
ICs come in various forms, such as standard logic gates, programmable logic devices (PLDs),
and application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs)..

 Clocking and Timing: Digital circuits rely on clock signals to synchronize operations and
ensure proper timing. Clocking schemes, including synchronous and asynchronous designs,
play a crucial role in controlling the flow of data and coordinating circuit behavior.

 Testing and Verification: Testing and verification are essential steps in digital circuit design to
ensure that the circuit meets its specifications and functions correctly under various
conditions. Techniques such as simulation, formal verification, and hardware testing are
employed to validate designs.

 Power Optimization: Digital circuit designers must consider power consumption and optimize
circuits to minimize energy usage while meeting performance requirements. Techniques such
as clock gating, power gating, and voltage scaling are employed to achieve power efficiency.

 Application Areas: Digital circuit design is pervasive across various industries and
applications, including computer hardware, telecommunications, consumer electronics,
automotive systems, and industrial automation. It forms the backbone of modern digital
technology and enables the development of advanced computing systems and electronic
devices.