WOLKITE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

COLLE
GE OF
ENGINE
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
Name Student
ENGINEERING
ID Number
1. Internship
Gelana Kebata ………..…...ENG/003/2009 Report
2. Muktar Cindi ……….…......ENG/019/2009
3. Temam Mohammed ………ENG/020/2009
4. Wandu Jufar ……….…..…ENG/031/2009

Ethiopia,Wolkite
Under Advisor of
July15/2025

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Declaration

This is to certify that this internship report is our own authentic work carried out under the
guidance of our mentor and supervisor. we would like to ensure that the matter embodied in this
internship report has not been submitted and presented earlier. we have prepared the report based
on the knowledge and experience that we have gained from the hosting company, Ameya Road
and Logistics Office during our internship period.

Approval of the Mentor and the Advisor

This is to confirm that this internship report is an authentic work carried out by Temam, Gelana,
Muktar and Wandu Jufar under our guidance. The matter embodied in this internship report has
not been submitted and presented earlier to the best of our knowledge

Name of the student;

1. Temam Mohammed. Signature: ______ 3. Muktar Chindi, Signature: ______ and

2. Gelana Kebeta. Signature: ______ 4. Wandu Jufar Signature: ______

Date: ________ Date: ________

Company Supervisor Name: Mr. Asefa Bayera.

Signature: __________________
Date: ______________________
Mentor name: _______________
Signature: _______________
Date: ______________________

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First we would like to thank our almighty God for all things he give us. Next we would like to
thanks First and foremost we have to extend our greatest gratitude to Wolkite University College
of Engineering and Technology for providing such kind of an opportunity for students to stretch
our perception on how the real world in the field of civil engineering looks like.

We also like to thank our supervisors, mentor and all the employees of the Ameya Woreda
Road and Logistics and also Dareje G.C. They all have been such a great asset to our eyes
opening experience during this internship program. Especially we must thank all the employees
that we have encountered on the construction site for giving us the time and for their patience in
making sure that all my questions have been answered.

Finally, Also Construction Company of Ameya Woreda Road and Logistics office would like to
thank project manager Engineer, Burka Geleta and Site Engineer Mr. Cala Kenasa who provided
us full opportunity and share their knowledge and gives us a chances to start internship and
accumulate first hand comprehensive information during my internship.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report covers our internship experience in Ameya Woreda Road and Logistics office
through the time we have spent in the internship program at the office, we have gained valuable
insight into the many aspects of a Bridge Design and Construction profession. This internship
report contains four parts. The first part is introduction about background of hosting company,
mission, vision, and goal, general work flow of the company, its main products and services,
overall structure of organizational and major activity of internship are briefly discussed.
The second section of our report briefly explains overall internship experience, the work task we
have been executing like Bridge Excavation work, Lean and Reinforcement concrete, Back fill,
Compaction of backfill, Abutment the bridge, Girder of the bridge, Bridge Wall, and how to
handle follow of the water under the bridge. The internship started in October 05/2017 and
Ended to February, 05, 2017.E.C. This paper is a written report about the internship program
which was planned to help students grasp practical know-how on different engineering projects.
The program is very helpful for students in improving their design, implementation, evaluation
and management capability in general.

In this report ,the background of my hosting, company including its history and major
achievements, my overall internship experience ,my tasks and the procedures I followed, The
contains overall benefit we have gained from our internship. The fifth chapter contains
conclusion, recommendation and references.
Generally, the internship taught me a great deal. Technically, we have learnt about structural and
relevant site operations, drawings and materials. At the same time, we have discussed with the
project management and teamwork. We have also experienced office culture and improved my
social and communication skills. Despite some challenges, the internship was great success. We
have grown as a civil engineer in tall respects and it very much prepared me for life after
graduation.

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LISTS OF ABRVERAVATION

 NGO-Non Governmental Organization

 BOQ- Bill of Quantity
 FFL- Flour Finish level
 C-25- Compression Resistance of concrete within 28 days in Mega pascal.
 OPC- Ordinary port land cement
 PPC- Port land pozzolana cement.

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Preface.

After receiving a request from the Ethiopian government, the Oromia Regional Road and
Logistics Bureau and the Oromia Construction Authority Bureau decided to carry out a
preliminary design study for a bridge construction project in the South West Shoa Ameya
woreda Road and Logistics office.

Our report is expected to provide insight into our internship, provide a foundational
understanding of this project, and strengthen our cordial relationship with the contractor, site
engineer, and office engineer

Very truly yours.

July 26/2017.

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Abstract.

A bridge with a 22-meter span, an 8.75-meter width, and a 5-meter length is designed in this
paper using a concrete box of girders and simply supported provided abutment. 12.50 km
approaches from the Gindo side, while the road approaches from the Gindo-Bere Tirtira side.

In accordance with EUROCODE standards, it explains the bridge geometry, materials, and load
considerations utilized in the structural analysis and design. It details the Ameya woreda, the
Oromia Regional State Road and Logistics Office, and the Department of Contractual, all of
which I much benefited from the company's skill set.

Table of Contents……………………………………………………………page

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declaration........................................................................................................................................I
Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................................II
Executive Summary.......................................................................................................................III
Lists Of Abrveravation..................................................................................................................IV
Preface............................................................................................................................................V
Abstract..........................................................................................................................................VI
Chapter One.....................................................................................................................................1
Introduction......................................................................................................................................1
Chapter Two....................................................................................................................................2
2. Back Ground Of Hosting Company............................................................................................2
2.1. Brief History.........................................................................................................................2
2.2. Ameya Ana Road And Logistics Main Product, And Service............................................2
2.3. Customers Of Ameya Woreda Road And Logistics Office The Main Customers Of..........2
2.4. Customers And User Of Ameya Road And Logistics Woreda...........................................2
2.5 Hosting Company Address...................................................................................................3
2.6. Mission, Vision And Objective Of The Organization..........................................................3
A. Objective.....................................................................................................................................3
B. Mission........................................................................................................................................3
C. Vision..........................................................................................................................................3
D. Values Of Company....................................................................................................................3
2.7. Human Resource...................................................................................................................4
2.8. Objective Of Our Interniship................................................................................................4
[Link] Flow At Office Of The Hosting Company..................................................................6
2.10. OFFICE ENGINEER.............................................................................................................6
2.11the Consultants......................................................................................................................7
2.12. Quality Control:..................................................................................................................7
2.13. Time Control:......................................................................................................................7
2.14. Cost Control:.......................................................................................................................8
2.15. Finance................................................................................................................................8
2.16. Store Keepers......................................................................................................................8
2.2 Organization & Management................................................................................................9
2.2.1 Operations Procedure......................................................................................................9
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2.2.2 Searching For A New Work...........................................................................................9

2.2.3. Contract Signing............................................................................................................9
2.2.4. Mobilization...................................................................................................................9
2.2.5. Performing.....................................................................................................................9
2.2.6. Handling Over A Project-............................................................................................10
2.2.7. Demobilization............................................................................................................10
2.2.8. Contract Closing..........................................................................................................10
Chapter Three................................................................................................................................11
3. Over All Internship Exprience...................................................................................................11
3.1. Time Of My Internship Starts From ;-................................................................................11
3.2.1 Bridge Excavation Work;.............................................................................................11
3.2.2. Bridge Site Clearance..................................................................................................11
3.2.3. Bridge Bulk Excavation;..............................................................................................12
3.2.4. Bridge Pit Excavation;.................................................................................................12
3.2.2. Bridge Earth Work;......................................................................................................12
3.3.1. Back Fill Of The Bridge..............................................................................................12
3.3.2. Compaction..................................................................................................................12
3.3.3. Bridge Cart Away........................................................................................................13
3.3.4 Bridge Lean Concrete Of..............................................................................................13
3.3.5. Bridge Reinforced Concrete:.......................................................................................13
3.3.6. Advantage Of Reinforced Concrete On Bridge...........................................................14
3.3.7. Quality Of Concrete On Bridge...................................................................................14
3.3.8. A, Quality Of Cement For Bridge...............................................................................14
3.3.9. Portland Pozolana Cement (Ppc) For Bridge Construction.........................................14
3.3. Quality Of Sand For A Bridge Construction..................................................................15
3.3.1. Quality Of Aggregate For Bridge Works....................................................................15
[Link] Slab Construction..............................................................................................15
[Link] For Construction Of Bridge Solid Slab..............................................................16
3.3.4. Started My Internship From Sub Structure Which I Call It Abutment........................16
3.3.5. A Bridge Abutment......................................................................................................16
3.3.6. Field Work...................................................................................................................21
3.3.7. Abutment Work...........................................................................................................21
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3.3.8. Back Wall....................................................................................................................23

3.3.9. Work Procedures Of Abutment.................................................................................23
3.3.10. Work Procedures Of Girder Reinforcement At The Site...........................................28
3.3.11. Works Procedure Of Bridge Beam............................................................................29
3.3.12. Beam Forces..............................................................................................................30
3.3.13. Work Procedure Of Deck Slab..................................................................................31
3.3.14. Bearings.....................................................................................................................33
3.3.15. Appurtenances And Site-Related Features................................................................34
3.3.16. Other Bridge Terms...................................................................................................35
Iii. Slab Construction................................................................................................................35
3.3.17. Reinforcement Works On Bridge..............................................................................36
3.3.19. Reinforced Concrete..................................................................................................38
3.3.20. Mixing Ration Of Concrete In Site............................................................................38
3.3.21. Form Work.................................................................................................................41
3.3.22. Period Of Removal Of Form Work...........................................................................41
3.3.23. Construction Equipment; Materials And Tools Used In The Site.............................42
[Link] Bar Bending Schedule....................................................................................45
3.3.25. Bridge Bar-Bending Schedule...................................................................................46
3.3.26. Challenges Faced During Our Internship Period.......................................................47
3.3.28. Measurements Taken To Overcome These Challenges.............................................47
Chapter 4........................................................................................................................................48
Lesson Learned, Experience Gained, Conclusion, And Recommendation...................................48
4.1. Benefits In Terms Of Improving My Practical Skill..............................................................48
4.1.1. Benefits In Terms Of Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge..............................................49
4.1.2. Benefits In Terms Of Improving Inter Personal Communication...................................49
4.1.3. Benefits In Terms Of Improving Team Playing Skills....................................................49
4.1.4. Benefits In Terms Of Improving Our Leadership Skills.................................................50
4.1.5. Benefits In Terms Of Understanding About Work Ethics...............................................50
4.1.6. Benefits In Terms Of Entrepreneurship Skills.................................................................50
4.2. Recommendation................................................................................................................51
4.3. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................51
7. Reerences...................................................................................................................................54
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Table Contents for figure…………………………………………………………..page

Figure1. [Link] of Organization work structures.........................................................................6

Figure 3. [Link] of Kulit River Bridge 19

Figure 3. [Link] Design of Kulit River Bridge......................................................................20

Figure 3. 3. Adjustment of Kulit River Bridge..............................................................................22
Figure 3. 4 Back wall of kersa bridge............................................................................................22
Figure 3. 5 Work procedures of Abutment..................................................................................23
Figure 3. 6. Constructions of Kulit River Abutment.....................................................................24
Figure 3. 7. Abutments of bridge..................................................................................................24
Figure 3. 8. Back Construction of Wall of Kulit River Bridge......................................................25
Figure 3. 9:-Back Wall of Kulit River Bridge (L-Shaped)............................................................25
Figure 3. 10 FormWork of Kulit River…………………………………………………………..25
Figure 3. 11 Kulit River Bridge Girder reinforcement preparation in a formwork.......................26
Figure 3. 12 Kulit River Bridge Girder reinforcement preparation in a formwork ……………..26
Figure 3. 13. Girder Concrete filling and vibrating for compaction of Kulit bridge.....................27
Figure 3. 14 Filling Kulit River Bridge Girder with concrete and Vibrating with Vibrator........28
Figure 3. 15. Kulit River of Girder and Beam...............................................................................30
Figure 3. 16. Deck slab Kulit River Bridge...................................................................................31
Figure 3. 17 Deck slab with reinforcement of Kulit River Bridge................................................32
Figure 3. 18 Reinforcement deck slab..........................................................................................32
Figure 3. 19 Kulit River Bridge Bearings......................................................................................33
Figure 3. 20. Appurtenance of Kulit River Bridge........................................................................35
Figure 3. 21. Reinforcement on bridge slab and Side walk/walkway...........................................37
Figure 3. 23: Activity of Vibrating of fresh Concrete when Slab is working..............................40
Figure 3. 24. Filling Activity of bridge Slab with Concrete..........................................................40
Figure 3. 25 Form work box of Girder for a bridge.......................................................................41
Figure 3. 26: Removal of Kulit River Bridge Form works............................................................42
Figure 3. 27: - Construction Equipment, material and construction tools.....................................43
Figure 3. 28 Kulit Bridge Finally finished work...........................................................................44
Figure 3. 29 Kulit Bridge Finally finished work...........................................................................45
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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION.

According to M. Mendez, SI Units 4th Edition 2007, an internship is a professional learning

opportunity that offers significant hands-on work related to a student's field of study or career
interest. Through actual work, it enables us to learn new skills, grow and explore, and gain
profound knowledge (Bowles, J.E. (. F., 1982).
This provides us with my special objective, which is to learn more in our professional lives
through both theoretical and practical application. An internship is a brief work experience that
corporations and other organizations provide to people, mainly students, although it's not always
for entry-level experience. It's a fantastic method to acquire new skills and can last anywhere
from a few weeks to several months or even a year. Can It's a time when people, primarily
students or recent graduates, get the chance to Life is a product of practice and experience.
Throughout our internship, we have produced experiences that have been transformative.
Perhaps our internship session can benefit from the adage that "practice makes perfect" and
"confidential for that works."
For it is flashing light to understandings, concerning to civil engineering aspects that we should
know(about)the theoretical education should be supported by confidential with his/her
knowledge enabling he/she compare what he/she learnt and the real work in the real world. In
practice the gap between the theoretical part of (thing) and the practical one will be minimized.
We can say we have gained a lot of knowledge about because of my practice in Ameya Woreda
Road And Logistics office as specific field work, and office work (Bowles. J.E (. F., 1982).

Also we want to appreciate our department to give us this precious chance with thank full of our
message to our great department of All stake holder all in Civil Engineering department.

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CHAPTER TWO

2. BACK GROUND OF HOSTING COMPANY.

2.1. Brief history

The Ameya Woreda Road and Logistics Office is a government agency that was developed in
the Ameya Woreda South West Shoa Zone of the Oromia Region in 1997 E.C. It is 30
kilometers from the zonal city of Woliso and 141 kilometers from the nation's capital. These
offices now provide many services to the Ameya Woreda urban and rural communities by
creating favorable conditions (M. Mendez, SI Units, 4th Edition 2007).

2.2. Ameya Ana Road and logistics Main product, and Service

In both rural and urban communities, it facilitates minor and large-scale construction projects,
such as roads, bridges, and culverts, and distributes funds for various purposes. This service
could be for both urban and rural community service, where they oversee the development of
various structures and offices for professionals. They also handle the construction of roads and
work on the rural and urban planning of Ameya woreda.

2.3. Customers of Ameya Woreda Road and Logistics Office the main
customers of

The office of Road and logistics office is organizations such as (NGO) none governmental
organizations, private firms and individual investors. The end user of this company is all the
community of the rural, urban and towns’ town,

2.4. Customers And user of Ameya Road and Logistics Woreda.

The main customers of this organizations/company is such as Non-governmental organizations,

private firms and individual investors. All local urban, rural kebele’s, Contractors and
Consultants of woreda end user of this company is all the community of Woreda Urban and rural
community.

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2.5 Hosting Company Address

The place of our internship Ethiopia, Oromia Region South west shoa zone Ameya woreda in
Compound of Ameya Bus station office 1-5.

COMMUNICATION ADRESS

South west Shoa Ameya Woreda Bus station Compound

Address of Phone .0912912139 (mob) Manager of Ameya woreda Road And Logistics Office.

 Email-temsiyonmohe1@[Link]
 Facebook Account Waajjira Dandii fi Lojistijii Aana Ammmayya
 COMPANY REPRASENTIVE: Engineer Asefa Bayera(MSc.)
2.6. Mission, Vision and objective of the Organization.
A. Objective
Their goal is to prevent barriers to citizens' economic advancement by working minimally to
alter societal norms. As the woreda urban and rural develops urban plans for the future, societies
are rewarded for maintaining the quality of their infrastructure as their office. and avoiding their
office's plan-less development.
B. Mission
As Ameya woreda urban and rural construction eradicating lack of work and work on town to be
modernized. Also To change the life style of all society into development and preparing different
design for the society on construction area and investment places and different services. Also
work on peace and security of the society in the town and to be administered by industry.
C. Vision
Their vision is to develop construction industry in order to change the society’s life and running
the country income like developed country at 2025 E.C.
D. Values of company
This company have their own values and custom which is below
1. Accountability
2. Rule of law
3. Clarity

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4. Efficiency
5. Customer satisfaction
6. Participatory
7. Confidentiality
8. Give fast service

2.7. Human Resource

Ameya Woreda Road and Logistics employees permanently well experienced more than 15
professional workers who are well experienced in the construction sector. The total number of
permanent and project-based employs is more than 30. It is composed of the following
professionals:

 Office manager
 Experts
 Technicians
 Foramens
 Operators and Drivers
 Skilled laborers
 Semi-skilled labours.

2.8. OBJECTIVE OF OUR INTERNISHIP

In order to enhance our practical abilities, to acquaint students with the actual workplace in
which the civil engineering profession operates, as knowledge of technology, people, and
projects may be relevant to your professional objectives.
Learning the role and function of management.
Gaining experience in group programming

 To close the gap between academic lectures and the actual world, strengthen academic
knowledge, and improve theoretical understanding in the process.
 To enhance the ability to read and comprehend architectural and structural drawings.
 To see the actual site work.
 To expand one's understanding of the different building construction equipment.

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 Learning management function and role.

 Learning group working programing experience
 To fill the gap created during the academic lecture and real world, and strengthen the
academic knowledge by filling the gap, hence to upgrade theoretical knowledge.
 To develop the knowledge on reading and interpreting structural and architectural
drawing.
 To visualize the real site work.
 To develop the knowledge of various equipment of building construction operation.
 To understand about work ethics related issue.
 To improve team wok playing skill.
 To develop ability of organizing and executing building construction work.
2.8.1. The general objectives of the company.
 Our compliance is triple objective of cost, time, and quality.
 To archives of construction process, both within and outside the construction phase best
possible result in every aspect such budget and time constraints like;
 Constructing roads water works construction, culvert, civil works and bridge, building
and their accessories activities in triple cost time and quality.

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[Link] flow at office of the hosting Company.

Figure1. [Link] of Organization work structures.

2.10. OFFICE ENGINEER

Compile and analyze the data collected from the site by the data collector in order to produce
payments and takeoffs. Along with creating detailed drawings that make building easier, he also
reports to the project engineer and provides them to the surveyor, forman, or other relevant
section. The following tasks are performed by data collectors and construction control officers
(Tamene Diribsa Hunde, Vol. 12, No. 2, (2024), pp. 35-62 ).

 Report daily data’s to the office engineer

 Manages the complains from the site
Prepare monthly report Should carried both the site and office work Collect data by data
collector, from the site, then compile analyze these data to prepare payments and take offs. He

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also makes reports to the project engineer and makes detail drawings to be easy control how the
material used as break down of office for construction and provide it to surveyor, Forman or any
concerned section.

 Report daily data’s to the office engineer

 Manages the complains from the site
 Prepare monthly report

2.11The Consultants

The consultant for the project is MH engineer architect and consults who is a level-one
consulting office. Consultants work on the side of the client and they have the responsibility of
conducting necessary quality control mechanisms to make sure that the project is being
constructed as per design (ETHIOPIAN BRID M APPENDICIES T BRIDGE D MOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF OADS AUTHORITY GE DESIGN ANUAL, Bridge Design year 2013).
Contract administration is a major element of supervision and it has the following functions:

2.12. Quality control:

Is the process of making sure the quality of the work accomplished is not below the required
standards as specified ? This is obtained by visual inspections before any major activity like
casting of concrete is done, ratio of cement ,sand aggregate and steel rearing lapping as
performing various tests, etc.

2.13. Time control:

Is the process of making sure that the project is going according to the project schedule? Any
contractor has the obligation of finishing the required work on the required time management
unless so, the contractor will be penalized as per the contract agreements and time of scheduled
agreements.

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2.14. Cost control:

Take-off sheet preparation aids in calculating the quantity of work completed and, thus, the
amount owed to the contractor. It is the consultant's responsibility to review the take-off papers
that the contractor has prepared.

It is also accountable for ensuring that the payments are made in line with the work schedule and
bill of quantities as promised in the contract.

The design and consulting office is also in charge of creating shop drawings, sometimes known
as working drawings, for the contractor. Shop drawings display details and design revisions. The
structural engineer also shows up regularly at the site to give of any structural advices and
limitations concerning the project, for example indicating areas suitable for placement of a
Construction Lift, Construction Joints, etc.

All the other mem bers (Tamene Diribsa Hunde, Vol. 12, No. 2, (2024), pp. 35-62 )
(ETHIOPIAN BRID M APPENDICIES T BRIDGE D MOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF OADS
AUTHORITY GE DESIGN ANUAL, Bridge Design year 2013)of the company have their own
responsibilities and duties which will be described to them according to the company policy and
agree on signing the contract agreement.

2.15. Finance

The finance takes care of monthly salary (fee) of the employees; finance the purchasing of
requested materials for cash flow of the company to-do the bridge, road, and whole Company
constructions of Dereje who have a G.C 5th.

2.16. Store keepers

Control the amount and type of materials entering and leaving the store. Also control material
and safety materials; like cement, bar’s safety material’s.

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2.2 Organization & Management

2.2.1 Operations Procedure

As mentioned earlier, the company has an interest and intention to its operations and activities
with a consistent system. As an input to the intended system, the company has designed an
operation procedure starting from reconnaissance and construction project’ to ‘handing over of
project output to the community. The following procedures in their order,

2.2.2 Searching for a new work

The management of the company is responsible for searching for a new project.

2.2.3. Contract signing

If the construction bid wined happens to be the signing the agreement by the management of the
firm will prepare itself for the signing of the contract. After signing a contract, bonds required for
the project like performance and advance guarantee will get prepared and submitted

to the client. A copy of the contract document is to be given to head office for the operations
department for planning & execution of the contract.

2.2.4. Mobilization

Depending on the size of the project, staffs required to the project are to be selected. After
having the full staff of the project agreement and schedule of work required to prepare the
contract together with the planning will be given to the project manager. The Operations
department of the firm will prepare a detail plan of the project before mobilization. Moreover the
budget and time, material required for completing the project are to be given to the project
manager as a target against which his performance will be measured in specified standard..

2.2.5. Performing
A project work- the major activities like procurement & supply, construction activities, budget,
man power, etc. are to be performed according to the procedures set for each department.
Periodic performance audit of the project will be prepared by the head office management and
corrective measures will be taken. The project manager is to submit a report on the performance

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of the major activities and payment certificate to the head office on Weekly and monthly basis.
Corrections will then be made accordingly.

2.2.6. Handling over a project-

After the client’s requirements concerning the works under the project handing over of the project takes
place according to the contract agreement (Yibaltal, 2025). In this activity, the project manager
prepares final measurement of work outputs in order to justify final payment in specific times.
The upper management at the head office is to handle the collection of final payment and the
receiving of certificate from the client from Ana to zonal clients.

2.2.7. Demobilization

As we have been seen that after all works have been accomplished, and tec hnical committee of
Woreda project have approved the provisional acceptance is made then the whole resources
deployed will be demobilized from the project (M. Mendez, SI Units 4th Edition 2007). Their
later assignment will be determined by the head office management depending on the project at
the company’s hand.

2.2.8. Contract Closing

According to Kulit River Bridge project contract agreement after completion of final acceptance
of the project is made, the contract gets closed. The final account of the project is then to be
checked and collection of the final retention money takes place. The project’s final report is the
last document that will be useful for the project’s evaluation.

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CHAPTER THREE

3. OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPRIENCE

3.1. Time of my internship Starts from

We spoke with the Ameya woreda road and logistics office engineer on the first day of our
internship, and we all decided to take an internship at the office project. He showed us where the
site and office were located. We also had a meeting with his coworker and the company at work.
In the Ameya woreda road and logistics office, we met with the contractual administration. The
structural drawings were provided to us, and he offered us a chair to sit on.

They told us look at it thoroughly before setting off the site. After studying the drawing we have
gone straight to store and site visitations. In store we visit some construction material like
cement, reinforcement and equipment like mixer motor and vibrator etc. and on the site we
have visited the site area ongoing work process of the site. When we have got into the site, the
bridge construction work was already begun. On the site of construction site have been already
handover on the site store have been, guard house, Site Engineer and foreman office have been
built (Bowles. J.E (. F., 1982). We have also understood Bridge for the road which have
transported from Gindo-Bere which is a major and also which play a key role in transportation.

3. 2. Bridge Excavation & Earth Work

3.2.1 Bridge Excavation Work;

Excavation of the bridge is a removal of all material nature ,necessary, for construction of
foundations .sub structure, substructure as drawing ,department ,and consult, excavation shall
include construction of all cribs, cofferdams, of one of engineering activities performed for earth
work or soil work. These activities include the following work;

3.2.2. Bridge Site Clearance

Site Clearance is to remove top soil to an average depth of 20cm including 100cm around the
Building. The site first tobe cleared to remove an average of 20cm top soil including grass, plants
and rubbish or any organic material. The purpose is to remove unnecessary dirty material from

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the site whose presences may reduce quality the soil. Some times in some areas the excavated
soil from the pits can not used as back fill unless the top dirty materials removed since excavated
material can be contaminated.

3.2.3. Bridge Bulk Excavation;

Allowable in ordinary soil to an average depth of not exceeding 800mm from reduced ground
level (Bowles. J.E (. F., 1982). After the top soil is removed (compliting site clearance)bulk
excavation will takeplace. It’s main purpose is leveling the construction site.

3.2.4. Bridge Pit Excavation;

Pit excavation is an excavation for foundation footing in addition to the actual dimension 25 cm
as working space is excavated. Excavation is carried out by excavator to minimize wastage time.
To maintain exact required vertical and horizontal alignment of pit excavation we start from
primary references of pit excavation (Dainichi Consultant, 2007)

3.2.2. Bridge Earth Work;

Its over seen by most when construction of a bridge is earth work associated with the project. Paving
component is to complete any size of project. Of gravel pit and quires.

3.3.1. Back fill of the bridge.

A process that refilling the excavated area by the selected material which can carry the load from
the superstructure. Particle sizes are also important when specifying a back fill. All internal back
filling is done with selected material carried from another place. Backfill materials should be
done with approved selected materials Free from pieces of wood, roots, bushes and black cotton
soils Compacted up to 95% of maximum dry density in accordance with the standard technical
specification consolidated with the addition of waters to achieve the optimum moisture content.

3.3.2. Compaction

It is the process whereby material particles are forced to pack more closely together through a
reduction of air void content, moisture or increase unit weight of soil by compactors (Authority,

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2012). Static forces are produced by a roller or compactor which dense soil primarily by its
heavy weight, whereas dynamic forces utilize a combination of weight and energy to produce a
vibratory or tamping effect on the soil .Compactors utilize both static and dynamic forces to
achieve the required soil density. The main purpose of soil compaction is to increase the density
of soil. Soil compaction takes place in a layer of 20cm thickness intervals by spraying water to
increase moisture content of the soil. Compaction is measured in terms of dry density
(ETHIOPIAN BRID M APPENDICIES T BRIDGE D MOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF OADS
AUTHORITY GE DESIGN ANUAL, Bridge Design year 2013).

3.3.3. Bridge Cart Away

Is a process of transporting unnecessary soil collected during site clearance, bulk excavation, pit
excavation & other excavation from the working site.

3.3.4 Bridge Lean Concrete of

This concrete cement content is less about 10%,of total contents called lean concrete. It mean
low cementation material contents. The strength not critical High liquid and lean concrete and
self-leveling than cast at the bottom part of the foundation pad, and grade beam also it is C-5
concrete. It’s main purpose is to prevent the direct contact of reinforcement with soil since there
are many toxic substance in soil that can corrosion reinforcement. The reinforcing bars are
meshed on the lean concrete with spacers provided between lean concrete and reinforcing bars.
The number, position, dimention and spacing between reinforcing bars are depends on
foundation design. Lean concrete cast with 50 mm thickness. Also mixed with ratio of 1 : 5 : 7

3.3.5. Bridge Reinforced Concrete:

It’s a rigid horizontal, member that serves, as both bridge deck super structure cast in place as
both bridge, deck and super structure, precast slab, construction. The reinforced concrete which
are a composite two different materials concrete and reinforcement steel which cast
monolithically. It can resist both compressive and tensile stress.

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3.3.6. Advantage of reinforced concrete on bridge.

 It’s durability (long in age)

 It’s mouldable into any desired shape.

 It is fire, weather, and corrosion resistant.
 It is monolithic.
 It can be water tight if proper proportioning of mixing.

3.3.7. Quality of Concrete on bridge

The completion of bridge 3;1,3;11 for main beam grade 25,30, with bach 1;1;2 batches volume,
or as ratio of 1;1;2, 1;1;1/3;3 are the ratio we use on bridge construction. The quality of the
concrete depends on the quality of the ingredients of the concrete like the quality of cement,
sand, aggregate and water ratio..

3.3.8. A, Quality of Cement for bridge.

Cement is the most important gradient of mortar and concrete. Nowadays cement is used for
almost all sort of construction work. Many types of cement are used for different works, Portland
cement is one of most important and most common cement used for most of the civil engineering
construction are ordinary Portland and Portland pozolana cement. But for our site we use OPC
(ordinary Portland cement).

The difference between the ordinary Portland cement and Portland pozolana cement depends on
it’s curing period, reactivity, it’s early strength. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC); This type of
cement is the basic Portland cement and is used in general for most of the concrete construction
work when there is no exposure to Sulphate in the soil or in ground water. t attain its required
strength within seven days. Its curing period is short it attain the required strength at early time it
is very reactive.

3.3.9. Portland pozolana cement (ppc) for bridge construction.

This type of cement is produced by inter grading Portland cement with pozzolana. Pozzolana is
a natural or artificial silicon material which itself possesses no cementing properties .But it is
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reacts with lime in the presence of water to form compounds and low-solubility cementations
properties. The PPC gains strength very slowly and therefore, require curing

For a long period but its ultimate strength is approximately same as that of normal Portland
cement. This has got a very low heat evolution and hence very low heat useful under certain
circumstances. It has got good resistance to Sulphate attack and some other destructive agents.
The quantity pozolana of to be mixed in cement varies from 15%to a maximum 50% by weight
of cement depending upon the quantity of material. It attain its required strength within fully 28
days. It is inert is not good reactive.

3.3. Quality of Sand for a bridge construction.

Sand is one of the ingredients of concrete which used for filling void spaces and transfer load.
Therefore the quality of sand needs careful attention during batching of concrete. For sand
quality we have check the silt contents of the sand. According to EBCS if the silt contents of the
sand are greater than 6% it should be rejected, but practical on site we have to wash sand Strictly
to be our work economical.

3.3.1. Quality of Aggregate for bridge works

Aggregate also the ingredients of the concrete which used for carrying the load. therefore we
have to check the quality of aggregate in order to obtain qualify concrete during concrete mixing
we have to check the shape and size of an aggregate because shape is one of the factor which
affect the strength of Concrete. Also the size of the aggregate affects the strength of concrete, for
concrete C-25 we use 0.3 size of aggregate. If the size of the aggregate is less than 0.2 sizes it
need excess amount of cement &sand which is not economical in engineering aspects. Also
concrete strength depends on shape of aggregate; example if it is flat shape the strength of the
concrete will reduce and rough shape its good.

[Link] Slab Construction

It is one of the structural parts of the bridge which have plane surface and used to firm floors of
Bridge. There are different types of slabs, but I observe one of them. This is solid Slab.

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[Link] for Construction of bridge Solid Slab.

Concrete slabs are built on the bridge site using formwork which the fresh or wet concrete is
places. Since the slab needs reinforcement for tension zone. The reinforcement bars are
positioned within the formwork before the concrete casting.

The following were observations I made during this stage of the construction Form work done

Slab reinforcements were placed as per design and under strict supervision.

Slab reinforcements require a concrete cover and they were also spaced adequately over the slab
area and this prevents any sagging of reinforcement bars. Concrete cover uses the reinforcement
bars not to be exposed to the atmosphere. Continuous beam reinforcement lapping should always
be away from sections of maximum stress that means top bars were lapped at mid-span section,
whereas bottom bars were lapped at support section. Stirrups were provided on beams to protect
shear effects. Slab reinforcements were cut to avoid any wastage and also to make sure that the
provided anchorage bends do not exceed the given dimensions So foundation work was done
before.

3.3.4. Started my internship from sub structure which I call it Abutment.

3.3.5. A bridge Abutment

Is a structure which connects deck of a bridge to the ground at end of bridge span, helping support its
weight both horizontally and vertically. We have started my internship from Abutment construction
up to finishing work of Kulit bridge which located in South west shoa zona of Ameya Ana
Gindo-Bere URRAP, Kulit bridge.

1st time I Look the Kulit bridge design and I uses my note book for future Experience.

 Kulit bridge which the span length is 21.20m.(face-to-face of back walls end to end face
to face length.

 Back wall and 20.05m.( C/C of bearing meter center to center of bearing 60c.m thick
‘’L’’shaped 30 c.m.

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 its clear bridge width is 8.90m. Width of post and width of railing 20 cm. depth of railing
20cm.

 Number of girder 4,number of lane bearing to center 7.34.

 Girder depth 8.90m.

 Height 8.54m.

 Center to center of girder spacing 1.60m.

 End of slab to center Exterior girder 6.80m.

 Width 7.30m.

 Clear span between girders 7.30.

 Top slab thickness 20cm.

 Overhang of thickness at exterior girder support 35cm.

 Overhang slab thick ness at end of bridge beam edge beam 20cm.

 Edge beam depth from side 25cm and 0.25m of diaphragm section.

 Average depth of edge beam beneath bottom of slab level 1.53cm.

 Total number of diaphragm. 12

 Diaphragm .thick ness of slab 1.30.

 Width of edge beam 6.80 except walks way.

 Total number it have four bearing section on girder with the center of 0.35 and which
deck slab is 5.225m.

 Distance between diaphragm bearing to bearing 10.35cm..

 Diaphragm depth.7.30and depth of railing 20cm.

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 Diaphragm width girder to girder 95cm.

 Face of railing /curbs to end of slab 7.30 and walk way.

 Height of colon 1.50 from slab.

 Rebar distribution steel 1.50 cm.

 Area of distribution steel 1.5 mm.

 Spacing 10Cm/0.1mm. or 12X12/4, 14x14/4 ,or 16x16/4,

 Distance from exterior girder.

 One lane loaded by applying lever rule coefficient o.98.90cm.

 The difference diaphragm of girder 25cm beam edge beam.

Kulit Bridge was constructed in South west Shoa zone in Ameya Ana Gindo-Bere road and I
spend four months on the site so I was very familiar the works done on the site as well as with
some of the office works. Work tasks that I have executed during my internship period were
divided into two parts. These were

 Office work and

 Field work

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Figure 3. [Link] of Kulit River Bridge

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Figure 3. [Link] Design of Kulit River Bridge

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3.3.6. Field Work.

Overall Structural description of the site.

In the site we have seen that saw many things some of them are:-
 Erecting structures, piping, landscaping.
 Excavation, foundation setting erecting structure.
 Shaping the entire construction project,
 Influencing cost, time, quality and safety.
Field work is learning by observing and engaging in the activities within the environment

At the Site we have seen construction of Ameya Woreda road and logistics office bridge work
construction and we have observed the works such as lean concrete casting, reinforcement
works, formwork and concrete casting for column and beam, and etc which are necessary for
Bridge Construction building process.

Generally we have seen works of sub structure and super structure of the the bridge from
abutment.

Bulk Excavation;

 Allowable in ordinary soil to an average depth of not exceeding 1500mm from reduced
ground level. After the top soil is removed (compliting site clearance)bulk excavation will
takeplace. It’s main purpose is leveling the construction site.
Lean concrete

3.3.7. Abutment work.

 Abutments are earth- retaining structures which support the superstructure and overpass
roadway at the beginning and end of a bridge. Abutment is a structure which connects the
deck of bridge to the ground at ends of a bridge span, helping support its weight both
horizontal.
- It retaining earth underneath and adjacent to the approach roadway.
Abutment always consists of:
 Back wall sometimes called the stem, is the primary component of the abutment acting as a
retaining structure at each approach.
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 Wing wall is side wall to the abutment back wall, done to assist in confining earth behind the
abutment. It can be cast monolithically with the abutment back wall to form a single,
integrated structure.

Figure 1.1 :- Abutment of Kulit bridge.

Figure 3. 3. Adjustment of Kulit River Bridge

When Kulit bridge back wall Constructed.

Figure 3. 4 Back wall of kersa bridge.

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3.3.8. Back wall

As we have seen Kulit River Bridge Abutments have been an Abutments and wing walls are
the vertical walls at the ends of most bridges that extend up from abutment seats and support the
expansion joint.

Back wall are small retaining wall which also support the approach slabs and holds back
the embankment under the approach slabs with conventional expansion.

Back Wall of the

bridge.

Figure 3. 5 Work procedures of Abutment.

An abutment was constructed from stone masonry. As we have seen from siste of
Kulit River Bridge the abutments and wing of the walls shall be backfilled with selected with
granular materials in horizontal layers with a depth of 1500mm in depth Before placing
successive layers, each layer shall be thoroughly compacted by hand. As the backfill is built up,
the fill in front of wing walls shall be placed simultaneously and mechanically compacted.

Abutment width of Kulit River bridge 8.90 cm.

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Abutment.

Abutment
constructed.
from stone
Abutment before
constructed on river.

Figure 3. 6. Constructions of Kulit River Abutment

Figure 3. 7. Abutments of bridge.

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Construction of Back wall on

Kullit Bridge .

Figure 3. 8. Back Construction of Wall of Kulit River Bridge.

Back wall of a
bridge.

Figure 3. 9:-Back Wall of Kulit River Bridge (L-Shaped).

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3.3.1. Girder and Use of Girder work.

Girder is primary structural supports and much longer load bearing capability, Girder carry
dynamic and rolling loads, Girder is a large structure includes bridges road fly overs and trusses.
A girder is a support beam used in construction. It is the main horizontal support of a structure
which supports smaller beams. A girder is commonly used to build bridges. A girt is a vertically
aligned girder placed to resist shear loads.

Before
Concrete
have been
filled Girder
formwork.

Figure 3. 10 FormWork of Kulit River.

Fi
gure 3. 11 Kulit River Bridge Girder reinforcement preparation in a formwork

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Girder fully
concreted.
Girder we
1.6m length

Figure 3. 12 Kulit River Bridge Girder reinforcement preparation in a formwork

Girder conconcrete
vibrated.

Figure 3. 13. Girder Concrete filling and vibrating for compaction of Kulit bridge.

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3.3.10. Work procedures of Girder reinforcement at the site.

It involves preparing cast yard and beds, assembling the reinforcement cage, installing ducts, and
forms, casting the concrete, curing lifting and stacking the girders, post tension and completing
construction. Box girder bridge was constructed by different methods. It may be cast in place
using false work supports, it may be also be prefabricated ;then transported and installed by
using cranes, Another method of box girder bridge construction is the incremental launching.
Therefore, at the site my internship box girder of bridge cast in place using false work
supports ,removed after completion.

Filling of
girder Box
With
concrete
compactor.

Girder Box.

Figure 3. 14 Filling Kulit River Bridge Girder with concrete and Vibrating with Vibrator.

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3.3.11. Works procedure of Bridge Beam.

Construction of Beam on Kulit Bridge.

Beams on bridge is requires précises and care full works the basic fundamental of bridge
construction are simple once broken down read on skip to structural elements that capable of
withstanding load primarily by resisting bending (ETHIOPIAN BRID M APPENDICIES T
BRIDGE D MOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF OADS AUTHORITY GE DESIGN ANUAL, Bridge
Design year 2013). The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the
external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending
moment and resisted by beams .beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also
be used to carry horizontal loads such as loads due to an earth quake or wind the loads carried by
a beams are transferred to columns walls or girders which then transfer the force to adjacent
structural compression members.

Beams internally experience compressive, tensile and shear stress as a result of the loads applied
to them. Typically under gravity loads the original length of the beam is slightly compressed at
the top of the beam to enclose a smaller radius arc, this results the beam is in compression zone
at the top, while the same original beam length at the bottom of the beam is slightly stretched to
enclose a larger radius arc, and is this results the beam is in under tension zone at the bottom.
The same original length of the middle of the beam generally half way between the top and the
bottom, and it is under neither compression nor tension zone are usually straight horizontal
members used primarily to carry vertical loads. Quite often they are classified according to the
way they are supported, as indicated. In particular, when the cross section varies the beam is
referred to as tapered or hunched. Beam cross sections may also be “built up” by adding plates to
their top and bottom. Beams are primarily designed to resist bending moment; however, if they
are short and carry large loads, the internal shear force may become quite large and this force
may govern their design. When the material used for a beam is a metal such as steel or
aluminum, the cross section is most efficient when it is shaped.

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Beam Girder
Beam of
Kulit
Bridge.

Figure 3. 15. Kulit River of Girder and Beam.

3.3.12. Beam forces

As we have seen the Kulit River Bridge was developed in the top and bottom flanges of the beam
form the necessary couple used to resist the applied moment M, whereas the web is effective in
resisting the applied shear This cross section is commonly referred to as a “wide flange,” and it is
normally formed as a single unit in a rolling mill in lengths up to 75 ft. (23 m). If shorter lengths
are needed, a cross section having tapered flanges is sometimes selected.

When the beam is required to have a very large span and the loads applied are rather large, the
cross section may take the form of a plate girder. This member is fabricated by using a large
plate for the web and welding or bolting plates to its ends for flanges. The girder is often
transported to the field in segments, and the segments are designed to be spliced or joined
together at points where the girder carries a small internal moment.

Since our internship work of Kulit river bridge concrete beams generally have rectangular cross
sections, since it is easy to construct this form directly in the field. Because concrete is rather
weak in resisting tension, steel “reinforcing rods” are cast into the beam within regions of the

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cross section subjected to tension. Precast concrete beams or girders are fabricated at a shop or
yard in the same manner and then transported to the job site. Beams made from timber may be
sawn from a solid piece of wood or laminated. Laminated beams are constructed from solid
sections of wood, which are fastened together using high-strength glues.

3.3.13. Work Procedure of Deck Slab.

Deck slab –a slab of concrete used to make the base for the roadway, railway, pedestrian,
walkway, etc. on the bridge.
 The main function of the deck is to distribute loads transversely along the bridge cross
section.

 At the site deck was constructed by different step :-

 At the first form work was constructed by carpenter.
 Then after panel were arranged.
 After that panel were covered by plastering.
 Reinforcements were arranged by bar bender depending on drawings.
 At the end the concrete were compacted by vibrator.
 The deck is the physical extension of the roadway across the obstruction to be bridged.
across the obstruction to be bridged

Figure 3. 16. Deck slab Kulit River Bridge.

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Deck slab
Work of the
procedur bridge.
e of deck
slab with
reinforce
ment.

Figure 3. 17 Deck slab with reinforcement of Kulit River Bridge.

Figure 3. 18 Reinforcement deck slab.

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3.3.14. Bearings.
 Bearings are mechanical systems which transmit the vertical and horizontal loads of the
superstructure to the substructure, and accommodate/adjust movements between the
superstructure and the substructure of our bridge. And we setting out this bearing under or
bottom of the girder as our design.
 In site of our internship the bearing constructed was shall be reinforced elastomeric pads as
specified on the drawings.

Bearing

Figure 3. 19 Kulit River Bridge Bearings.

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3.3.15. Appurtenances and site-Related Features.

Appurtenance on bridge is protective system, clearance gauges; lighting etc. an appurtenance on

vessels extends beyond the hull or superstructure, is not an integral part of the vessel and is not
needed for vessels piloting propelling controlling or collision avoidance capabilities.

Any part of the bridge or bridge site which is not a major structural component serves some
purpose in the over functionality of structure.

A. Embankment and slope protection

 The slope that tapers from the abutment to the underpass called (embankment) which
covered with material called (slope protection), which provide for proper drainage and
erosion control.
B. Under drain
 It is often necessary to install an under drain in an abutment, which is a drainage system
transport runoff away from the structure and into appropriate drainage channels.
C. Approach
 The section of overpass roadway which leads up to and away from the bridge abutments is
called the approach roadway.
D. Traffic Barriers
 A traffic barrier is a protective device used to shield drivers from obstacles or slope located
along either side of roadway.
 On bridges, they are usually called bridge railings rather than traffic barriers.
 The same as in site of my internship those appurtenances were constructed depending on
design drawings.

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Figure 3. 20. Appurtenance of Kulit River Bridge.

3.3.16. OTHER BRIDGE TERMS.

Bridge Loadings

I. Dead Loads
 Permanent loads placed on a structure before the concrete the slab hardens are called dead
loads. e.g., bridge railing, sidewalks, and wearing surface etc.

II. Live Loads

 Temporary loads placed on the structure, such as vehicles, Cattle, Human Being pass over it,
wind, pedestrians, etc., are called live loads.

III. Slab Construction

 It is one of the structural parts of the bridge construction which have plane surface and used
to firm floors and roof of a building. There are different types of slabs, but I observe one of
them.

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3.3.17. Reinforcement Works on bridge

 Reinforcement work is the process of measuring, cutting, bending, placing and typing
reinforcement on the correct position by keeping the space which is provided in the design.
 Common reinforcement bar is supplied with a heavy ridge to assist in binding the reinforcement
to the concrete mechanically; this is commonly referred to as deformed bar. Most concrete
beams and footings are specified using deformed bar to be held together and also there is a bar
which uses in to place the longitudinal bars is referred to as stirrups. Stirrups are also used to
resist torsion and shear effects on the structure. Reinforcements are fabricated using deformed
bars nowadays, reinforcement bars come in a range of differing diameters all made from round
mild steel reinforcement Ø 8, Ø 10, Ø 12, Ø 14, Ø 16,Ø 20 deformed reinforcement bar.
 The main purpose of providing reinforcement bars is to resist tension in the structure. In
reinforcement work we should consider Steel reinforcement is stored in clean condition.
 All reinforcement bars are of the specified quality and in accordance with the standard technical
specification. Tests shall be ordered. The dimension, length and shape of the reinforcement bars
are according to the drawings and specifications. Bending of reinforcement bars is done with
adequate bending tools but heat is strictly not allowed for bending of reinforcement bars. All
bars with cracks or splits at the bend are not used for construction.
 All reinforcement bars are clean and free from close corrosion, grease, oil, or tar and other kind
of dirt. The thickness of concrete cover is according to the requirements of the drawing and
specification.
 The reinforcement in structures is not welded unless permitted by the designer. All reinforcement
quality and work fulfill the standard technical specification.

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Side walk.
Side walk.

Figure 3. 21. Reinforcement on bridge slab and Side walk/walkway.

3.3.18. Concrete works of bridge.

Concrete is a mixture of Cement, Sand, Aggregates and Water. Sometimes admixture will be
added to enhance workability and setting of concrete. Concrete is very important for structural
construction as in beams, slab, column, retaining wall, concrete pavement, shear wall and bridge
etc. Two types of concrete is observable at site of bridge.

 Lean concrete
 Reinforced concrete
 Lean concrete is concrete of 5mm thick with class,c-5 with minimum concrete of
150kgm3of concrete.
We have informed these kinds of concrete under:-
 Footing
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 Grade beam
 Floor slab
 Masonry foundation and Retaining wall

3.3.19. Reinforced concrete

Reinforced concrete is composite material made of concrete and steel. on the site ,I have told that
reinforced concrete class c-25, with minimum cement content of 360kg/mm 3 filled into form
work and vibrated around steel with cement :sand :gravel of [Link] ,in
 Column
 Deck slab
 T-beam
 Girder
 Important care while preparing concrete.
Really the care they took for concrete is satisfactory from the beginning (batching) up to curing
process.

3.3.20. Mixing Ration of Concrete in Site.

In the site of project mix proportion of concrete class C-25 were [Link]. This means for 50kg of
cement the used two wooden box of sand and three wooden box of coarse aggregate. In the
site bridge construction concrete class C-25 were used for girder, deck slab, sidewalks and T-
beam constructing. Standard Concrete mix Standard box sized
40*50*16cm (internal dimension)
40*50*18cm

40*50*20cm

Minimum slump: 30

Maximum slump: 60mm

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Concrete Grade Materials Numbers & size of Cement content

boxes/50kg of cement Kg/m3
C-20 Sand 1 cement
Crashed aggregate 2- 40*50*20cm3
Water 3- 40*50*20cm3 320
30L
C-25 1 cement
Sand 2- 40*50*18cm3
Crashed aggregate 3- 40*50*18cm3 360
Water 28L
C-30 Sand 1 cement
Crashed aggregate 2- 40*50*16cm3
Water 3- 40*50*16cm3 25L 400

Material compo. For unit work

Item no work item
Unit item Unit qty.

04 C-20 M3 Cement Kg 320.00

Sand M3 0.514
Aggregate M3 0.740
05 C-25 M3 Cement Kg 360
Sand M3 0.500
Aggregate M3 0.720
06 C-30 M3 Cement Kg 400.00
Sand M3 0.488
Aggregate M3 0.701
Table 4.4. Of Grade of unit Material Component

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Figure 3. 22: Activity of Vibrating of fresh Concrete when Slab is working.

Figure 3. 23. Filling Activity of bridge Slab with Concrete.

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3.3.21. Form Work.

Form work is temporary structure built to contain fresh concrete so as to form it to the required
shape and dimensions and to support it until it becomes self-supporting.

Form work box of

Girder for a bridge.

Figure 3. 24 Form work box of Girder for a bridge.

3.3.22. Period of Removal of Form work.

Form work will be carefully removed without shock or disturbance to concrete .The operation of
removing form work stripping. After stripping the removed from work is reused for another
structural element.

No Structural Age of removal

1 Footing foundation 03 days
2 Girders 14 days
3 Deck slab 14 days
4 Sides of beam and column 02 days

Table [Link] Removal of Form work.

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Removal of form works.

Figure 3. 25: Removal of Kulit River Bridge Form works.

3.3.23. Construction Equipment; Materials and Tools Used in the Site.

Construction Equipment
In the construction site there are various equipment used. To mention some of them:-

 Compactor: - compacts the selected material fill to the desired level.

 Vibrator: - is a machine having a vibrating rod for newly cast concrete dense and
strong.
 Mixer :- used to mix different component of concrete to attain the desired mix.
 Dump Truck:- used to transport materials to different site.
 Excavator, surveying equipment, girder machine etc.
Materials used in the site.
 Timber Cement
 Metal Sand
 Nails Aggregate

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Tools used in the site.

 Steel tape Hammers water tube level

 Nail bags Chisels Saw stools
 Sting lines Shovels Marking equipment.
 Plumb-bob ( thumb)

Figure 3. 26: - Construction Equipment, material and construction tools.

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Ameya Woreda Kulit bridge slab filling

finished. Gindo-Bere kebele.

Finally of Our Internship structure

Kulit Bridge is finishing picture.

Figure 3. 27 Kulit Bridge finally finished work.

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Thankyou for giving your Attension for

my Intership based on Bridge .

At the end of Kulit River Bridge

hand over with a project committee

Figure 3. 28 Kulit Bridge Finally finished work.

3.3.24. Bridge Bar bending schedule.

Steel reinforcements are used, generally in form of bars of circular cross-section in concrete
structure. They are like skeleton in human body. Steel is one of the best forms of reinforcements,

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to care of those stresses and to strengthen concrete to bear all kinds of loads. The reinforcement
used for construction should be stored in dry place to prevent its rusting. Also the dust should be
removed from the surface of reinforcement to increase the bond strength between the fresh
concrete. Generally, there are different types of bars according to their size. These are :-

6  they used for stirrup column.

8they used for stirrup beams.
10  they used for joist ribbed slab.
12 they used for stair case.
16they used for beam and column.
20 they used for column.
24 they used for bridge.
32 they used for bridge.

3.3.25. Bridge Bar-bending schedule

DRNo Locati Shape Dia. Length No of No D D8m D10m D12m
on (mm) H(m) members of 6mm m m m
bars

Kg/mm 0.222 0.395 0.617

is used to record re-bar shape, dimension, number, position taken from the structural details. It
helps us to prepare the work order with minimum wastage and manage wastage easily. A
typical re-bar schedule has the following format.

Table 6.3 bar bending table.

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3.3.26. Challenges faced during our internship period.

There were some challenges we faced during my internship experience in the past four months.
The challenges we have faced during our tasks are:
 Language problem as it was my first work; this is because the kind of language they used
was different from the construction languages that we use in the class.
 Armata; Concrete
 Barela; A material used for holding the Concrete after its discharged
 Berga; one full 12m reinforcement bar
 Fero; reinforcement.
 Seggeto; is cutting tool used to cut medium diameter bar.
 Sibago; is used to maintain alignment
 Difficult to interpret the structural drawing.
 At first our site wasn’t cautious about safety at all. There were no safety hats, shoes or
other necessary utilities. This was a cause for worry and made it inconvenient to walk
around the site freely.
 There were some traditional ways of doing things we couldn’t understand at first because it
was new to us
 It is difficult to get new things i.e. most of the activities are repetitive.
3.3.28. Measurements taken to overcome these challenges.

To obtain the best knowledge from the internship program, the challenges should be removed .to
overcome the first problem, what we can do was :-
 First we tried to ask all the languages they used to communicate with the workman after
that we had suffered from that problem.
 We have asked our supervisor about the design drawings.

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CHAPTER 4

Lesson Learned, Experience Gained, Conclusion, And Recommendation

During our stay on our internship we have learned that whatever you do, you will be more
successful if you do it with honesty, fairness, and to the best of your ability to bring immense
change to your life. So the whole 4 months was enough to provide me with a lot of knowledge.
This internship program has given me a chance to witness how to respectable this profession is if
implemented and executed in the professional way, and we have tried to develop our
performance at school day to day to become better engineers for future.

Overall from this program we have learned the following;

 We have developed Practical skills the theory that we have attend in a class and lab
practice in a site.
 Help us to upgrading our theoretical knowledge.
 We have also develop our Interpersonal communication with site worker and other
profession.
 We also understand that how team work can help us playing skills.
 We also understand science of leading site job in leadership skills.
 We also understand that how respecting work ethics can be need us in a field work.
 Entrepreneurship skills.
 To briefly explain the above mentioned.

4.1. Benefits in terms of improving my practical skill.

We would like to say the internship program has very bold and keen advantages in improving
our practical skill. We have done a lot practices in the site and they were enough to give us a
good insight about the field work. So this internship has a really good effect in opening our
imagination and enhancing the small amount of practical skill I have got. Now we have been
able to see;

 The course of RC-1, RC-2 and Foundation-1 come to reality.

 Types of cements and their mixing process and the box size needed.

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 Construction of deck slab, beam, column, and Form work.

 Improving ability of understanding and reading working drawings.
 Preparing arrangement of reinforcement bars with the detail drawing.
 I developed the skill of organizing and managing construction site and worker.
 Plans and projects casting curing of concrete.

4.1.1. Benefits in terms of upgrading theoretical knowledge.

Just for the record learning in institute of technology, it was a bit difficult to cop up with the
existing environment and the stipulation of the institute because the theoretical parts of most
courses were a little hard. Looking at course likes strength of materials, theory of structures,
Reinforced concrete, Foundation and drawing their concept was a little difficult to understand.
But we can practically understand the use of different formulas. On site, we have understood
their need and the experience have helped to upgrade my knowledge. And now we wish, we
could had one more chances to take those courses again because; we now have the clear
understanding of what the course are about. From this experience we have gained self-
confidence and enough theoretical knowledge for the coming courses.

4.1.2. Benefits in terms of improving inter personal communication.

Interpersonal communication is a way of communication that a person have with other people
who might have contact with. Then we got into the work, there comes the opportunity to
communicate on work related talking. And finally we have been the one who communicate with
everyone in the site even with daily laborers. This was one of the main things helped me
practical skills.

4.1.3. Benefits in terms of improving Team playing skills.

Every profession has succession of works that works as chain and if one player in the process
malfunctions then it will lead to the failure of the entire structure to be constructed. Even before
this wonderful experience we believe in team work. We have improved my team working in
every moment we get. Because from what we have seen this profession need a team work. Still
being a team player is not adequate one should also be active participant of the team.

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4.1.4. Benefits in terms of improving our leadership skills.

Leadership is a process of leading the careers of the company Thus, a person who is in the
position of leadership seeks optical solution to problems and should be smart enough to manage
those individuals whom he/she is leading. What we gain from the internship regarding improving
leadership is that to inspire workers into higher levels of team work,
There are certain things must be known to do that these are; -
 Know him/her and seek self - improvement.
 Be technically proficient.
 Seek responsibility and take responsibility for actions.
 Make sound and timely decisions.

4.1.5. Benefits in terms of understanding about work ethics.

Ethical conduct of workers is very important for developing healthy working environment and
increasing productivity. Ethical work conduct enables me in order to possess; appropriate
Behaviors with co-workers and it helps me to create good working environment. There are two
common types of ethics. These are:-

Personal Ethics, and professional ethics.

I. Personal ethics: -what we gained in the company principles of personal ethics include;
concern for the wellbeing of others, Honesty, fairness and compliant to law.
II. Professional ethics: -The following are some of the common professional ethical
principles what we have gained in the internship period. Punctuality, office disciplines,
reliability, honesty and cooperation.

4.1.6. Benefits In terms of Entrepreneurship skills.

Participating in an internship allows me to gain a better perspective of post-graduation

employment by applying the principles and theories we have developed in the class room. This
practical application creates an easier transition for me from the class room to the working world.
While participating in this internship we realize that creativity and problem solving is one of the
starting points of entrepreneurs. This internship motivates me not to be employee because it

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enables me to know more about career, the real challenges, and way of business establishment in
this profession.

4.2. Recommendation

Concerning on my four month internship program I recommended the following in my host

company.
 At office, they should store documents with reliable arrangement and they shall
provide enough hard cops for internship including 3D view for the project.
 It is observed at the site that steel reinforcements aren’t stored in clean condition. It
should be reasonably from loose rust.
 The money that earn for workers are low with respect to others. So the company
accepts the question of the worker to increase the money before the worker left the
company.
 The need to avoid shortage of materials.
 I observed on the site the lack of safety wares.
 So safety helmets shall be providing to the employees.

4.3. Conclusion

The overall work indicates that the company’s working progress has mainly attained through
dedication of employers. The effectiveness of its management, their willingness to take
advantage of opportunities and face challenges of changing economic picture, this all contributes
to the very much improved and sound position of the company. This is really appreciable for the
devotion and hard work of all the employees. This internship program is enable me to experience
the practical activities carried out on site or any office work and correlate it with the theoretical
back ground gained through the six year lecture time. The other enable me identify problems
exist, its cause and take engineering measures to solve it according not affect environment. It is
also used for applying job placement in the hosting company after graduation.

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When theoretical knowledge is supported by practical activities, it become crucial power for
performing some activities and enables me to take part in production one that we have got. There
was a high gap between the apparent ship practical work and the learning time theoretical
knowledge which we know in the class but this problem is narrowed or solved by the internship
practical work, In my apparent ship we have got much practical knowledge by relating with the
theoretical knowledge so, it is an appreciated practice or learning method that must be continued
in a studied and careful way. To finalize what we got from the practical internship work
experiences and knowledge are:-

From the internship we got a lot of knowledge and understandings about the sub-structure and
super-structure. This internship program gives us a good image about the practical work and how
can improve ability to feat with the construction technology practicing in the industries of the
world. Through the period of our internship we have understood what challenges we can faced
in the future during the work and what type of solutions we should give to solve the problems
might be arise. In addition to these, this internship gave us the chances to develop many
understandings, knowledge and experiences about the work environment. It also helped us to
observe our theoretical knowledge and to search past concept in order to apply for on our office
and field work.

Generally the internship helped to identify our good qualities, to minimize the bad ones and to
develop inter communication, leadership, team work skill and to have good work etc.

When we had developed only with theoretical knowledge but this four month internship program
helped us to change our theoretical knowledge into practical. we believe that the theoretical
knowledge is very important for every work but it has to be changed into practical. So the
internship program was helped me;-

 How to do all civil engineering works like building, roads, and bridges.
 How to do read structural drawing.
 How to prepare take off sheet.
 To know local construction terms.
 It also helped me to develop my skills like practical, theoretical, and team playing etc.
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Additionally; - It is important for me to giving the opportunity to practice how the work
conditions look like because after a year we will be part of it. At the end we were also get many
things from the engineers beyond the work they gave me advice. we think that we am ready to
work in any construction with full confidence.

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5. Reerences.

Authority, E. R. (2012). ERA’S bridge design manual 2002. Addis Abana: ERA. Bowles. J.E.
(1982). Bowles. J.E, . Tokyo.

Bowles. J.E, (. F. (1982). Ethiopian Building code standard, (1995) Basis of Design and actions
on structures. Construction building volume1, seventh edition, . Tokyo : MC Grown-Hill
international.

ETHIOPIAN BRID M APPENDICIES T BRIDGE D MOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF OADS

AUTHORITY GE DESIGN ANUAL. (Bridge Design year 2013). Addis Ababa: Ethiopia
Roads Authority.

Dainichi Consultant, Y. M.-8. (2007). Bridge Repair Method in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: Third
International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies
[Link]

M. Mendez, A. P. (SI Units 4th Edition 2007). AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.
Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

Tamene Diribsa Hunde, M. C. (Vol. 12, No. 2, (2024), pp. 35-62 ). SUSPENSION
FOOTBRIDGE CONSTRUCTION IN . Addis Ababa: International Journal of Bridge
Engineering .

Yibaltal, G. (2025). Study on the Impacts of Construction Technology Adoption on Risk

Management, Accident Reduction and Insurance Premium in Ethiopian Construction
Industry. A.A.: Addis Ababa University Repository
[Link]

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6. Glossary
 ARMATA: - Concrete
 WUHALIK: -Sprit level
 FONDO: -Bottom formwork
 PONTE: -Support formwork
 SHENKELLO: -Cut Jerica
 RIGA: -Wood or steel used to level concrete
 SQUADIRA: -Instrument used to measure right angle
 FEROYE: -Bar bender
 KEBELETO: - metal spacer placed between upper (negative bar) and lower (main bar)
to keep the space between them. These serve as steel spacers.
 STAFFA – this is local name given to stirrups, used to resist shear failure and can hold
the bars to give required shape
 TUM-BE- (plum bob) an instrument used to check vertical alignment of columns and
formwork
 STANGA; -inclined eucalyptus or support to make column formwork vertical
 GINDELA: -horizontally placed on the ground to support Stanga.
 KISIT: -inclined support for beam formwork 45 degree from vertical
 CRISTY: -vertical support of beam form work
 SPONDA: -vertical panel formwork of beam supported by Kist and used to cover width
beam.
 SPACERS- are manufactured from cement mortar. They are of different thickness.

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