8/16/2024
CIV 1101: ENGINEERING
DRAWING
Course Instructor:
ENG. DR. SWAIB SEMIYAGA
Lecturer
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
CEDAT,
[email protected]
Objectives
- To inculcate in students the ability to produce, read
and comprehend engineering drawings, so that they
are able to convey their creative ideas effectively.
- To expose students to various building components.
- To create awareness of modern techniques used in
engineering communications.
- To enable students gain experience in transforming
ideas into 2D drawings.
- To improve on visualization skill
- To teach basic utility of computer aided drafting
(CAD) tool
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READING LIST/REFERENCE
MATERIALS
• Representation Techniques in Building Drawing by R. W.
Rukwaro and A. G. Mugenda.
• Architectural Graphics by Francis D. K. Ching.
• Engineering Drawing with Worked Examples by M. A.
Parker and F. Pickup.
• Basic Engineering Drawing by R. S. Rhodes and L. B.
Cook
• Engineering Drawing with CAD Applications by
O.OSTROWSKY
• Fundamentals of Engineering Drawing by Cecil
Jensen/Jay Helsel
MODE OF ASSESSMENT
• Tests and Assignments 40%
• Final Examination 60%
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COURSE CONTENT
COURSE CONTENT
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Time Table
Introduction to
Engineering Drawing
(WEEK 1)
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LECTURE OBJECTIVES
Graphics language
Engineering drawing
Traditional Drawing Tools
Drawing standards
GRAPHICS
LANGUAGE
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Graphics Language
There are many different ways of
communicating ideas, information,
instruction, etc. They can be transmitted by
signs or gestures, by words of mouth, in
writing, or graphically.
Engineering drawing is a graphical
language used by those concerned with the
constructive arts: in the manufacturing of
machinery, structure, ships, aircraft, and so
on.
Graphics Language
There are many different ways of
communicating ideas, information,
instruction, etc. They can be transmitted by
signs or gestures, by words of mouth, in
writing, or graphically.
Engineering drawing is a graphical
language used by those concerned with the
constructive arts: in the manufacturing of
machinery, structure, ships, aircraft, and so
on.
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Effectiveness of Graphics Language
1. Try to write a description of
this object.
2. Test your written description
by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.
You can easily understand that …
The word languages are inadequate for describing the
size, shape and features completely as well as
concisely.
Composition of Graphic Language
Graphic language in “engineering application” use
lines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours
of objects.
The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting” .
A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments
or computer methods.
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Freehand drawing
The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.
Example
Instrument drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.
Example
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Computer drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, solid works , PRO – E, etc.
Examples
Example of CAD
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Example of CAD
Example of CAD
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Engineering
Drawing
Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.
Graphics
language
Describe a shape
(mainly).
Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object.
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Basic Knowledge for Drafting
Graphics Word
language language
Line Projection Geometric
types method construction Lettering
Traditional
Drawing Tools
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DRAFTING/DRAWING EQUIPMENT
TECHNICAL DRAWING BOARD
where a drawing sheet is
attached. Should be kept
clean & smooth. Paper is
fixed with clips or
adhesives.
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DRAWING TOOLS
Used together with T-square when drawing
vertical lines. Usual ones are 45-45, 60-30
1. T-Square 2. Triangles
For drawing horizontal lines.
DRAWING TOOLS
3. Adhesive Tape 4. Pencils
2H or HB for thick line
4H for thin line
Drawing lines, Marks, symbols depending
on the application
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DRAWING TOOLS
5. Sandpaper 6. Compass
Used for drawing circles & arcs
DRAWING TOOLS
7. Pencil Eraser 8. Erasing Shield
Remove surface dirt, minimize damage.
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DRAWING TOOLS
9. Circle Template 10. Tissue paper
DRAWING TOOLS
11. Sharpener 12. Clean paper
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Drawing Standard
Introduction
Standards are set of rules that govern how technical
drawings are represented.
Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey
the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
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Standard Code
Country Code Full name
USA ANSI American National Standard Institute
Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
UK BS British Standard
Australia AS Australian Standard
Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung
ISO International Standards Organization
Drawing Sheet
A4
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4.
A3
Standard sheet size
A2
A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420
A2 420 x 594 A1
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
(Dimensions in millimeters) A0
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Orientation of drawing sheet
1. Type X (A0~A4) 2. Type Y (A4 only)
c
d
d c Drawing
Border Drawing space
space Title block
lines Title block
c
Sheet size c (mm) d (mm)
A4 10 25
A3 10 25
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
SAMPLE OF DRAWING SHEET
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TITLE BLOCK
Drawing layout
All engineering drawings should feature a title block.
The title block should include:
Title:- title of the drawing
Name:- name of the person who produced the drawing
Checked:- before manufacture, drawings are usually checked
Version:- many drawings are amended, each revision must be noted
Date:- the date the drawing was produced or last amended
Notes:- any note relevant to the drawing
Scale:- the scale of the drawing
Company name:- name of the company
Projection:- the projection system used to create the drawing
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SAMPLE OF ENGINEERING DRAWING
Examples of Title Blocks in
Education Institutions
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Examples of Title Blocks in
Education Institutions
EXERCISE 1
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END OF LECTURE 1
[email protected]
CIV 1101: ENGINEERING DRAWING
LECTURE 2
ENG. DR. SWAIB SEMIYAGA
Lecturer,
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
College of Engineering, Design, Art & Technology (CEDAT),
[email protected] 23
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LECTURE OBJECTIVES
Drawing scales
Lines
Lettering
Drawing Scale
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Drawing Scales
Length, size
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.
Size in drawing Actual size
Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow
SCALE 1:1 for full size
SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)
Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond
to “true size” of the object and they are independent of
the scale used in creating that drawing.
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Standard Engineering Lettering
and Lines
Introduction to Types of Lines
• Each line has a definite form and line weight.
• The standard thick line weight is 0.6mm HB Lead.
• The standard thin line weight is 0.3mm HB Lead.
• The standard construction line weight is 0.5mm 2H
Lead.
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Basic Line Types &
Name according to application
Thickness 1. Dimension line
Thick Thin
2. Extension line
Visible line 3. Leader line
Style
Continuous Hidden line
Dash
Chain Center line
1. Visible line represent features that can be seen in the current view.
2. Dimension line
Extension line indicate the sizes and location of features.
Leader line
3. Hidden line represent features that cannot be seen in the current view.
4. Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles,
axis of axisymmetrical parts.
Main Line Types
Viewing Planes Visible Lines Hidden Lines
Break Lines Center Lines
Phantom Lines Dimension Lines
Lines
Section Lines Extension Lines
Cutting Planes Leader Lines
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Visible/Object Lines
• Dark, heavy lines.
• Used to represent the outline or contour of the object
being drawn.
• Define features you can see in a particular view.
Hidden Lines
• Light, narrow, short, dashed lines.
• Shows the outline of a feature that can not be seen in
a particular view.
• Used to help clarify a feature, but can be omitted if
they clutter a drawing.
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Hidden Lines (Technique)
Section Lines
• Thin line usually drawn at a 45 degree angle.
• Indicates the material that has been cut through in a
sectional view.
Section
Line
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Center Lines
• Thin line consisting of alternating long and short
dashes.
• Used to represent the center of round or cylindrical
features, or the symmetry of a feature.
Dimension Lines
• Thin lines capped on the ends with arrowheads and
broken along their length to provide a space for the
dimension numeral.
• They indicate length.
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Extension Lines
• Thin lines used to establish the extent of a dimension.
• Can also be used to show extension of a surface to a
theoretical intersection as shown in (b).
• Begin 1.5mm from the object and extend to 3mm
beyond the last dimension.
• They should not cross dimension lines.
Leader Lines
• Thin lines used to connect a specific note to a feature.
• Also used to direct dimensions, symbols, item number and
part numbers on a drawing.
• Commonly drawn at 45, 30 and 60 degrees.
• Has a short shoulder (3-6mm) at one end beginning at the
center of the vertical height of text, and a standard
dimension arrowhead at the other end touching the feature.
• Leader lines should not cross
each other.
• Leader lines should not be
excessively long.
• Leader lines should not be
vertical or horizontal.
• Leader lines should not be
parallel to dimension lines,
extension lines or section lines.
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Arrowheads
• Used to terminate dimension lines and leader lines and on
cutting-plane lines and viewing plane lines.
• They should be three times as long as they are wide.
• They should be the same size throughout the drawing.
• The filled arrowhead is generally preferred because of its
clarity.
Cutting Plane Lines
• Thick broken line that is terminated with short 90
degree arrowheads.
• Shows where a part is mentally cut in half to better
see the interior detail.
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Cutting Plane Lines (Example)
Break Lines
• Used to break out sections for clarity or for shortening
a part.
• Three types of break lines with different line weights:
a) Short Breaks.
b) Long Breaks.
c) Cylindrical Breaks.
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a) Short Break Lines
• Thick wavy line.
• Used to break the edge or surface of a part for clarity
of a hidden surface.
(a) Short break line on metal shape;
(b) Short Break Line on wood shape.
b) Long Break Lines
• Long, thin lines.
• Used to show that the middle section of an object has
been removed so it can be drawn on a smaller piece
of paper.
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c) Cylindrical Break Lines
• Thin lines.
• Used to show round parts that are broken in half to
better clarify the print or to reduce the length of the
object.
Cylindrical conventional breaks for a solid and tube;
where R = Radius
Phantom Lines
• Thin lines made up of long dashes alternating with
pairs of short dashes.
• Three purposes in drawings
a) To show the alternate position of moving parts.
b) To show the relationship of parts that fit together.
c) To show repeated detail.
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Phantom Lines (Examples)
Grades of Pencils used in Lines
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Exercise
Identify the various line types used below:
Example 1
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Example 2
Lettering in Engineering Drawing
Lettering is used to provide easy to read and understand
information to supplement a drawing in the form of notes
and annotations.
Lettering is an essential element in both traditional drawing
and Computer Aided Design (CAD) drawing
Thus, it must be written with:
Legibility – shape & space between letters and words.
Uniformity – size & line thickness.
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Types of Lettering
The two types of lettering are:
1. Double Stroke Lettering.
2. Single Stroke Lettering.
1. Double Stroke Lettering
In Double Stroke Lettering the line width is greater than that of
Single Stroke Lettering.
Double Stroke Lettering is further divided into:
a) Double Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering.
b) Double Stroke Inclined Gothic Lettering.
A stencil is mostly used when hand drawing double stroked letters.
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2. Single Stroke Lettering
Thickness in single stroke lettering is obtained by a single stroke of
pencil or ink pen.
It is further divided into:
(a) Single Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering.
(b) Single Stroke Inclined Gothic Lettering.
Single stroke vertical letters Single stroke inclined letters
Conventions for Lettering
• Use all CAPITAL LETTERS.
• Use even pressure to draw precise, clean lines.
• Use one stroke per line.
• Horizontal Stroke are drawn left to right.
• Vertical Strokes are drawn downward.
• Curved strokes are drawn top to bottom in one continuous stroke on
each side.
• Use kerning to eliminate excessive space between letters. –
[kerning refers to adjusting the space between characters, especially by
placing two characters closer together than normal. Kerning makes certain
combinations of letters, such as WA, MW, TA, and VA, look better.]
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Conventions for Lettering (cont.)
• Use The Single-stroke, Gothic Style of Lettering.
• Always Skip A Space Between Rows Of Letters.
• Always Use Very Light Guide Lines.
• Fractions Are Lettered Twice The Height Of Normal Letters.
• Fraction Bars Are Always Drawn Horizontal.
• Use a Medium (B, HB, F or H) Lead For Normal Lettering.
• Use a Hard (2H To 4H) Lead For Drawing Guide Lines.
• Notes should be double spaced.
Application of Lettering
Lettering in Engineering Drawings is used in writing
Title Blocks which play a crucial role in drawings, they
are used to record all of the important information
necessary for the working drawings. A HB Pencil is used.
What does the Title Block contain?
• Title of the drawing. • Symbol denoting the method of
• Drawing Number. projection.
• Scale. • Initials of staff who designed, checked
• Name of the firm. & approved.
Other uses of lettering include Dimensions and Notes
on the engineering drawing.
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Placement of text on Engineering Drawings
Try and locate the text on the drawings going around.
Guidelines
Extremely light horizontal lines that are necessary to regulate
the height of letters.
In addition, light vertical or inclined guidelines are needed to
keep the letters uniformly vertical or inclined.
Guidelines are absolutely essential for good lettering.
Guidelines are drawn using Hard (2H to 4H) Lead Pencils with
light pressure. HB grade conical end pencils are used for
lettering.
Procedure for Lettering
• Thin horizontal guide lines are drawn first at a distance ‘h’ apart.
• Lettering Technique: Horizontal lines of the letters are drawn from
left to right. Vertical, inclined and curved lines are drawn from top to
bottom.
• After lettering has been completed, the guidelines are not erased.
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Guidelines in Lettering (including Height)
Recommended Size (height, h) of
Letters/Numerals
h -(height of capital letters)
c1 -(height of lower-case letters) Main Title 5mm, 7mm, 10mm
c2 -(tail of lower-case letters)
c3 -(stem of lower-case letters) Sub-Title 3.5mm, 5mm
b1 -(spacing between baselines)
b2 -(spacing between baselines) Dimensions, Notes
2.5mm, 3.5mm, 5mm
etc.
c2
c2
h
Guidelines for Lettering
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Spacing
Uniformity in spacing of letters is a matter of equalizing
spaces by eye.
• The background area between letters, not the distance between them,
should be approximately equal.
• Words are spaced well apart, but letters within words should be
spaced closely.
L IN E S
LET T ERS
• For either upper case or lower-case lettering, make the spaces
between words approximately equal to a capital O.
LINES AND LETTERINGS
• Avoid spacing letters too far apart and words too close together.
Types of Spacing
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Space between letters
DRAWING
Contour
Contour can be denoted as straight, slant and curve.
Adjacent contour can be
1. straight-straight : II, IN, IM, IP etc.
2. straight-curve (or curve-straight) : IO, QR etc.
3. straight-slant (or slant-straight) : IV, IW etc.
4. curve-curve : OO, OG etc.
5. slant-curve (or curve-slant) : VO, WG, VC etc.
6. slant-slant : VW, VX etc.
7. The ‘L’ and ‘T’ : LT
Space between letters
• Spacing between characters, is normally (2/10)h.
• Spacing between words, is normally (6/10)h.
where h is the cap height.
Lettering Uniformity
• Important to produce good drawings.
• Uniform in style, size, inclination, weight and space.
• Carelessness might result in mistakes.
ENGINEERING DRAWINGS
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Examples of Common Mistakes
in Lettering
Lettering style not uniform LEtTErING
Lettering height not uniform
LE TTERING
Lettering inclination not uniform LETTERING
Lettering thickness not uniform LETTERING
Lettering space not uniform LET T E R ING
References
French, T. E., (1918). A MANUAL OF ENGINEERING
DRAWING FOR STUDENTS AND DRAFTSMEN. London: Hill
Publishing Co., Ltd.
Engineering Drawing Fundamentals: Introduction to
Engineering Drawing. Retrieved from
http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~kjirapon/lecture-
note.html.
Madsen D. A., Madsen D. P., (2011). ENGINEERING
DRAWING & DESIGN, Fifth Edition. New York: Cengage
Learning.
Reddy K. V., (2008). TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING DRAWING.
Hyderabad: BS Publications.
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END OF LECTURE 2
[email protected]
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