Number and the Number System For Staphanie

1. Introduction

The number system is the way we represent and work with

numbers. It includes whole numbers, fractions, decimals, negative
numbers, powers, roots, and different bases. A strong
understanding of the number system helps in algebra,
measurement, statistics, and everyday problem solving.

2. Types of Numbers (Revision + Extension from Year 7)

1. Natural Numbers (ℕ): 1, 2, 3, …

2. Whole Numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, …

3. Integers (ℤ): … –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3 …

4. Rational Numbers (ℚ): Can be written as fractions (p/q, q ≠ 0).

Examples: 2/3, –4/7, 0.25 (since 0.25 = 25/100).

5. Irrational Numbers: Cannot be expressed as fractions. Their

decimals are non-terminating and non-repeating.

Examples: √2, π.

6. Real Numbers (ℝ): All rational + irrational numbers.

7. Prime Numbers: Numbers with only two factors (1 and itself).

Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 …

8. Composite Numbers: Numbers with more than two factors.

Example: 12 (factors are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12).

9. Square Numbers: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 …

10. Cube Numbers: 1, 8, 27, 64 …

3. Place Value and Number Notation

Each digit in a number has a place value depending on its

position.

Example: In 52,463 → 5 (ten thousands), 2 (thousands), 4

(hundreds), 6 (tens), 3 (ones).

Decimals also have place values (tenths, hundredths,

thousandths).

4. Fractions, Decimals, and Percentages

Fractions: A part of a whole (e.g. ¾).

Decimals: Another way to write fractions (¾ = 0.75).

Percentages: Out of 100 (¾ = 75%).

Conversions:

Fraction → Decimal (divide numerator by denominator).

Decimal → Percentage (×100).

5. Factors, Multiples, and Divisibility

Factor: A number that divides another exactly. (Factors of 20 → 1,
2, 4, 5, 10, 20).

Multiple: A product of a number and an integer. (Multiples of 6 →

6, 12, 18 …).

HCF (Highest Common Factor): Largest common factor of two or

more numbers.

LCM (Lowest Common Multiple): Smallest common multiple of two

or more numbers.

Divisibility Rules:

Divisible by 2 → last digit even.

Divisible by 3 → sum of digits divisible by 3.

Divisible by 5 → last digit 0 or 5.

6. Directed Numbers (Positive and Negative Numbers)

Numbers can be positive (+5, +20) or negative (–3, –10).

Used in temperature, money, height, etc.

Rules of operations:

(+) × (+) = (+)

(–) × (–) = (+)

(+) × (–) = (–)

(–) × (+) = (–)

7. Standard Form (Scientific Notation)

Large or small numbers written as:

a × 10ⁿ, where 1 ≤ a < 10 and n is an integer.

Examples:

47,000 = 4.7 × 10⁴

0.0063 = 6.3 × 10⁻³

8. Powers and Roots

Square of a number (n²): n × n.

Cube of a number (n³): n × n × n.

Square root (√n): A number that, when multiplied by itself, gives

n.

Example: √25 = 5.

Cube root (∛n): A number that, when multiplied by itself 3 times,

gives n.

Example: ∛64 = 4.

9. Number Bases

The number system we use daily is base 10 (decimal).

Other bases:

Binary (base 2): Uses only 0 and 1 (computers).

Octal (base 8): Digits 0–7.

Hexadecimal (base 16): Digits 0–9 and A–F.

Conversions between bases are important in digital systems.

10. Properties of Operations

Commutative Law: a + b = b + a; a × b = b × a.

Associative Law: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c).

Distributive Law: a × (b + c) = ab + ac.

QUIZ

✅ 1. Types of Numbers (Q1–Q5)

Q1. Which of the following is a prime number?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 6

Q2. An irrational number is:

A) A number that cannot be expressed as a fraction
B) A number that repeats
C) A number with a decimal
D) A negative number

Q3. Which of these is a whole number but not a natural

number?
A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3

Q4. Which of these is a rational number?

A) √2
B) π
C) 7/8
D) e

Q5. Which set includes positive and negative whole numbers

including zero?
A) Natural numbers
B) Rational numbers
C) Integers
D) Real numbers

✅ 2. Place Value and Number Notation (Q6–Q10)

Q6. In 47,652, what is the place value of 6?

A) Tens
B) Hundreds
C) Thousands
D) Ten Thousands

Q7. What is the value of 3 in the number 3,809?

A) 3
B) 30
C) 300
D) 3000

Q8. What digit is in the hundredths place in 54.367?

A) 3
B) 6
C) 7
D) 4

Q9. Which number is written in expanded form?

A) 432
B) 400 + 30 + 2
C) 4.32
D) 4,320
Q10. What is the value of the digit 5 in 2.563?
A) 0.5
B) 5
C) 50
D) 0.05

✅ 3. Fractions, Decimals, and Percentages (Q11–Q15)

Q11. What is 50% as a decimal?

A) 0.05
B) 5.0
C) 0.5
D) 0.05

Q12. Which fraction is equivalent to 0.75?

A) 1/4
B) 3/4
C) 2/5
D) 1/2

Q13. Convert 2/5 to a percentage.

A) 20%
B) 25%
C) 40%
D) 60%

Q14. What is 12.5% of 80?

A) 10
B) 12
C) 15
D) 20

Q15. Which decimal is equal to 3/10?

A) 0.3
B) 0.03
C) 3.0
D) 0.333

✅ 4. Factors, Multiples, and Divisibility (Q16–Q20)

Q16. Which of these is a multiple of 6?

A) 13
B) 18
C) 20
D) 25

Q17. The greatest common factor (GCF) of 8 and 12 is:

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Q18. A number divisible by both 2 and 3 is also divisible by:

A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 9

Q19. What is the least common multiple (LCM) of 3 and 4?

A) 12
B) 6
C) 9
D) 8

Q20. What is a prime factor of 45?

A) 9
B) 15
C) 3
D) 10
✅ 5. Directed Numbers (Q21–Q25)

Q21. What is the sum of -4 and 7?

A) -11
B) -3
C) 3
D) 11

Q22. Subtract: -6 - (-3)

A) -9
B) -3
C) -6
D) -3

Q23. Which number is greater?

A) -2
B) -10
C) -5
D) -20

Q24. What is the result of -3 × -5?

A) -15
B) 8
C) 15
D) 0

Q25. What is the value of -18 ÷ 3?

A) -6
B) 6
C) 0
D) -15

✅ 6. Standard Form / Scientific Notation (Q26–Q30)

Q26. 4.5 × 10⁶ in ordinary form is:

A) 4,500
B) 450,000
C) 4,500,000
D) 45,000,000

Q27. 7.2 × 10⁻³ is:

A) 0.00072
B) 0.0072
C) 720
D) 0.072

Q28. Which number is correctly written in scientific notation?

A) 450 × 10³
B) 0.8 × 10⁴
C) 8 × 10²
D) 80 × 10⁻¹

Q29. What is 6,000,000 in scientific notation?

A) 6 × 10³
B) 6 × 10⁶
C) 6 × 10⁵
D) 6.0 × 10³

Q30. Convert 3.1 × 10⁻⁴ to decimal form.

A) 0.000031
B) 0.00031
C) 0.0031
D) 0.031

✅ 7. Powers and Roots (Q31–Q35)

Q31. What is 2³?

A) 6
B) 8
C) 9
D) 4
Q32. √64 =
A) 6
B) 7
C) 8
D) 9

Q33. What is the cube of 4?

A) 8
B) 16
C) 64
D) 12

Q34. 10² equals:

A) 20
B) 100
C) 10
D) 1000

Q35. What is √81?

A) 9
B) 8
C) 10
D) 7

✅ 8. Number Bases (Q36–Q40)

Q36. The binary number system uses which digits?

A) 0–9
B) 1–9
C) 0 and 1
D) 1 and 2

Q37. What is the decimal value of binary 101?

A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 7

Q38. What base is the hexadecimal system?

A) 2
B) 10
C) 16
D) 8

Q39. Convert decimal 4 to binary.

A) 10
B) 100
C) 101
D) 11

Q40. Which of the following is not a valid binary number?

A) 1101
B) 1002
C) 101
D) 0

✅ 9. Properties of Operations (Q41–Q45)

Q41. Which property does this equation show: 3 + 5 = 5 + 3?

A) Associative
B) Distributive
C) Commutative
D) Identity

Q42. What is the identity element of addition?

A) 1
B) 0
C) -1
D) 10
Q43. Which property is shown by: (2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4)?
A) Commutative
B) Distributive
C) Associative
D) Identity

Q44. The distributive property is shown by:

A) a + b = b + a
B) a × (b + c) = ab + ac
C) a + 0 = a
D) (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)

Q45. Which property is this: 6 × 1 = 6?

A) Commutative
B) Associative
C) Identity
D) Distributive