Unit 3
Passive Microwave Components.
Prof. A. A. Trikolikar
Syllabus
S Parameter Matrix.
H Plane Tee.
E plane Tee.
Magic Tee.
Directional Coupler.
Gyrator.
Isolator.
Circulator.
2
S Parameter
• New method of characterization is needed.
• The logical variables to use at the microwave
frequencies are travelling waves rather than
total voltages and total currents.
• These are the S parameters,
3
Properties of S parameter Matrix
[S] is always a square matrix of order (n*n)
[S] is a unitary matrix, i.e. [S][S]* = [I]
Here, [S]* is complex conjugate of [S]
[I] is unit or Identity matrix of same order of [S]
[S] is a symmetric matrix. i.e. Sij = Sji.
The sum of products of each term of any row or column
multiplied by complex conjugate of corresponding term of
any other row or column is zero.
n (k 1,2,3 n)
Sik
i 1
Sij
*
0 fork j ( j 1,2,3 n)
4
Microwave Hybrid Circuits
Microwave circuits consists of several microwave
devices connected in some way to achieve the
desired transmission of a microwave signal.
The interconnection of two or more microwave
devices may be regarded as a microwave
junction.
5
H plane Tee
6
H plane Tee
Formed by cutting a rectangular slot along width
of main W/G & attaching another H arm called
as side arm.
Port 1 & 2 of main W/G are called as collinear
port & port 3 called as H arm or side port.
As all 3 arms of H plane tee lie in plane of
magnetic field , it divide itself in to arms & act as
a current junction.
7
H plane Tee
Properties of H plane Tee can be expressed by
S parameter matrix of order 3*3.
S 11 S 12 S 13
[ S ] S 21 S 22 S 23 ( Eq.1)
S 31 S 32 S 33
Because of plane of symmetry of junction
scattering coefficients S13 & S23 are equal.
S13 = S23
8
H plane Tee
According to symmetric property of S
parameter matrix,
S12 = S21; S23 = S32 & S13=S31.
Since port 3 is perfectly matched;
S33 = 0. then Eq. 1 become;
S 11 S 12 S 13
[ S ] S 12 S 22 S 13 ( Eq.2)
S 13 S 13 0
9
H plane Tee
From unitary property of S matrix;
S 11 S 12 S 13 S 11 * S 12 * S 13 * 1 0 0
S 12 S 22 S 13 S 12 * S 22 * S 13 * 0 1 0
S 13 S 13 0 S 13 * S 13 * 0 0 0 1
By matrix multiplication we get;
S11 S11* + S12 S12* + S13 S13* = 1 (R1*C1) or
S 11 S 12 S 13 1 ( Eq.3)
2 2 2
&
S 12 S 22 S 13 1 ( Eq.4)(R2 * C 2)
2 2 2
10
H plane Tee
S 13 S 13 1( R3 * C 3)
2 2
&
2 S 13 1
2
1
S 13 ( Eq.5)
2
By comparing Eq. 3 & 4 we can write;
S 11 S 22
2 2
i.e.S 11 S 22 ( Eq.6)
11
H plane Tee
S13 S11* + S13 S12* = 0 (R3*C1) -(Eq.7)
S13(S11*+S12*)=0 -(Eq.8)
but, S 13 0, so
S 11 * S 12* 0
i.e.S 11* S 12 *
or, S 11 S 12, orS12 S 11 ( Eq.9)
After putting value of S12 & S13 in Eq. 3, we
get,
12
H plane Tee
1
S 11 S 11 1
2 2
2
1
2 S 11 1
2
2
1
S 11 ( Eq.10)
2
1 1 1
When, S 11 , then S 12 & S 22
2 2 2
Put all above values in Eq. 2 we get;
13
H plane Tee
1 1 1
2
2 2
1 1 1
[S ]
2 2 2
1 1
0
2 2
But, [b] = [S] [a],
[b] is column matrix indicates which shows reflected
waves.
[a] is Input or shows incident wave.
14
H plane Tee
1 1 1
2
b1 2 2 a1
b 2 1 1 1
* a 2
2 2 2
b3 1 1 a3
0
2 2
1 1 1
b1 a1 a 2 a 3 ( Eq.11)
2 2 2
1 1 1
b 2 a1 a 2 a 3 ( Eq.12)
2 2 2
1 1
b3 a1 a 2 ( Eq.13)
2 2
15
H plane Tee
Case 1:- a 3 0, a1 0, a 2 0
Put these conditions in Eq. 11, 12 & 13, we get;
a3 a3
b1 , b2 b3 0
2 2
• Let P3 be power input at port 3, then this
power divides itself equally between port 1 & 2
in phase;
• i.e. P1=P2, & P3= P1+P2 = 2P1 =2P2
16
H plane Tee
Amount of power from port 1 or 2 due to input
at port 3 is;
P1 P1 1
P 10 log 10 10 log 10 3dB
P3 2 P1 2
Hence power coming from port 1 or 2 is 3 dB
down with respect to input power at port 1.
Due to this H plane Tee is also called as 3 dB
splitter.
When TE10 mode is allowed to propagate in to
port 3 E field lines not changes their direction
when they come out from port 1 & 2.
17
H plane Tee
Case 2:- a1 a 2 a, a 3 0
Put these conditions in Eq. 11, 12 & 13, we get;
a a a3
b1 0
2 2 2
a a a3
b2 0
2 2 2
a1 a2 a a
b3
2 2 2 2
• This shows output at port 3 is addition of 2
inputs at port 1 & 2 & added in phase.
18
E plane Tee
19
E plane Tee
A Rectangular slot is cut along broader
dimension of long W/G & a side arm is attached
called as E plane Tee.
When TE10 mode is propagated in to port 3, two
outputs at port 1 & 2 will have phase shift of 180º
Any signal that is to split or combined will fed
from E arm.
20
E plane Tee
E plane tee act as a voltage or series junction.
Effective value of power leaving from E arm is
proportional to phasor difference between power
energy from port 1 & 2.
When power entering in main arm (Port 1 & 2)
are in phase opposition, then maximum energy
comes out from port 3.
21
E plane Tee
Properties of E plane Tee can be expressed by
S parameter matrix of order 3*3.
S 11 S 12 S 13
[ S ] S 21 S 22 S 23 ( Eq.1)
S 31 S 32 S 33
Because of plane of symmetry of junction we
can write;
S23 = -S13
• Since output at port 1 & 2 is out of phase by 180º with input at
port 3.
22
E plane Tee
According to symmetric property of S
parameter matrix,
S12 = S21; S23 = S32 & S13=S31.
Since port 3 is perfectly matched;
S33 = 0. then Eq. 1 become;
S 11 S 12 S 13
[ S ] S 12 S 22 S 13 ( Eq.2)
S 13 S 13 0
23
E plane Tee
From unitary property of S matrix;
S 11 S 12 S 13 S 11 * S 12 * S 13 * 1 0 0
S 12 S 22 S 13 S 12 * S 22 * S 13 * 0 1 0
S 13 S 13 0 S 13 * S 13 * 0 0 0 1
By matrix multiplication we get;
S11 S11* + S12 S12* + S13 S13* = 1 (R1*C1) or
S 11 S 12 S 13 1 ( Eq.3)
2 2 2
&
S 12 S 22 S 13 1 ( Eq.4)(R2 * C 2)
2 2 2
24
E plane Tee
S 13 S 13 1( R3 * C 3)
2 2
&
2 S 13 1
2
1
S 13 ( Eq.5)
2
S13 S11* - S13 S12* = 0 (R3*C1) -(Eq.6)
i.e. S13(S11*-S12*)=0
But S13 is not equal to 0 so;
(S11*-S12*)=0 i.e. S11*=S12* or S11=S12 -(Eq.7)
Put this in Eq. 3, we get;
25
E plane Tee
2 S 11 S 13 1
2 2
1
2 S 11 1
2
2
1 1 1
S 11 & S 12 & S 21
2 2 2
After putting all above values Eq. 1 become;
26
E plane Tee
1 1 1
2 2
2
1 1 1
[S ]
2 2 2
1 1
0
2 2
But, [b] = [S] [a],
[b] is column matrix indicates which shows reflected
waves.
[a] is Input or shows incident wave.
27
E plane Tee
1 1 1
b1 2 2 2 a1
b 2 1 1
1
* a 2
2 2 2
b3 1 1 a 3
0
2 2
1 1 1
b1 a1 a 2 a 3 ( Eq.8)
2 2 2
1 1 1
b 2 a1 a 2 a 3 ( Eq.9)
2 2 2
1 1
b3 a1 a 2 ( Eq.10)
2 2
28
E plane Tee
Case 1:- a 3 0, a1 0, a 2 0
Put these conditions in Eq. 8, 9 & 10, we get;
a3 a3
b1 , b2 b3 0
2 2
• This shows input at port 3 equally divides
between 1 & 2, but introduces a phase shift of
180º between two outputs.
• Hence E plane Tee is also called as 3 dB
splitter.
29
E plane Tee
Case 2:- a1 a 2 a, a 3 0
Put these conditions in Eq. 8, 9 & 10, we get;
a a
b1
2 2
a a
b2
2 2
a a
b3 0
2 2
• This shows equal input at port 1 & 2 result no
output from port 3.
30
E plane Tee
Case 3:- a1 0, a 2 0, a 3 0
Put these conditions in Eq. 8, 9 & 10, we get;
a1
b1
2
a1
b2
2
a1
b3
2
31
E-H plane (Hybrid / Magic) Tee
32
E-H plane (Hybrid / Magic) Tee
Here rectangular slots are cut both along width
& breadth of W/G & side arms are attached.
Port 1 & 2 are collinear arms, port 3 is H arm &
port 4 is E arm.
This 4 port hybrid Tee junction combines power
dividing property of E & H plane Tee.
It having advantage of being completely
matched at all its ports.
33
E-H plane (Hybrid / Magic) Tee
Properties of magic Tee can be expressed by S
parameter matrix of order 4*4.
S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14
S 21 S 22 S 23 S 24
[S ] ( Eq.1)
S 31 S 32 S 33 S 34
S 41 S 42 S 43 S 44
34
E-H plane (Hybrid / Magic) Tee
Because of H plane Tee section;
S23 = S13 -(Eq.2)
Because of E plane Tee section;
S24 = -S14 – (Eq.3)
• Because of geometry of junction input at
port 3 can not come out from port 4, as
they are isolated ports. So;
• S34 = S43 =0 (Eq.4)
• By symmetric property of S matrix;
• S12=S21; S13=S31; S23=S32; S34=S43;
• S24=S42; & S41=S14.
35
E-H plane (Hybrid / Magic) Tee
If port 3 & 4 are perfectly matched to junction
then, S33 = S44 = 0.
By putting all values in Eq. 1 we obtain;
S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14
S 12 S 22 S 13 S 14
[S ] ( Eq.5)
S 13 S 13 0 0
S 14 S 14 0 0
36
E-H plane (Hybrid / Magic) Tee
From unitary property of S matrix;
S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 S 11 * S 12 * S 13 * S 14 * 1 0 0 0
S 12 S 22 S 13 S 14 S 12 * S 22 * S 13 * S 14 * 0 1 0 0
*
S 13 S 13 0 0 S 13 * S 13 * 0 0 0 0 1 0
S 14 S 14 0 0 S 14 * S 14 * 0 0 0 0 0 1
S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 1 ( R1C1) ( Eq.6)
2 2 2 2
S 22 S 13 S 14 1 ( R 2C 2) ( Eq.7)
2 2 2 2
S 12
S 13 S 13 1 ( R3C 3) ( Eq.8)
2 2
S 14 1 ( R 4C 4) ( Eq.9)
2 2
S 14
37
E-H plane (Hybrid / Magic) Tee
From Eq. 8 & 9;
1 1
S 13 & S 14
2 2
Put values of S13 & S14 in Eq. 6 then;
1 1
S 11 S 12 1
2 2
2 2
S 11 S 12 0
2 2
i.e.S 11 & S 12 0
38
E-H plane (Hybrid / Magic) Tee
Put these values in Eq. 7 we get;
1 1
0 S 22 1
2
2 2
S 22 0
1 1
0 0
Then Eq. 5 become; 2 2
1 1
0 0
2 2 ( Eq.10)
[S ]
1 1
0 0
2 2
1
1
0 0
2 2
39
E-H plane Tee
40
E-H plane Tee
This is property of E plane Tee.
41
E-H plane Tee
42
E-H plane Tee
43
Applications of Magic Tee – Measurement
of Impedance
44
Applications of Magic Tee – Measurement
of Impedance
45
Applications of Magic Tee – Measurement
of Impedance
46
Applications of Magic Tee – As a Duplexer
47
Applications of Magic Tee – As a Duplexer
48
Applications of Magic Tee – As a Mixer
49
Applications of Magic Tee – As a Mixer
50
Directional Coupler
51
Types of Directional Coupler
1. A two-hole directional coupler
2. Four-hole directional coupler
3. Reverse-coupling directional coupler (Schwinger coupler)
4. Bethe-hole directional coupler
Only the very commonly used two-hole directional coupler is
described here.
52
2 Hole Directional Coupler
53
2 Hole Directional Coupler
It consist of two tiny holes at a
distance λg/4.
Two leakages are in phase at position
of second hole & contributing in
forward power.
Two leakages are out of phase at
position of first hole & therefore they
cancel each other making backward
power zero (ideally).
54
Performance parameter of
Directional Coupler
55
Scattering Matrix of
Directional Coupler
56
Scattering Matrix of
Directional Coupler
57
Scattering Matrix of
Directional Coupler
58
Microwave Propagation in Ferrite
59
Properties of Ferrite
Strong Magnetic Property.
High Resistivity.
Non Reciprocal Property.
Insulating Property.
60
Properties of Ferrite
Non reciprocal property of ferrite indicates
when two circularly polarized waves , one is
rotating clockwise & other anticlockwise are
made to propagate through ferrite material
react differentlty through rotating fields.
When a plane linearly polarized wave made
propagate through ferrite then a plane of
polarization of this wave will rotate with
distance . This phenomenon know as
Faraday’s Rotation.
This property of ferrite is used in devices like
Gyrator, Isolator & Circulator.
61
Gyrator
62
Gyrator
63
Isolator
Fig. Constructional details of Isolator
Circulator
Fig.4-port circulator
Circulator
Fig. Constructional details of Circulator
