MAHARAJA SURAJMAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
C-4, JANAK PURI, NEW DELHI
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
List of Experiments
Name of Programme: - B. Tech L P C
Semester: I/II - 2 1
Course Title: Electrical Science Lab
Course Code: ES 159/ES 160
S. Name of Experiment
No.
1. To study different types of electrical symbols and standards.
2. To study connection of lamp
1. One way Switch method.
2. Two way Switch method.
3. To verify Thevenin Theorem and Norton’s Theorem.
4. To measure power and power factor in a single phase A.C circuit using
three Ammeters or three Voltmeters.
5. To measure power and power factor in a balanced three phase circuit using
two single phase wattmeters.
6. To study of resonance in a series RLC or parallel RLC circuit.
7. To perform open circuit and short circuit test on 1-phase transformer.
8. To study speed control, starting and reversing of DC shunt Motor.
9. To verify maximum power Transfer Theorem.
Or
To verify superposition Theorem and reciprocity Theorem
Dr. Monu Malik
Lab Incharge, Electrical Science Lab
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
AIM:- TO STUDY DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTRICAL SYMBOLSAND
STANDARDS .
Symbol Component name Meaning
Wire Symbols
Electrical Wire Conductor of electrical current
Connected Wires Connected crossing
Not Connected
Wires are not connected
Wires
Ground Symbols
Used for zero potential reference and electrical shock
Earth Ground
protection.
Chassis Ground Connected to the chassis of the circuit
Digital / Common
Ground
Resistor Symbols
Resistor (IEEE)
Resistor reduces the current flow.
Resistor (IEC)
Potentiometer
(IEEE) Adjustable resistor - has 3 terminals.
Capacitor Symbols
Capacitor
Capacitor is used to store electric charge. It acts as short circuit
with AC and open circuit with DC.
Capacitor
Polarized Capacitor Electrolytic capacitor
Polarized Capacitor Electrolytic capacitor
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
AIM:-
To study connection of lamp by
i) Single way switch method
ii)Two way switch method
APPARATUS:-
Lamps with holders, connecting wires,one way two way switches etc.
Theory
One way
A one way lighting circuit is a simple circuit that enables one circuit to be turned on or off with
one switch. The single circuit may have one or more lights in it. This type of circuit uses a one
way switch and shown in fig below.
Two way
A two way lighting circuit enables one circuit to be turned on or off by either of two switches.
The circuit may have one or more lights in it. This type of circuit uses two of the two way
switches.
2 way switching means having two or more switches in different locations to control one lamp.
They are wired so that operation of either switch will control the light. This arrangement is often
found in stairways, with one switch upstairs and one switch downstairs or in long hallways with
a switch at either end.
EXPERIMENT NO. 3(A) &(B)
AIM: To verify Thevenin’s & Norton’s theorem.
THEORY:
Thevenin’s Theorem:
The current flowing through a load resistance RL connected across any two terminals A and B of
a linear, active bilateral network is given by Voc /(Rth+RL) where VOC is the open circuit voltage
also known as Thevenin’s voltage(Vth) and Rth is the internal resistance known as Thevenin’s
resistance of the network as viewed back into the open circuited network from terminals A and B
with all voltage source replaced by their internal resistance (short circuit) and current sources by
infinite resistance(open circuit).
PROCEDURE:
Thevenin’s Theorem:
1. Apply a D.C. voltage from voltage source to the input terminals of the network and
measure the output voltage Voc (Vth ) with out load.
2. Connect the load at the output of the network and measure the current IL through the
load
3. Disconnect the voltage source and load, short the input terminals of the network and
measure the Thevenin’s equivalent resistanceat the output terminals.
4. Draw Thevenin equivalent circuits by connecting Rth in series withVth.
5. Adjust the input voltage of the voltage source that is equal to Thevenin voltage and
apply to input terminals of the equivalent circuit.
6. Measure the load current IL’ with connecting load at output terminals and compare it
with IL Thevenin theorem states IL = IL’ .
PREACAUTIONS:
1. Connect the circuit elements as per the circuit diagram
2. Avoid loose connections of the circuit elements
3. Take the readings carefully and accurately
4. Do not tamper the circuit elements.
OBSERVATIONS:
Thevenin’s Theorem:
Sl. Input Voltage Vth (volts) Rth (Ω) RL (Ω) IL(mA) IL’ (mA) Error ( IL - IL’ )
No V (volts) (mA)
1 5
2 10
3 15
4 20
5 25
RESULT:- Thevenin theorm has been verified for different voltage sources and resistances and
corresponding errors are found.
Norton’s Theorem:
Any two terminal active network containing voltage sources and resistances when viewed from
its out put terminals, is equivalent to a constant current source and a parallel resistance. The
constant current is equal to the current which would flow in a short circuit placed across the
terminals and parallel resistance is the resistance of network when viewed from these open circuit
terminals after all voltage and current sources have been removed and replaced by their internal
resistance.
PROCEDURE:
Norton’s Theorem:
1. Apply DC voltage from voltage source to the input terminal of the network and measure the
load current IL at the output of the network.
2. Apply D.C.voltage and measure short circuit current Isc by short-circuiting load terminals.
3. Disconnecting the voltage sources and load, short the input terminals of the network and
measure the Norton’s equivalent impedance, RN at the output terminals.
4. Draw Norton’s equivalent circuits by connecting RN in parallel with Isc.
5. Measure the load current IL’ with connecting load at output terminals and compare with IL.
Norton’s theorem states IL = IL’
PREACAUTIONS:
1. Connect the circuit elements as per the circuit diagram
2. Avoid loose connections of the circuit elements
3. Take the readings carefully and accurately
4. Do not tamper the circuit elements.
OBSERVATIONS:
Norton’s Theorem
Sl. Input Voltage Isc(mA) RN (Ω) RL (Ω) IL(mA) IL’ (mA) Error ( IL - IL’ )
No V (volts) (mA)
1 5
2 10
3 15
4 20
5 25
RESULT:- Norton theorm has been verified for different current sources and resistances and
corresponding errors are found.
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
AIM:
To Measure the Power and Power Factor in a single phase AC circuit using Three Voltmeter &
Three Ammeter method.
APPARATUS: -
AC voltmeter. ,AC supply .,Circuit board., Connecting wires
THREE VOLTMETER METHOD.
THEORY: -
On analyzing the given circuit it is observed that the two elements, resistor, and inductor
are connected in series i.e. the same amount of current is passing through each element.
The voltage drop in inductor is leading the current which is graphically can be represented as
PHASOR DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
THREE VOLTMETER METHOD.
Procedure
1. Give the connections as in the circuit diagram.
2. Apply 230V, 1-φ A.C voltage by means of 1-φ A.C variac to the series combination of choke
coil and external resistance.
3. Note down the readings of the 3 voltmeters.
4. Apply different voltages in suitable steps and note down the readings of voltmeter.
5. Calculate Power and Power Factor of coil using the formulae given below.
THREE AMMETER METHOD
THEORY: -
On analyzing the given circuit, the total current I1 is divided into I2 & I3. I2 current is passing
through resistor therefore it is in phase with applied voltage, while I3 is passing through inductor
therefore it is lagged by angle φ with respect to applied voltage.
PHASOR DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Procedure
1. Give the connections as in the circuit diagram.
2. Apply 230V, 1-φ A.C voltage by means of 1-φ A.C variac to the series combination of choke
coil and external resistance.
3. Note down the reading of all the three ammeters.
4. Now vary the rheostat (50Ω/5A) so that I1 varies in suitable steps.
5. At each step tabulate the reading of the three ammeters .
6. Calculate Power and Power Factor of coil using the formulae given below
RESULT:- Power & power factor of load (coil) for different AC voltage sources & load (coil)
combination has been successfully calculated
EXPERIMENT NO.5
Aim: measurement of power and power factor in a three phase load by
2wattmeter method.
Circuit Diagram:
Observation Table:
Precaution :
Result:-
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
AIM:
To study the Phenomenon of Resonance in series RLC and parallel RLC circuit.
APPRATUS REQUIRED:
R-L-C Series Resonance Trainer Kit, Single Phase AC Supply AC 230 volts 50 Hz, Variable
Frequency Signal Generator AC Sine Wave, Connecting Wires etc.
THEORY:
In a circuit, consisting of reactive components of opposite nature i.e., L & C, if we change the
variables F, L or C there comes a situation when over all impedance(or Admittance) of the circuit
becomes purely resistive (or conductive G). Such a condition is called “RESONANCE”.
In Resonance condition, Output becomes much larger than the excitation.
Let us consider the circuit shown in fig. (1)
Applying the KVL we get:
Variations of current with respect to
frequency are shown in the Graph. When current is maximum, the ckt is said to be in resonance.
So, in resonance condition Z should be minimum. Thus, in this condition current is in phase with
voltage, Power Factor Becomes unity & impedance Z=R;
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Figure(1): Circuit Diagram for RLC Series Resonance
Figure(2): Series Resonance curve
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply keeping source frequency of the signal generator at lowest.
3. Take the value of frequency & current as per the observation table.
4. Increase the value of Frequency & take the readings till it current reaches its maximum
value.
5. If the frequency is increased further, the current start decreasing again, take few more
readings upto maximum frequency range of the available source.
6. Take at least 10-12 readings to cover the complete range, of variations of current around
maximum value.
7. Now draw a graph between, Current & Frequency.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sl. No. Reading of Signal Ammeter VR (V) VL (V) VC (V)
Generator Frequency Reading
in (KHz) I(mA)
RESULT:
Frequency=__________KHz (calculated)
EXPERIMENT NO.7
AIM:
To perform open circuit and short circuit test on 1-phase transformer.
APPARATUS: one 1Φ autoT/F, 1 wattmeter (cc- 1A, pc-150V ),1 wattmeter (cc- 10A, pc – 300
v) 1 ammeter (0 – 10 ) A , 1 ammeter (0 -1) A, 1 voltmeter ( 0 – 300 V ), 1 voltmeter (0 – 60 V
),wires etc.,
Circuit Diagram:
(a) OC Test
(b) SC Test
Name Plate Details 1Φ T/F:
KVA = 2
LV Voltage = 110 V
HV Voltage = 220 V
Frequency = 50 Hz
PROCEDURE:-
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:-
1) It is usually done on L.V side,keeping the H.V. side open
2) Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
3) Apply the rated Vo ( 110 v ) to L.V using VRIAC.
4) Note down the NO LOAD current( Io ) & power Wo(Iron loss ) for rated voltage Vo.
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:-
1) Short circuit test is usually done on H.V side keeping the L.V side short circuited.
2) Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
3) Apply the rated current, Isc (2000/ 220 = 9.09 A) by varying VRIAC.
4) Note the corresponding power input Wsc (copper loss)& applied voltage (Vsc ) for Isc.
Result:- Iron losse( at full rated voltage 110V) =………………W
Copper loss( at full rated current 9.09 A)=………………W
EXPERIMENT-8
AIM: To study speed control ,starting and reversing of DC shunt motor.
NAME PLATE DETAILS : Mot or
1. Volt age : 230V
2. Current :
3. H.P/ KW Rat ings : 2 OR 3 H.P
4. Speed : 1500 RPM
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Ammeter 0-10 A MC 1
2 Voltmeter 0-300 V MC 2
3 RHEOSTATS (290Ω ,1.8A) (45Ω, 5A) Wire wound 2 (1+1)
THEORY:
The speed of a DC mot or is given by t he relat ion,
Therefore, t he speed of a such mot or can be cont rolled by varying
eit her t he flux per pole , (field flux cont rol) or t he armat ure resist ance, R a
(Armat ure cont rol).
Field flux control method:
It can be seen t hat N 1/ . Hence, t he speed can be increased by
decreasing t he flux and vice versa. The flux of a DC shunt mot or can be
changed by changing t he shunt field current (I sh) with the help of a
rheostat in t he shunt field circuit . This method is commonly used to get
speeds above t he rated speed.
A speed rat io of 2:1 can be obt ained in non interpolar machines. Any
furt her weakening flux adversely affect s commut at ion.
Armature control method:
This met hod is used when speeds below t he no-load speed are required. As
supply volt age is normally const ant , t he volt age across t he armat ure is varied by
inserting a variable rheostat (called cont roller resist ance) in
series with the armat ure circuit . As the cont roller resist ance
increased, potential difference across t he armature is decreased,
t hereby decreasing the armature speed. For a load of constant
torque, speed is approximtely proportional to the potential
difference across t he armature. From t he speed/ armat ure current
charact erist ic it is seen t hat greater t he resist ance in t he armature
circuit , greater is t he fall in speed.
The speed (N) with a total armature resistance R t is related t o
t he No-load speed N0 by t he following equat ion.
N= No (1- I a Rt / V)
The load current following t he speed will be zero is obtained
by put t ing N = 0 in t he above formula. I a = V/ R t
This is t he maximum armature current and is known as stalling
current .
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in the figure.
2. Ensuremaximumresistance inthearmature circuitandminimumresistancein
the field circuit.
3. Ensure free rotation of brake drum and switch ON the power supply.
Armature control method:
a). Keep the field current constant and vary the armature resistance in steps.
b). At each step, ensure field current is constant and note down the Armature
voltage and speed till near rated speed.
c). Finallyadjust thearmature resistance such that the voltage acrossthe armature is
70–90v.
Field control method:
a). Keep t he armat ure volt age const ant .
b).Take t he speed and field resist ance values varying t he
field resistance (decreasing I f).
c). At each step, ensure t he armat ure volt
age is const ant . d). Repeat t ill near t he rat
ed speed.
4. Reset armature and field resistance to original values and switch OFF the
machine.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATIONS:
2. Armature control method:-
S.NO Volt age across Armat ure Va in SPEED (RPM) -N
Volt s
1
2
3
4
5
3. Field control method:-
S.NO Shunt field RPM -N
Current - If in Amps
1
2
3
4
5
Model Graphs:
1. Plot the graph between Speed Vs Armature Voltage
2. Plot the graph between Speed Vs Field current
RESULT& CONCLUSION:
The variation in speed (N) of shunt motor, w.r.t., If and Ia, is shown in
the observation table and
plotted on the Graph.
EXPERIMENT NO. 9(a), 9(b)
AIM: - To verify Superposition theorem & Reciprocity theorem
Superposition Theorem:
THEORY:
If any linear, bilateral network contains more than one source, then the current flowing
through any branch is the sum of all currents, which would flow through that branch if each
source were considered separately, and all the other sources being killed or deactivated.
Short-circuiting it can kill a voltage source and open circuiting it can kill a current.
PROCEDURE:
Superposition Theorem:
1. Connect V1, V2 as shown in Fig 1-a.
2. For different V1 and V2 values note the D.C. ammeter reading as “IT”
3. Replace ‘V2’ with a short circuit as shown in Fig 1-b and read the ammeter reading as
“I1” for corresponding values of V1
4. Replace “V1” with a short circuit as shown in Fig 1-c and connect “V2” in the circuit and
read ‘I2’ for corresponding values of V2.
5. IT = I1 + I2
PREACAUTIONS:
1. Connect the circuit elements as per the circuit diagram
2. Avoid loose connections of the circuit elements
3. Take the readings carefully and accurately
4. Do not tamper the circuit elements.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Superposition Theorem:
Sl. Input Voltage
No. V1 V2 I1 (mA) I2 (mA) IT (mA) ERROR
(volts) (volts) IT _ (I1 + I2)
(mA)
RESULT:
Superposition theorem has been verified for different voltage sources and corresponding errors
are found.
Reciprocity Theorem:
THEORY:
In any linear bilateral network, if a source of emf E in first branch produces a current I in second
branch, then the same emf E acting in the second branch would produce the same current I in first
branch.
PROCEDURE:
Reciprocity Theorem:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig 1-d.
2. Apply some voltage V
3. Note down the ammeter reading as “I1”
4. Inter change ammeter and voltage source as shown in Fig 1-e. and read the ammeter reading
as “I2”
5. Repeat the above procedure for different values or V and tabulate the values.
6. I1 should be equal to I2
PREACAUTIONS:
1. Connect the circuit elements as per the circuit diagram
2. Avoid loose connections of the circuit elements
3. Take the readings carefully and accurately
4. Do not tamper the circuit elements.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Reciprocity Theorem:
Error
Sl. Input Voltage I1 (mA) I2 (mA) I1- I2 (mA)
No. V (volts)
1.
2.
RESULT:-
Reciprocity theorem has been verified for different voltage sources and corresponding errors
are found.
