2023-2024

IT Department
Shekhan Technical Institute
Duhok Polytechnic University
Network I

Network Requirements

Mr. Awf Abdulrahman Ramadhan

Week 3, 2023
 Network Requirements:

1. Devices
2. Network Interface Cards (NICs)
3. Transmission Media
4. Network Topologies
5. Operating systems
6. Communication Protocols

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 Devices:

Network devices like computers or components used to connect

computers or other electronic devices together so that they can share
files or resources like printers or fax machines.

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 Network Interface Cards (NICs):

A network interface card (NIC) is a computer circuit board or card

that is installed in a computer so that it can be connected to a network.
Network interface cards provide a dedicated, full-time connection to
the network. A NIC provides the hardware interface between a
computer and a network.

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 Transmission Media:

A transmission medium can be broadly defined as anything that can

carry information from a source to a destination (sender to receiver).

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Transmission Media:

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 Guided Transmission Medium:

➢ Cable is the medium through which information usually moves

from one network device to another.
➢ There are several types of cable which are commonly used with
LANs. In some cases, a network will utilize only one type of cable,
other networks will use a variety of cable types.
➢ The type of cable chosen for a network is related to the network's
topology, protocol, and size. Understanding the characteristics of
different types of cable and how they relate to other aspects of a
network is necessary for the development of a successful network.
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 Guided Transmission Medium:

➢ Types of cables used in networks and other related topics.

1- Twisted Pair cable
2- Coaxial Cable
3- Fiber Optic Cable
1- Twisted pair cabling comes in two varieties: shielded Twisted Pair
and unshielded Twisted Pair.

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 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):

A. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):

➢ Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP): cable is the most common
networking media. Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) consists of four
pairs of thin, copper wires covered in color-coded plastic insulation
that are twisted together.
➢ The wire pairs are then covered with a plastic outer jacket. The
connector used on a UTP cable is called a Registered Jack 45 (RJ-
45) connector. UTP cables are of small diameter and it doesn’t need
grounding. Since there is no shielding for UTP cabling.
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 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):

➢ UTP cabling has different categories. Each category of UTP cabling

was designed for a specific type of communication or transfer rate.
➢ The most popular categories in use today are 5, 5e and 6, which can
reach transfer rates of over 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps).
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 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):

➢ CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Easy to install
2. High speed capacity
3. High attenuation
4. 100-meter limit
➢ ADVANTAGES:
1. Easy installation
2. Capable of high speed for LAN
3. Low cost
➢ DISADVANTAGES:
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1. Short distance due to attenuation.
 Shielded Twisted Pair Cable (STP):

B. Shielded Twisted Pair Cable (STP)

➢ Although STP cable is the expensive cable, it may be susceptible to radio
and electrical frequency interference (it should not be too close to electric
motors, fluorescent lights, etc.).
➢ If you must place cable in environments with lots of potential
interference, or if you must place cable in extremely sensitive
environments that may be susceptible to the electrical current in the STP,
shielded twisted pair may be the solution.
➢ Shielded cables can also help to extend the maximum distance of the
cables.
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 Shielded Twisted Pair Cable (STP):
➢ Shielded twisted pair cable is available in three different configurations:
1. Each pair of wires is individually shielded with foil.
2. There is a foil or braid shield inside the jacket covering all wires (as
a group).
3. There is a shield around each individual pair, as well as around the
entire group of wires (referred to as double shield twisted pair).

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 Shielded Twisted Pair Cable (STP):

➢ CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Medium cost
2. Easy to install
3. Higher capacity than UTP
4. Higher attenuation, but same as UTP
5. 100-meter limit
➢ ADVANTAGES:
1. Faster than UTP and coaxial
➢ DISADVANTAGES:
1. More expensive than UTP and coaxial 14
 Twisted Pair Connector :

➢ The standard connector for twisted pair cabling is an RJ-45 connector.

This is a plastic connector that looks like a large telephone-style
connector.

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 Coaxial Cable :
2- Coaxial Cable
➢ Coaxial cable looks similar to the cable used to carry TV signal. A
solid-core copper wire runs down the middle of the cable. Around that
solid-core copper wire is a layer of insulation, and covering that
insulation is braided wire and metal foil, which shields against
electromagnetic interference. A final layer of insulation covers the
braided wire.

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 Coaxial Cable :
➢ Although coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant to
signal interference. In addition, it can support greater cable lengths
between network devices than twisted pair cable.
➢ There are two types of coaxial cabling: thinnet and thicknet. Thinnet is
a flexible coaxial cable about ¼ inch thick.
➢ Thinnet is used for short-distance. Thinnet connects directly to a
workstation’s network adapter card using a British Naval Connector
(BNC). The maximum length of thinnet is 185 meters.

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 Coaxial Cable :
➢ Thicknet coaxial is thicker cable than thinnet. Thicknet cable is about
½ inch thick and can support data transfer over longer distances than
thinnet.
➢ Thicknet has a maximum cable length of 500 meters and usually is
used as a backbone to connect several smaller thinnet-based networks.
➢ The bandwidth for coaxial cable is 10 Mbps (Megabits per second).
➢ These days Local Area Networks (LAN) use Twisted Pair cable. It is
extremely difficult to find a live business network using coaxial cable.

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 Coaxial Cable :
➢ CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Low cost
2. Up to 10 Mbps capacity
3. Medium of attenuation
➢ ADVANTAGES:
1. Inexpensive
2. Easy to wire
3. Easy to expand
➢ DISADVANTAGE:
1. Single cable failure can take down an entire network
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 Coaxial Cable Connectors :
➢ The most common type of connector used with coaxial cables is the
Bayone-Neill-Concelman (BNC) connector.
➢ Different types of adapters are available for BNC connectors, including a
T-connector, barrel connector, and terminator.

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 Fiber Optic Cable :
3- Fiber Optic Cable
➢ Optical Fiber cables use optical fibers that carry digital data signals in
the form of modulated pulses of light. An optical fiber consists of an
extremely thin cylinder of glass, called the core, surrounded by a
concentric layer of glass, known as the cladding.
➢ There are two fibers per cable—one to transmit and one to receive.
The core also can be an optical-quality clear plastic, and the cladding
can be made up of gel that reflects signals back into the fiber to reduce
signal loss. The outer insulating jacket made of Teflon or PVC.

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 Fiber Optic Cable :

There are two types of fiber optic cable: Single Mode Fiber (SMF) and Multi-Mode
Fiber (MMF).
1. Single Mode Fiber (SMF) uses a single ray of light to carry transmission over long
distances.
2. Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF) uses multiple rays of light simultaneously with each ray
of light running at a different reflection angle to carry the transmission over short
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distances.
 Fiber Optic Cable :

➢ CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Expensive
2. Very hard to install
3. Capable of extremely high speed
4. Extremely low attenuation
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5. No EMI interference
 Fiber Optic Cable :
➢ ADVANTAGES:
1. Fast
2. Low attenuation
3. No EMI interference
➢ DISADVANTAGES:
1. Very costly
2. Hard to install

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 Optical Fiber Connector :
➢ An optical fiber connector terminates the end of an optical fiber, and
enables quicker connection and disconnection than splicing. The
connectors mechanically couple and align the cores of fibers so light
can pass. Better connectors lose very little light due to reflection or
misalignment of the fibers.

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