Function Table of Common Electronic Components
Component Symbol Function / Purpose Typical Use Case
Resistor R Limits current flow LED protection, voltage dividers
Capacitor C Stores and releases electrical energy; filters noisePower smoothing, filtering, timing circuits
Inductor L Stores energy in magnetic field; opposes current change
Filters, power supplies, RF circuits
Diode D Allows current in one direction only Rectifiers, protection circuits
Zener Diode ZD Allows reverse current above a threshold Voltage regulation, protection
LED LED Emits light when current flows Indicators, displays
Transistor Q, T Acts as switch or amplifier Signal amplification, logic gates
MOSFET Q Voltage-controlled switch Motor drivers, switching regulators
Relay RL Electrically controlled mechanical switch High-voltage control, automation
Potentiometer VR Variable resistor Volume control, tuning circuits
Switch SW Manually opens/closes circuit User input, control
Push Button PB Momentary switch Reset, trigger functions
Buzzer BZ Produces sound Alerts, timers
Speaker SPK Converts signal to sound Audio output
Microphone MIC Converts sound to signal Sound input, sensors
Crystal Oscillator X Maintains precise timing Microcontrollers, clocks
Voltage Regulator VR Maintains constant voltage Power supplies, MCU boards
Battery BAT Provides DC power Portable devices, power source
Fuse F Protects from overcurrent Safety, current protection
IC (Op-Amp, Timer) IC Amplifies, times, processes signals Amplifiers, 555 timer, logic
Microcontroller MCU Mini computer on chip Arduino, control systems
Optocoupler OC Isolates sections via light Signal isolation
Bridge Rectifier BR Converts AC to DC Power supplies
Seven Segment Display SSD Displays numbers Digital counters, clocks
Function Table of Common Electronic Components
LCD Display LCD Displays text/graphics User interface
Ultrasonic Sensor US Measures distance Proximity sensors, robotics
Temperature Sensor TMP Measures temperature Thermostats, climate control
Photodiode PD Detects light intensity Light sensors
IR Sensor IR Detects infrared light Remotes, motion sensors
LDR LDR Changes resistance with light Automatic lighting
EEPROM MEM Non-volatile memory Data storage
