C.

Blue shift

D. A and C

4. If solvent is non-polar and electron transition is nπ ∗which type of shift are seen in

graph?

A. Hypsochromic shift

B. Red shift

C. Blue shift

D. A and C

5. Which of the following compounds does not absorb light in the UV/visible spectrum?

A. Aspirin

B. Paracetamol

C. Phenobarbitone

D. Chloral hydrate

Questions

1. What is principle of UV visible spectroscopy?

Ans: UV Spectroscopy uses ultraviolet light to determine the absorbency of a substance.

In simple terms, the technique maps the interaction between light and matter and

measures. As matter absorbs light it undergoes either excitation or de-excitation, which

generates what is known as a spectrum. This allows scientists to measure the rate at which

a beam of light weakens after passing through a substance. Absorption spectroscopy is

complementary to fluorescence spectroscopy, in that fluorescence deals with transitions

of electrons from the excited state to the ground state, while absorption measures

transitions from the ground state to the excited state.

2. Enlist factors affecting UV visible spectroscopy.

 Ans:

i. Solvent

ii. sample PH

iii. sample concentration

iv. sample temperature

v. effect of conjugation

3. Define chromophore and auxochrome?

Ans:

(a) CHROMOPHORE: The term chromophore was previously used to denote a

functional group of some other structural feature of which gives a color to compound.

For example- Nitro group is a chromophore because its presence in a compound gives

yellow color to the compound. But these days the term chromophore is used in a

much broader sense which may be defined as “any group which exhibit absorption of

electromagnetic radiation in a visible or ultra-visible region “It may or may not impart

any color to the compound. Some of the important chromophores are: ethylene,

acetylene, carbonyls, acids, esters and nitrile groups etc.

Types of chromophores: Two types of chromophores are known.

1. Chromophores in which the groups have π electrons undergo π-π* transitions. For

examples:-ethylenes, acetylenes etc.

2. Chromophores having both π- electrons and n (non-bonding) electrons undergo

two types of transitions. i.e., π-π* and n-π*, for examples: - carbonyls, nitriles, azo

compounds and nitro compounds etc.

(b) AUXOCHROMES: It is a group which itself does not act as a chromophore but when

attached to a chromophore, it shifts the adsorption towards longer wavelength along

with an increase in the intensity of absorption. Some commonly known auxochromic

 groups are: -OH, -NH2, -OR, -NHR, and –NR2. For example: When the auxochrome

–NH2 group is attached to benzene ring. Its absorption change from λ max 225 (ɛmax

203) to λmax 280 (εmax1430)

All auxochromes have one or more non-bonding pairs of electrons. If an auxochromes

is attached to a chromophore, it helps is extending the conjugation by sharing of non-

bonding pair of electrons

4. What is Bathochromic shift?

Ans: It is a change of spectral band position in the absorption, reflectance, transmittance,

or emission spectrum of a molecule to a longer wavelength (lower frequency). Because

the red color in the visible spectrum has a longer wavelength than most other colors, the

effect is also commonly called a red shift.

5. What is Hypsochromic shift?

Ans: It is a change of spectral band position in the absorption, reflectance, transmittance,

or emission spectrum of a molecule to a shorter wavelength (higher frequency). Because

the blue color in the visible spectrum has a shorter wavelength than most other colors, this

effect is also commonly called a blue shift.

 B. Emission spectrum.

C. Absorption spectrum.

D. None of these.

Questions

1. What is principle of colorimetry?

Ans: The working principle of the colorimeter is based on Beer-Lambert's law, which

states that the amount of light absorbed by a color solution is directly proportional to the

concentration of the solution and the length of a light path through the solution.

2. What do you mean by Colorimeter?

i. Ans: The colorimeter instrument is very simple, consisting merely of a light

source (lamp), filter, cuvettes, and photosensitive detector to collect the

transmitted light. Another detector is required to measure the incident light; or a

single detector may be used to measure incident and transmitted light, alternately.

The latter design is both cheaper and analytically better, because it eliminates

variations between detectors. The filter is used here to obtain an appropriate range

of wavelengths within the bands, which it is capable of selecting.

3. What are the components of colorimetry?

Ans: The components of colorimetry are;

i. a light source (often an ordinary low-voltage filament lamp);

ii. an adjustable aperture;

iii. a set of colored filters;

iv. a cuvette to hold the working solution;

v. a detector (usually a photoresistor) to measure the transmitted light;

vi. a meter to display the output from the detector.

4. What are the advantages of colorimetry?

 Ans: It is fast, economical, and has a simple operation of a spectrometer. To handle the

Colorimeter, experienced person is not the requirement. The method is fast and

convenient to that of the gravimetric or volumetric processes, and they are easily

optimized for automation.

5. What are applications of colorimetry?

Ans: Colorimeters are widely used to monitor the growth of a bacterial or yeast culture.

They provide reliable and highly accurate results when used for the assessment of color in

bird plumage. They are used to measure and monitor the color in various foods and

beverages, including vegetable products and sugar. Certain colorimeters can measure the

colors that are used in copy machines, fax machines, and printers. Besides being used for

basic research in chemistry laboratories, colorimeters have many practical applications

such as testing water quality by screening chemicals such as chlorine, fluoride, cyanide,

dissolved oxygen, iron, molybdenum, zinc, and hydrazine.

Questions

1. Describe laws governing the absorption of radiation in colorimetry.

Ans: The absorption of radiation in colorimetry is based on Beer-Lambert's law, which

states that the amount of light absorbed by a color solution is directly proportional to the

concentration of the solution and the length of a light path through the solution.

Beer law: The intensity of beam of monochromatic light decreases exponentially with

increase in the concentration of absorbing species.

Lambert's law: The intensity of beam of monochromatic light decreases exponentially

with increase in the thickness of the medium.

2. Explain the properties of sources of light used in colorimetry.

Ans: SOURCE OF LIGHT: The visible spectrum ranges from 400nm to 800 nm.

Hence, any lamp source, which gives adequate intensity of radiation over the entire

wavelength region, can be used. The requirements of a source of light for colorimeter

are:

i. It should not observe fluctuations.

ii. It should offer radiation in between 400nm -800nm.

iii. It should provide adequate intensity.

3. What are sources of light used commonly in colorimetry?

Ans: The following are the sources of light used commonly.

i. Tungsten lamp: As it satisfies the above criteria, this lamp finds its place in most

of colorimeter spectrophotometer. The lamp consists of a tungsten filament in a

vacuum bulb similar to the ones used domestically. However, it offers sufficient

intensity.

ii. Carbon arc lamp: For a source of very high intensity, carbon arc lamp can be

used. It also provides a whole range of visible spectrum.

4. Describe the filters used in colorimetry?

Ans: Two types of filters are used in colorimetry.

i. Absorption filters: These filters are made up of glass, coated with pigments or

they are made up of dyed gelatin. They absorb the unwanted radiation and

transmit the rest of the radiation, necessary for colorimetry.

ii. Interference Filters: This filter is known as Fabry – Perot filter. The features

include (1): It has dielectric spacer film made up of CaF2, MgF2 or SiO, between

two parallel reflecting silver films.

5. What do you mean by monochromators?

Ans: Monochromators are better and more efficient than filters in converting a

polychromatic light or heterochromatic light into monochromatic light.

A monochromator has the following components

1. Entrance slit (to get narrow source).

2. Collimator (to render light parallel).

3. Grating or prism (to disperse radiation).

4. Collimator (to reform the images of entrance slit).

5. Exit slit (to fall on sample cell).

1. What is simultaneous equation method of analysis?

Ans: If a sample contains two absorbing drugs (X and Y) each of which absorb at the

Lambda Max of the other, it may be possible to determine both drugs by the technique

of simultaneous equation method ( Vierodt’s method). Vierodt’s method is typically

applied to estimate drug combinations that contain two drugs or more than two drugs in

combined dosage form.

2. What is multicomponent analysis?

Ans: In multicomponent systems, specific analytical methods are required to

determine the concentrations of individual components in the presence of interfering

substances. Ultraviolet and visible spectrometric methods have widely been

developed for the analysis of drugs in mixtures and pharmaceutical preparations.

3. What are the three main components of a spectrophotometer?

Ans: A spectrophotometer consists of three primary components: a light source,

optics to deliver and collect the light, and a detector.

4. Which detector is used in UV Visible Spectroscopy?

Ans: photomultiplier tube: The photomultiplier tube is the most popular detector used

in UV- Visible spectroscopy. It comprises of a photosensitive cathode, anode and

several dynodes. Photons entering the tube strike the cathode resulting in emission of

electrons.

5. What is the difference between colorimeter and spectrophotometer

Ans: A colorimeter is generally any tool that characterizes color samples to provide

an objective measure of color characteristics. In chemistry, the colorimeter is an

apparatus that allows the absorbance of a solution at a particular frequency (color) of

visual light to be determined. Colorimeters hence make it possible to ascertain the

concentration of a known solute, since it is proportional to the absorbance.

A spectrophotometer is a photometer (a device for measuring light intensity) that

can measure intensity as a function of the color, or more specifically, the wavelength

of light. There are many kinds of spectrophotometers. Among the most important

distinctions used to classify them are the wavelengths they work with, the

measurement techniques they use, how they acquire a spectrum, and the sources of

intensity variation they are designed to measure. Other important features of

spectrophotometers include the spectral bandwidth and linear range. The most

common application of spectrophotometers is the measurement of light absorption.

 D. Absorption is a multiple of transmittance

3. Beer’s law states that the intensity of light decreases with respect to __________

A. Distance

B. Concentration

C. Volume

D. Composition

4. Beer’s law states that the intensity of light decreases with respect to __________

A. Distance

B. Concentration

C. Volume

D. Composition

5. What is the unit of absorbance, which can be derived from Beer Lambert’s law?

A. L mol-1 cm-1

B. L gm-1 cm-1

C. cm

D. No unit

Questions

1. What is principle of Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy?

Ans: Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis spectroscopy) makes use of absorption

spectroscopy in ultraviolet and visible wavelength ranges―180–380 nm and 380–750

nm, respectively―for characterizing molecules. This is one of the most basic

techniques that need to be conducted while characterizing an analyte. All the major

classes of biomolecules contain certain light absorbing functional groups known as

chromophores. Upon absorbing UV/Vis light, these chromophores get excited from
 ground state to a higher energy level, thus giving out characteristic spectra, aiding in

the identification of specific biomolecules.

2. Which lamp is used in UV spectroscopy?

Ans: Deuterium lamps are always used with a Tungsten halogen lamp to allow

measurements to be performed in both the UV and visible regions. Also known as

quartz Iodine lamps, this measure most effectively in the visible region from 320 -

1100 nm.

3. What are the components of UV Visible Spectrophotometer?

Ans: There are four basic components to a simple single beam UV/Vis

spectrophotometer; a light source, a monochromator, a sample, and a detector.

4. What are the 7 visible spectrum colors?

Ans: A commonly taught acronym that helps people remember the colors in the

visible spectrum is (ROY G BIV) which stands for Red, Orange, Yellow, Green,

Blue, Indigo, and Violet.

5. Does cuvette size affect absorbance?

Ans: Yes, The absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration (c) of the

solution of the sample used in the experiment. The absorbance is directly proportional

to the length of the light path (l), which is equal to the width of the cuvette.
 c) Alternation

d) Conjugation

5) Electron donating groups like -NH2, -OH, etc. often ………. Fluorescence.

a) Increase

b) Decrease

c) Nullify

d) Withdraw

Questions

1. Define Fluorescence. Enlist the factor affecting it.

Ans: Fluorescence is the emission of visible light by a substance that has absorbed

light of a different wavelength. The emitted photon has a longer wavelength.

2. Enlist types of Luminescence?

Ans:

i. Photoluminescence

a. Fluorescence

b. Phosphorescence

ii. Chemiluminescence

iii. Bioluminescence

iv. Triboluminescnce

v. Cathodluminescence

vi. Thermoluminescence

3. Define Phosphorescence?

Ans: It is related to fluorescence in emitting a photon; however a phosphorescent

material does not immediately re-emit the radiation it absorbs.

4. Enlist the factor affecting Fluorescence.

Ans:

i. Temperature

ii. pH

iii. Dissolved Oxygen

iv. Solvent

v. Adsorption

vi. Conjugation

5. Define Photoluminescence

Ans: The absorption of light is due to the absorption of photon (light) this

luminescence is called as Photoluminescence.

 a) Increases

b) Decreases

c) Remain unaffected

d) None of above

4) Static quenching occurs mainly because of ……….

a) Colloidal effect

b) Collisional effect

c) Complex formation

d) Chemical changes

5) When conc. increases, fluorescence intensity does not increase proportionally. This

phenomenon is called as …………

a) Self-Quenching

b) Chemical Quenching

c) Static Quenching

d) Collisional Quenching

Questions

1. Define Quenching.

Ans: In materials science, quenching is the rapid cooling of a work piece in water,

oil or air to obtain certain material properties. A type of heat treating, quenching

prevents undesired low-temperature processes, such as phase transformations, from

occurring.

2. Enlist types of Quenching

Ans:

i. Self or Concentration Quenching

ii. Collisional
 iii. Static
iv. Chemical
3. Enlist Detectors used in Fluorimetry.

Ans:

i. Photovoltaic Cell
ii. Phototube
4. What is the effect of viscosity in Fluorescent intensity?

Ans: Increase in viscosity leads to decreased collisions of molecules which lead to

enhancement of fluorescence intensity & vice versa.

5. Give the instruments that measure fluorescence?

Ans:

i. Filter monochromator
ii. Spectrofluorometer