General

Biology 1
Let’s
start!
Let’s have a
recall
CELL THEORIES
▪ The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living
things.

▪ All organisms are made up of one or more cells.

▪ Cells came from other pre-existing cells through cellular division.
The expanded version of the cell theory can also include:
▪ Cells carry genetic material passed to daughter cells during
cellular division.
▪ All cells are essentially the same in chemical composition.
▪ Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.
 He coined the
term cell.
Hooke's discovery
led to the
understanding of
cells as the
smallest units of
Robert Hooke life.
 Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek's
single most
important
discovery was
the existence of
single-cell
organisms.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
 Matthias Schleiden, a
German botanist,
concluded that all
plant tissues are
composed of cells
and that an
embryonic plant
arose from a single
cell.
Matthias Schleiden
 Theodor
Schwann, a
German botanist,
concluded that
both plants and
animals were
composed of
cells.
Theodor Schwann
 Virchow used the
theory that all cells
arise from pre-
existing cells to lay
the groundwork for
cellular pathology, or
the study of disease
at the cellular level.
Rudolf Virchow
 What is the
difference
between
prokaryotic and
eukaryotic
cells?
 Let’s Check!
PLASMA
CYTOPLASM
MEMBRANE

NUCLEUS
Let’s recap!

Nucleolus
Nucleopores
Nucleoplasm

Nuclear Envelope
History of
Microscope
 FIRM-UP
HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE

Beside is an image of a
microscope, within its parts,
which one do you think i
considered as the most
important part and represent
its function?
 FIRM-UP

HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE

They discovered that the shape

of the class helps to magnify an
object from its original size. They
make the glass thick in the
middle and thin on the edges.
They call this clear glass as Lens.
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HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE

The discovery of the lens,

caught the attention of the
eyeglass makers brothers,
Zacharias Janssen and Hans
Janssen
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HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE

They got a tube and put lenses

on each end started observing
objects. Since their invention
uses two or more lenses, they
are among the first inventors
of the compound microscope.
 What are the
first specimens
to study under
these
microscopes?
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HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE

In 1661, King Charles II of

England commissioned a
microscopic examination of the
natural world. The focus of the
royal interest at that time was
on insect anatomy.
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HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE

❖ However, an English
scientist named Robert
Hooke (1635-1703) did
more than what was
required of his
assignment.
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HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE

Devised one of the earliest

microscopes that can magnify
every sort of material he can
find at that time such as glass,
crystal, point of a pin, body of
a flea, and even frozen urine.
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HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE

Hooke's most
commemorative work
came from a thin slice
of cork from a bark of
an oak tree.
Coined the term “Cell”
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HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE

❖ He drew what he
observed and his
drawings were collected
in a manuscript called
Micrographia, an instant
best seller at that time.
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HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE

❖ Hooke is the first to be

credited in publishing of
seeing a cell in 1666, but
he cannot fully define
what he saw.
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HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE

❖ Today, modern
biologists regard
cells as the basic
structural unit of
every life form.
 Discussion

HISTORY
of
Microscope
❖Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1723)
 FIRM-UP

HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE

❖ His first invention was

a simple microscope
with only one lens.
❖ He used his skill to
devise more than 500
lenses during his
lifetime in which one of
his lenses was able to
magnify 270 times.
 FIRM-UP

HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE
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HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE

Leeuwenhoek later on realized

that he can observe even
microscopic things that were
moving in the pond waters.
Though he did not use the word
"cell”, he gave the name
animalcules, meaning “little
animals”, because he saw them
moving around in the pond water.
Discussion
Discussion
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HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE

“The Father of Microscopy”. Also

the “Father of Microbiology”
(Note: Father of Modern
Microbiology is Louis Pasteur”
 FIRM-UP
Hooke's discovery about the cell from
a dead cork did not create an
immediate impact during his time.
Hooke and Leeuwenhoek continued
to make observations nevertheless.
But it had taken 200 more years
before it became generally accepted
that all living things are made of cells,
which can reproduce themselves to
perpetuate life.
Parts and
functions of
Microscope
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The Illuminating Parts

Parts that provide light.

Light is important for the
object/specimen to be seen.
The light may come from
two sources: natural source,
reflected sunlight and
artificial source, light bulb.
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The Illuminating Parts

• Mirror – reflects the light from

the source to the specimen.
• Diaphragm – regulates the
amount of light striking the
specimen.
• Ocular/ eyepiece – focuses
light to the eye; where the
observer peeps through.
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The Illuminating Parts

• Objectives – It gather
light.
• Condenser Lens – It
focus the light into the
specimen.
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The Magnifying Parts

Parts that enlarge the object

of specimen.
• Ocular lens – enlarges the
object with different
magnification depending
on the on the lens.
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The Magnifying Parts

• Objective Lenses – aside from gathering

light, they magnify the image. Most
often, a CLM has three objectives:
➢ Scanner - that locates and enlarges the
specimen 4x
Color – Red
➢ Low Power Objectives (LPO) that locates
and enlarges the specimen 10x
Color – Yellow
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The Magnifying Parts

➢ High Power Objectives (HPO) that

enlarges the specimen 40x
Color – Blue
➢ Oil Immersion Objective (OIO)
that enlarges the object 100x
Color – White
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The Mechanical Parts

Parts of the microscope that support,

adjust, connect, and move other parts.
• Base – supports the entire weight of
the microscope
• Arm – supports the body tube and
the part that is held when the
microscope is carried from one
place to another.
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The Mechanical Parts

• Body Tube - connects the lenses of

the objectives to the ocular
• Stage – holds the slide
• Stage clips – hold the slide firmly in
place
• Stage Adjustment Screw/Knob –
Move the stage either from left to
right in positioning the specimen
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The Mechanical Parts

• Revolving Nosepiece - is a rotating

disc that holds the different
objectives and allows for the
shifting from one objective to the
next.
• Adjustment Screws/Knobs – Move
the objectives to bring the
specimen into focus.
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The Mechanical Parts

➢ Course Adjustment Screw/Knob – is the

large knob that moves the body tube to
focus the specimen. For initial focusing
-turning the knob away from you will raise
the stage and turning the knob towards
you will lower the stage. If you are
looking at it from the side turning the
knob clockwise will raise the stage and
turning the microscope counterclockwise
will lower the stage.
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The Mechanical Parts

➢ Fine Adjustment Screw/Knob – is the

smaller knob that is used to get a
sharp/ “fine” focus to the specimen
being viewed. For final focusing.
 Thank
you!
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