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Essential Algorithms
Essential Algorithms
A Practical Approach to Computer
Algorithms Using Python® and C#
Rod Stephens
Essential Algorithms: A Practical Approach to Computer Algorithms Using Python® and C#
Published by
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10475 Crosspoint Boulevard
Indianapolis, IN 46256
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Copyright © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
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For Maki
About the Author
Rod Stephens started out as a mathematician, but while studying at MIT, he
discovered how much fun algorithms are. He took every algorithms course MIT
offered, and he has been writing complex algorithms ever since.
During his career, Rod has worked on an eclectic assortment of applica-
tions in fields such as telephone switching, billing, repair dispatching, tax
processing, wastewater treatment, concert ticket sales, cartography, and training
for professional football players.
Rod was a Microsoft Visual Basic Most Valuable Professional (MVP) for 15
years and has taught introductory programming courses. He has written more
than 30 books that have been translated into languages from all over the world.
He has also written more than 250 magazine articles covering C#, Visual Basic,
Visual Basic for Applications, Delphi, and Java.
Rod’s popular C# Helper website ([Link] receives
millions of hits per year and contains tips, tricks, and example programs for
C# programmers. His VB Helper website ([Link] contains
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You can contact Rod at: RodStephens@[Link].
vii
About the Technical Editor
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blood, having produced 112 books and more than 600 articles to date. The topics
range from networking to artificial intelligence and from database management
to heads-down programming. Some of his current books include discussions
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ix
Credits
Senior Acquisitions Editor Technical Editor
Kenyon Brown John Muller
Editorial Manager Copy Editor
Pete Gaughan Kim Wimpsett
Associate Publisher Proofreader
Jim Minatel Nancy Bell
Production Manager Indexer
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xi
Acknowledgments
Thanks to Ken Brown, Devon Lewis, Gary Schwartz, Pete Gaughan, Jim Mina-
tel, Athiyappan Lalitkumar, and everyone else at Wiley that helped make this
book possible.
Thanks to longtime friend John Mueller, who provided his technical exper-
tise to help make the information in this book as accurate as possible. (Any
remaining mistakes are mine, not his.)
Thanks also to Sunil Kumar for his generous feedback on the first edition.
xiii
Contents at a glance
Introductionxxix
Chapter 1 Algorithm Basics 1
Chapter 2 Numerical Algorithms 23
Chapter 3 Linked Lists 71
Chapter 4 Arrays 103
Chapter 5 Stacks and Queues 135
Chapter 6 Sorting 167
Chapter 7 Searching 201
Chapter 8 Hash Tables 209
Chapter 9 Recursion 227
Chapter 10 Trees 285
Chapter 11 Balanced Trees 349
Chapter 12 Decision Trees 367
Chapter 13 Basic Network Algorithms 403
Chapter 14 More Network Algorithms 451
Chapter 15 String Algorithms 493
Chapter 16 Cryptography 519
Chapter 17 Complexity Theory 543
xv
xvi Contents at a glance
Chapter 18 Distributed Algorithms 561
Chapter 19 Interview Puzzles 595
Appendix A Summary of Algorithmic Concepts 607
Appendix B Solutions to Exercises 623
Glossary711
Index739
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