INTRODUCTION :
• Series LCR Circuits – GeeksforGeeksAn LCR circuit, also known as a
resonant or RLC circuit, is an electric circuit containing an inductor (L),
a capacitor ©, and a resistor ® connected in series or parallel with an
alternating current (AC) voltage source. These circuits can tune to a
specific frequency, known as the resonant frequency, where the
impedance is minimum, allowing for maximum current flow. This
property makes LCR circuits essential in applications such as tuning
radios and processing signals
Let R , L , C are connected in series to a source of alternating EMF so
the current at any instant through three elements has the same amplitude
and phase
I = I₀sin(ωt)
but the voltage across each element has different phase relationship
with the current
OBJECTIVE :
to change the impedance of the circuit, and to increase or
decrease the resistance of the current of different frequencies present in
it
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
• Inductor (L):
A component that opposes changes in current by storing energy
in a magnetic field.
• Capacitor ©:
A component that stores energy in an electric field and releases
it in a controlled manner.
• Resistor ®:
A component that limits current flow and dissipates energy as
heat.
• AC Voltage Source/Signal Generator:
Provides the alternating current (AC) power needed to drive
the circuit.
• Wires:
Used to connect the LCR components and the voltage source
to form the complete circuit.
AIM:
• To study the frequency response of a series LCR circuit.
• To determine the resonant frequency (f₀).
• To calculate the quality factor (Q) and bandwidth (Δf = f₂ - f₁) of the
circuit.
APPARATUS:
• Function generator or AC source.
• Inductor (L).
• Capacitor (C).
• Resistor (R), often a decade resistance box to change its value.
• Ammeter (AC) to measure current.
• Connecting wires.
THEORY:
1. Impedance (Z):
A series LCR circuit’s total impedance is given by Z = √(R² + (XL –
XC)²), where R is the resistance, XL is the inductive reactance (XL =
ωL = 2πfL), and XC is the capacitive reactance (XC = 1/(ωC) =
1/(2πfC)).
2. Resonance:
When the inductive reactance equals the capacitive reactance (XL =
XC), the net reactance (XL – XC) becomes zero, and the circuit’s total
impedance is at its minimum (Z = R).
3. Resonant Frequency (f₀):
This condition occurs at a specific frequency, called the resonant
frequency.
XL = XC => 2πf₀L = 1/(2πf₀C)
F₀² = 1/(4π²LC) => f₀ = 1/(2π√(LC)).
4. Current at Resonance:
At f₀, the impedance is minimum ®, so the current in the circuit (I =
V/Z) reaches its maximum value.
5. Quality Factor (Q):
The Q-factor represents the sharpness of the resonance curve.
Q = 1/R * √(L/C)
It can also be found from the frequency response graph as Q = f₀ / (f₂ -
f₁) = f₀ / Bandwidth (Δf), where f₁ and f₂ are the frequencies at the half-
power points (when current is 1/√2 times the peak value).
PROCEDURE:
1. Gather Components:
Collect a signal generator (AC source), a resistor (R), an inductor (L), a
capacitor (C), and an AC ammeter.
2. Assemble the Circuit:
Connect the components in series: AC source, resistor, inductor, capacitor,
and ammeter. Ensure all connections are tight.
3. Set the AC Source:
• Set the signal generator to output a sine wave.
•Adjust the output amplitude to a suitable level (e.g., 5V), and leave it
untouched.
4. Vary the Frequency:
• Set the frequency to its minimum position.
• Note the current reading on the ammeter.
• Increment the frequency in small steps and record the ammeter
reading at each step.
• Continue this until the current starts to decrease after reaching a
maximum value.
5. Plot the Graph:
• Plot a graph with frequency on the x-axis and the current readings on
the y-axis.
6. Identify Resonance:
• Observe the graph to find the frequency at which the current is
maximum. This is the resonant frequency (f₀).
OBSERVATION:
measuring current and voltage to identify resonance, where current is
maximum and voltage and current are in phase, occurring when
inductive reactance (XL) equals capacitive reactance (XC)
OBSERVATION TABLE:
RESULT:
The voltages in the capacitor are responsible for the current to flow or to stop and
then flow in the opposite direction.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be tight.
[Link] in voltage should be in slow manner.
[Link] of voltage and current should be started with zero.
SOURCE OF ERROR:
• Component tolerance
• parasitic effects (like lead resistance and leakage)
• instrumentation inaccuracies (meter resolution, calibration)
• setup issues (connection problems, faulty probes)
• external factors like temperature variations and electrical noise
• all of which lead to discrepancies between theoretical calculations and
measured results.
