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14-4.2 Vector Spaces

The document provides an overview of vector spaces, focusing on vectors in Rn, their definitions, and operations such as vector addition and scalar multiplication. It includes examples of vector operations in different dimensions and discusses the criteria for a set to qualify as a vector space. Additionally, it highlights specific examples of vector spaces and non-vector spaces, along with exercises for understanding the concepts.

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Samer Ajeeb
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15 views17 pages

14-4.2 Vector Spaces

The document provides an overview of vector spaces, focusing on vectors in Rn, their definitions, and operations such as vector addition and scalar multiplication. It includes examples of vector operations in different dimensions and discusses the criteria for a set to qualify as a vector space. Additionally, it highlights specific examples of vector spaces and non-vector spaces, along with exercises for understanding the concepts.

Uploaded by

Samer Ajeeb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

VECTOR SPACES

4.1 Vectors in Rn
4.2 Vector Spaces

1
Lecture’s outline

2
Vectors in the plane
Definition.
Ø A vector in the plane is represented
geometrically by a directed line segment whose
initial point is the origin and whose terminal
point is the point (𝑥!; 𝑥").
Ø This vector is represented by the same ordered
pair used to represent its terminal point. That is,
𝑥 = (𝑥!; 𝑥")
Ø The coordinates 𝑥! and 𝑥" are called the
components of the vector 𝑥.
Ø Two vectors in the plane 𝑢 = (𝑢!; 𝑢") and
𝑣 = (𝑣!; 𝑣") are equal iff
𝑢! = 𝑣! and 𝑢" = 𝑣".

3
Vectors in the plane (Cont’d)
Example 1 Use a directed line segment to represent each vector in the plane.

4
Vectors in the plane (Cont’d)
Example 2 Vector Addition

𝑢 + 𝑣 = 1; 4 + (2; −2) = 1 + 2; 4 − 2 = 3; 2

5
Vectors in the plane (Cont’d)
Example 3 Scalar Multiplication

1 1 1 5
𝑣= ×(−2); ×5 = −1;
2 2 2 2

𝑢 − 𝑣 = 3; 4 − (−2; 5) = 3 − (−2); 4 − 5 = 5; −1

1 5 5 13
𝑣 + 𝑢 = −1; 2 + 3; 4 = −1 + 3; 2 + 4 = 2;
2 2

6
Vectors in the plane (Cont’d)
Example 3 Scalar Multiplication

1 5
𝑣 = −1;
2 2

𝑢 − 𝑣 = −5; 1

1 13
𝑣 + 𝑢 = 2;
2 2

7
Vectors in Rn
Definition.
Ø R1 = 1-space = set of all real numbers.
𝑥
Ø R2 = 2-space = set of all ordered pairs of real numbers
𝑥 = (𝑥!; 𝑥")
Ø R3 = 3-space = set of all ordered triples of real numbers
𝑥 = (𝑥!; 𝑥"; 𝑥#)
Ø R4 = 4-space = set of all ordered quadruples of real numbers
𝑥 = (𝑥!; 𝑥"; 𝑥#; 𝑥$)
Ø Rn = n-space = set of all ordered n-tuples of real numbers
𝑥 = (𝑥!; 𝑥"; … ; 𝑥% )
𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛
ℝ%

8
Vectors in Rn (Cont’d)
Definition. Vector Addition and Scalar Multiplication in Rn
Let 𝑢 = (𝑢!; 𝑢"; … ; 𝑢% ) and 𝑣 = (𝑣!; 𝑣"; … ; 𝑣% ) be vectors in Rn and let 𝑐 be a
scalar, then
1. 𝑢 + v = (𝑢! + 𝑣!; 𝑢" + 𝑣"; … ; 𝑢% + 𝑣% )
2. 𝑐𝑢 = (𝑐𝑢!; 𝑐𝑢"; … ; 𝑐𝑢% )

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Vectors in Rn (Cont’d)
Example 1 Vector Operations in R3

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Vectors in Rn (Cont’d)
Example 2 Vector Operations in R4

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Vectors in Rn (Cont’d)
Example 3 Writing a Vector as a Linear Combination of Other Vectors

12
Vector Space
Definition. Vector Space

13
Vector Space (Cont’d)
Example 1 R2 with the Standard Operations Is a Vector Space

Example 2 Rn with the Standard Operations Is a Vector Space

Example 3 The Vector Space of All 2×3 Matrices

Example 4 The Vector Space of All Polynomials of Degree 2 or Less

14
Vector Space (Cont’d)
Example 5 The Set of Integers Is Not a Vector Space

Example 6 The Set of Second-Degree Polynomials Is Not a Vector Space

15
Let’s test our understanding!
Exercise 1. determine whether the set, together with the indicated operations, is a
vector space. If it is not, identify at least one of the ten vector space
axioms that fails.

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Let’s test our understanding!
Exercise 2. 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑣 𝑎𝑠 a linear combination of 𝑢!, 𝑢", and 𝑢# if possible.

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