INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1. This paper has TWO sections A and B .
2. You are provided with a separate answer booklet.
[Link] for each question are as indicated.
4. Do not write on the question paper.
This paper consists of THREE (3) printed pages Candidates should check the question paper to
ascertain that all pages are printed as indicated and that no questions are missing
SECTION A (40 MARKS)
(Answer all questions in this section)
1. Otoscope is an equipment used to examine the ear of a patient. Outline four functional parts of
an otoscope. (4 Marks)
2. Blood pressure machine can be of digital or analogue types. State four properties of mercury
to be used as fluid in analogue types. (4 Marks)
3. Scaling is a common fault that affects the efficiency of operation of water distillers. Identify
four ways that can be used to descale the distiller. (4 Marks)
4. Acidity and alkalinity of a solution can be determined by pH measurement. State any four
factors that affect pH measurement. (4 Marks)
5. Storing microscopes in a controlled environment free from the damaging factors helps ensure
their reliability and performance over time. Highlight four environmental conditions affecting
storage of microscopes. (4 Marks)
6. Samples analyzed in the laboratory uses flame photometer or calorimeter which work on the
principle of light refraction. State four limitations of Beer-Lamberts Law in photometry. ( 4
Marks)
7. Bacterial Incubator is used to incubate micro-organism in the laboratory. Outline four essential
parameters that are checked for proper functionality of Bacterial Incubator. (4 Marks)
8. There are different types of centrifuges which are used in laboratory for sample separation.
State two differences between a Fixed-Angle Rotor Centrifuges and Swinging-Bucket-Rotor. (4
Marks)
9. Analytical balances are precision instruments designed to provide accurate measurements of
mass, however they can experience faults or issues that affect their performance. Highlight four
common faults that can be experienced in analytical balances. (4 Marks)
10. Distinguish between a Class I Biosafety Cabinet and Class II Biosafety Cabinet. (4 Marks)
SECTION B (60 MARKS)
(Answer any TWO questions in this section)
11. You have been tasked by your supervisor to install biochemistry analyzer, photometry and
blood gas analyzer in various county hospitals.
a) Explain two Biochemical parameters that can be measured by a clinical chemistry analyzer.
(4 Marks)
b) In regular maintenance practice, explain two possible causes of the following faults which
were noted on a photometer: (6 Marks)
(i) Daily standard reading varying;
(ii) Water blank reading fluctuates and cannot be to zero;
(iii) Reagent blank reads less than water blank.
c) Describe the working principle of the Blood Gas analyzer. (10 Marks)
12. The calibration procedure for a blood cell counter is essential to ensure accurate and reliable
results: a) Describe the steps involved in blood cell counter calibration; (10 Marks)
b) Explain five common faults likely to be experienced when using blood cell counters. (10
Marks)
13. Light microscope is one of the medical equipment used in laboratory to assist in investigation
of various diseases:
a) Describe the general procedure of operating a light microscope; (10 Marks)
b) Explain five ways used to troubleshoot electron microscope. (10 Marks)
14. Caring for a centrifuge involves both regular maintenance and proper handling to ensure its
longevity and safe operation:
a) Explain five ways employed when caring and maintaining a centrifuge; (10 Marks)
b) Explain working principle of a centrifuge when performing sample analysis. (10 Marks)
