# 344uly 2025

o
Judueny
Rudox laknhd.
* Mg Ar]3s ,Ny
[ ] 3as46 Mn
Mn

I weva at a
foreknis
actiular ndox petM. Metlemetu'
as to be cumyd bak eer
he- Hagate
Mo - fns to
hiact
net ent in
bot
damay.

wank

med tron TM & bondy can taku

J
sodium Nitshumiole ar jeral , Niasts) Wat Oxicdaon (08C)’ Mn
caleur naton

Ge
N
4e
cemeda ye
itoy Comfes

otsmntal
lllay imumd y
anh'oiolanh.

tnesph ’ let
eca.
Cmthiy Oxidahn toeceu ) iad to ha
Ng is maln Conyten. (ego aaway frim it)
uo
to Cut and
4loumhal e Acepter(TEA)
(Aitho unam)
an Ccne

0.se 6. 0.S
euh li'gan atmsph
 O£C ih phateyth
ae. to ouhnohee. lsty anel Mnps olank and
a cental cnebactenia contena e
bell in watr spth
th'y 0.S
hud to, olrtay S0, in cy bu 8yd.

found in battna M us stebu unalh thu

Mi soo a Ín Odahu Condn:
Stalbiity
chieneplost con suguid go it wakr
joumd in tekayeko chd and bcenia
ritohondna
Mh so i aund in
allus e
cur Qnd t
enioment

catelyis ih 08C.
b TEA
chm der

Mn fehhloat
cemn
euoecl &0Ds adatl to d u n d ellwer

800 cat.
oúh'alJory aid an
hich
Coodn ’ (M-) Mh Us rutuhin
Mets that
itamins
NMR tsmahc cop. uut, NMR
hud 6
edlmtial Watr

Elumend y7uman fak

Grbehadas
Na
lement: H, C, N, '0,
ialeyal belieud o be
Same to Some exttt Bulk
,ah'nds
backn,pans
Omhal pr
&nh'a e
0ccus n Stau ike lum ohe H, atoy
He Th fecs Custiy He odeunt connm all Oht. deusi aroUy
net khaun.
Auntih th wniwry mest ablndant n. urus ahen
-khewn to
b Und
-
lemnt both met
elornes than e n Otrd by
Odd
 + Sodium Nitohtwsid [SND MlPe CN)gMoJ
nuidy
9r
chumnothay baxd dy ejaly
dboamd Ayatme escuer Ustan and BP. msphaoxiuby Ckidwy domg.
uida Touuy fom SN
’ SNP mallule Cndtauna S
yyda CCN geups

-’ hearatt exutd in Unine. ’ m s ROS and inds to atuo, SNA, amd mito ehondiae t.
hodan + 80
inmnahon, OxTolahue ru, Wdea
tbxrc
thioseaphake Thibunt ion 8ugit ion
(EXUhd ih um'a) +Compee -Jron dutphr Maybdaengme Ccltm)
Tomi Eleehron Aeuptor ’ W athea tham Mo was ounal to u tunt at ight o ,
do thu hal beue hat aeph eleUhs at te end t an e
Juiatin. alkaehe ydsunal whith wwe hohen to de the
beomes Juslud

mest iund TEA

TEA
No (ritah)
Rded am
3ulphur Juduy batea
Eet
gonuthanogns (archay
day bacema.

TeA hps nduatand oio

Ulute’ NoM| Pmn chmal yels,
Jcron Tahaest chas TeA’ ATp
quon eidird (cIC)
Tim donak e to G"au fihaly autd
ETO)

turoducn,
 Adho Auwda

Jtens
Sfaye
au qiant bodla sphu Aand He
futyava
Nuewe aa'ds
Neh

H’ Het m Poe (8unh)

Julhand NA nct theu
hahheng th MA htodd

Lf u to baiuu -’ tendwy to hake tes nlead.

hsna. .(guhnngy
Step: Conhachn hanre tusa was to teat th tyathons tat cnpllx Oganie meleul, uch as
amd haly eerlon. armihs awcu ( the buidihg bleceke q fhatina), could tau shetemawly awem
vuahy n silr ingamiocomeun Wndlr te Condihans buliud to exist on thu
Suhoe (Maiw Sun) olmen oirnitiu Sascth.
Tus tp in clud Cwam watr)
Millen reuiment gans beiuud to be tserd Ih the eanly at
meyp
4o0-3so or yes bave lit stut,
2) Bulsiohc otmaphe : A mixtuu
Atom’Moles Compha nelels
"1987 - Nelll Priy tor 8uamalar hemity ehrikw ih the othnasph,
irulating ak manr as ha eits eith gane, condlmd
y Mer Empi ment the
Shak
(to mi' c gh
Prliee (chmsy) Aalden hyathei
w a e y
CaNloelustne
ghan # Caaouate theO eay
hohond Hhat nd the canalitm
hatu anol
y
uch
akutig Uuating a hyethei, the ney hien
chumi l h,
Ace. to this uv radn) wbula
hau
amd (mnomu) iku ahi aado
ualcnic gchuty atmesphe
the inoganic qaseo ih th
molleulw such as etiLe,
sacchide's
held aliehastahe as
Qhd pal
ceuld hau dd a seeld d
mebne caacwatu
hat he
enuiomensuggutd whu iolosial

h
 oeyd that shpe 00gahc meleulo would hau
faldane
bceme incun'nyy compen, eemtualy omhy te gast ul . s ichas

etodueeol lell
Ih hyuthesi Adimomthad hat Qmiho
acidb coud

This hy thes feuses on spentaous Jonahin e eteinod

ello

Fox tuohond that thim frotein eid ioyogphew coulsA haw dwd

memhay beund t e s w'th Sema cell- ik iuuh om tantnine Une aud

gnpu Ogan moluw s n t in bedy 1eyzochhom 4so

Wew DA intas heho maleut]dtu Coualent Nlon- caualht wau
# Hytnmophie backmo:
Some, ike
’ Sheo cptinal qeuwth at tmp. excudng oc.
Pyscuth un occulhn, tujor tnp b)w &o to no°.
umaskaby stalu and fumekonal at there Jrdualehon,

ehy auss
Long chah satat ontibt
Lehich to their ht esten ihtao wth ONA radily

jo consiold thi twetwal and gumebonal Jnt ,

with
Pakouyet mihor

intorahen)
Cs menai Phesphelid t. and biluyi Aoherphelid hoculs paman Cm go inbetuwtn ie. somme shin melhpuuny
- ures e -
Conist a he phenphat huad', shich ia hychophili and a hon duminecene
tol iid "tai', hydrophalit.
unsatwt fo Oida unat in kinka in the tydephelue touils The
tuo asynt huh thephelinrd Gu Eluchnpheho (salublu but
hesphanid diliy Cornta bydophebic tails amouatd ih onu amathe, mat
aannd teil to teul, The 9 nd to dett
inno hohy meh'an
dhde and hae teo
thu mele

mehn
Sntalaion
 + Couart and Non- Coualnt ntachos in DNA # bottin
and
RNA, the mabculi chg gmt ingemanm, Coon au inueled in
tneing taltypda bond.
int
tothi by a combinay co and noh- c0V.

that connet nusuehc,

U) Phospho dieto bondéa >SNorg, fuimay inkagus
phosplat backbonu.
ithh eaeh ANA 8had Jomay ugir-
’ Thea bondo ahu cuciad tor tt. intag ahd fnity 0NA Aahol (pretin gelsig )
a stabt bacbgu Junston to gpnomco haka,
’ Random cal
N- GyyAGidie borda :> dink ibogpngn ban to olrgibou suger withi chaus (Sutynnel it
2ch nucehou. °st
’Thim brhds ems the cerut awanymnt /ataehment o bn to dhe djcu- dje
bektoony fowcng a stasu johduhim nest coo,
thu sugar and thu phonphate ap
'ouwsall st ahdchsh muchohds, ehbey
intosch usth othr molluto. Cya-ynt CayaX-lyti
’ Non- Coualnt Srtoachnug: ANA
baxs
dntrat ith -wy charyd ohesphah backbou g ANA
thogh 0.

8
dy thu he' Pyindhe
them is hot ual bas
huti und sral biganoa, min V. iht
waal int. (magr qous, oidey )

ONA K
"0p-0-M, ace ih RNA
ih DNA

he
mellels Tend
and Somihmy H-bord hy dro pholie int,
and may lead hoc

tanscriphun, hatnhaly dy to at dat, nacl (in RNA)

 Mucnh d Sagan ?hosphate Bakbuhy
Ains Au ds

Vaihe Luuehe
04
Nh

Praihe Tuyeephan phenya h e

ydrogen aonda
DNA addr
Andi hana DNA Shahdo
Polar (Unchayd k- gP)
Thsonun Gutomhe an'ho audo?

Lon yste Phesphat oups, ONA g'RNn

Nn, Connst g suyar phsphat go backbon,
o Cbonylak)
tTyeshe Gyon Gutamate to a phephat p. Ths phsphah g0
Contan a ucc h atm atachd to
ath'oVhe
Tyen Cþhne)
Aginne Souh (hydray) lese a hetn Cn), nasy
Soubon aucue,
dyon
N taynphdu chwhe tor they biolagial
* Folding in ld hto atuuchuud
oms, cin c
Paytuph'cu chans stuctuu.
XAbhahc aud une, ayh
* hutami aud lihy
t a fetuin cs thd
Atuctn : Ih pmay bbond', ehcodd cluety by h
0) ivmaaninoaids
inkud y htidi
9
nueleiC (Ryular kub- SE.)
helypde chany
hondud Cl tomd
in the
Right
lpho HeUx :tyto_n bnd. the aubwad d e h
acs
u tuwanc Intsa c
amybo
the
chains ot
4h tlix
Judeing ntguty
Abcteral
maintúrshg thu eithe
Cacias ter ultiple
Ahahds that au aliynd
cbony
(6) Connísts
gtabilyw y Hbonds b)o
ant' faslel

arhuaanea ahd adapt a

Ouatt a 3i3-3a9
sht ent,
uithin
B- Stuchsal

8hand sha,
proudh

hlatd
 $-shut Contrte to
tmincseence

muihi'cy, shan phoyhaseoe oceus wtn am enctd wt a CoiQ: tacts coniatnt tutens og bonding
them unngan valatiu daay gheet.
to
Jumineaona compets heith neh raciahw deay thymas dlgoalahn ond Wnodat vaous
to thu sunncmag. amd dymam't thtiachons .
Rahidly dcmying
Cxutd Same B) Teh rructni 3-Limansonal butw
Jam y intractin
btween cu chaih Ck gsup) amiho aelo.
ms'atuy u-tmih it a a

to
Both ysceme amd ohosphasm tyn ohotaluihsme
Hydhagn Jondsi btween idu ehaw'so ahd backbOhe, bgthmg ahaue
shich hvauus adseption nwyy and exitutin atom to h tonyamahono.
Th mayr dilluneu the duuhitn g h taes to occuwo bonds ! coualnt bondo yo cnteihi sclu, owcy ng

phostheUsee 4) uatnay Ktuuetu : eeus in

ermuthn " SaliuoL maenty uy non- coalnt ihtucns: bydesgen bonds, hydrophobi
Thu emisnon yadh gudomly &tepa on pathes
thu exutd atn hes eramp ineue hernegloh (4 eubu'h), oNA Ond RNA poyme0a
Comüntly sht ne bfo
exuitd aim has
bfn in tranm conpanitiy sBatu
tctwal cwmeo.
(t o a come Meth melleuo )
Tu tim furuod or ntuwal b)w the
eywes oh etun unn by
Ih tini pwod or intul bjw the abeurbhion achdesr'n
acb and esan Jo wny Shot. and ghho
tetns dads to
anyle- bta and t u
ALd invoun th tos m4.s to Singub ingt G.8. to exUhd mio &tat Aho itaong.
ut w
yugat
hesu tone
Enittl Wght hao lower eny tHan the and tangls.
Emitd çht as Lowr enryy tha thu cgnik'w delh
absobd ight and eu'snon Ocs
at the lony Athah the nidmt igls,
Gius ah ihmdiah ytnglew n eitan, onca ofbar to glous in tu dark,
ec.
jn daoen
 tuy ehay ua tuy

ratein Packat i

-WH- CH- - NH - Ch
yrot
N-tokad
or nehonasin,.

- y-cu- Coo
Guat hyychro phabi'
gudu h
TRese ae igahd to the metad mta) tekt
lankt the protin hes to fahly dajihd,
Galto orcidan
rom t to tattem, Conye
ig Pe

om mecant

lamth, CP99) Melybdnun.

tatui hai)
# fm fetin to Mata lehrasng, ’ Iine ttye,
Cafeatr a loo). ehehhomev ereludy yche al A4 au
achil.
Ny Msq ) r
Cclen by bao heta and igand au bathu condirathd and Juspote
Cospsawty'
+9
Aciudhy but in ihnd ty drataus Co +le2
bound to ital -’
Sjdu ehads
M.s. erounn)
 mucham
(Yas)
N
casrolinat trha,
iost conmenly two
N
to
menh no (94 96)
uoton- auld
deopde Pretn-cype
Vnocy441)
(946)
(y495)
Calado Ocidane (Go)
N N scc)
, Nat 0)
|° ale ld

'Rucue SCC11)
Tyroeine

alsem
Phenal oxidnol to, en
gycabiid , halydsochie
’ hemalateiia
ton
coh- contuning oridoduet

auto catulysyfmd unmd i n t ho usikh t

distin cayho ahwtH amd

Momahl clauae ,dromajer

SI u) RCn, o h ’ kCno
( I ) R- CN R- coN h
 frota
Necd do Smeh
whad
A Sunot
Planat: PCR
buak nde ihto 0nto thu bovd tu nar,
yetn jnlo fuhly
boekma. Huan.
faldy mataertis come togther
whena d intshhal ls, whwch dinem

ojator srthens:
Protin :

barnc Chh qnroud tisto / uah ANA)

cel hau D NA
(intauh in thu &tona

otudhes to tan the enengy manal y aitochendn'a i t to ltUh

bass they esihu.

Pu to mRNA 6 AA Cam hd to mu
(ONA RaCocded

Arino Auds emyy aciy

to Rlbors
AD at a
time

hahslahan
Arutin
Thansmphôn RNA
Arahem ataholin A
Cuordinahon Chen'
ainsraA | i t Watr cdo net hud Bienega
diguin. PloLojd Hat to oulYcYen frohh Potin nptah,

hunan body protun di^utins CSnepti and moola

Meu ISN amdB c Forositoi

pasmid

Restich gite !'

 ’chang an olth Cnra doma malleulas bilngy
in NoH 7h
Tant a Singu muoluotidu ehane
utaion a trans opim
a fueteln, dinpg
DNA RNA ’ ahalahin Potuh.
ha amho auc seni

by thi w
naking eti's, uch'eh tyem thot cluat umhs.
( Gutamae ale
conend r metu iony tha binol Sn h melus ( eukayato), ah ergn Cat ( nRNA.
Yhn au the Ýn- hutin chmial RNA

tunehn. RNA 80n dymatchng. RNn ueloh compemnng

s to DNA Hmyoat
Mon tham 307. th tuetin uqia
metal ioms les. Mg 2, ut,e )amd
Shall singu handud. m RNA mles hat
matleuts (like hm, wt, PAD)ATP e)

Jtuaitiyng felo jerms. "Adolhe q s-ayo and eey-A- tail..

(exay
mon- codhg Aqnes Cntrn) andl (uin Lodig vapies
4) amation n RNA dwes th muelus ano entos the cytaolasn whvu i
* Au resthehe gueups au cafocter , but uet a cajachans qhaly a
" Rios a thu m RNAJ e e n Aek thu muelot cllo Calllo
festhho ops. bitin in cauboys The nwh
Heme in hemoglsbin, PAD in aoprotis,enem aony ml ectu,
cocen cesesronda to a rclie amíno aucd . Codons
attchul t n y andau eninhal to Toamyer RNA CG ANA, melcues ach cahg a fewit AA,
Jeeagu eoeloa thaaghtet ahel add the amio aud do th
yowng talytid chath.
thypm'a tueniona eyce.
Or ih amouahen cuith an
deldo into a heene 3- ah beome a fumchioralyeten,
om NA to ecin invbus Srans cnphon gANn thto

du nebioral ucten, a toes

thu fuo uehon y anemally high deuuls cay a shye the Untal doqma
rolcua

draatd non thorn al,.cwing

annt
Hhat heleceles yem nucloicl tiphsplat
 tabam: Ahabo'm and Catarebm
#
oo mainton intnal Oyanyahin
yochom
Jiuing gahms
uytochoma Puso(hna cond
Catalsem
Aralaimn thL Alicemo yanc mastn aNTP Ldomy horuaatra tnphesphade)
Consht meleulls m
Corynent. Ben
" This thee ui am inhut cllar ouch'uihed ,

elus Jer wmahalio

-3!
(s seo sA)
3!

husn RNA (mehs) md csu tranlat iho fatiho, whis ihy

dwhg RNA

mon 3)eton
Lenon) to t e e

PCR ehniqu, alnen Chawn Ruchn a tehh'gu i to mah

rt

2) Tem js sudued to Sroc o Hat the iey can kahd to t a DNH

) Troo then ru'nd to 72° C wmod DNA foypnn bgina cddhy huehls
 lenehiecodu :
Medii cain lotwen thu Agueme el ueuot'duo
Shx mealiyiatond
Iyachtn.
ueti emd y
fecodue multin tuoth vame.
that cighado Bu ibome to lbgih banalatiy the RNA into a
oten
Jpnocent igads iganc that ces net tahnat jn tusler mhs.
tactos and tu iihiator tRNA
Jugn this cwolon do Stot tetu

No ShDant Liaends The an gdr

heuly tomd telyhupica chain.
inciomu or extendud tetyhashy

etal
90% mutay Oidid
’ ligand erridisd Ngn-hhacht i'gend
# Mutaton in Plesmid DNA
Aatiom in the mueuohicu ynee a fueDmid-f

Oneubekr

Qulte

Baekmal Plusmids
 (menk to chop thu
Pomotr
aomid
Rustnhm
Put DNA J
Suletase ehdonuelans
ut e ' d
Ansheht rem th shchon le

uhes ohams h Abeut lendy Acl bhlo NMR|XR bactna Cie.

Eco baema,
B-thk)
Shhuch w a mdia (L& trath)
) Kost ynterns_tor etn Qwemion. bnee milw'n 'bachms ous
hut Cmd stop thu
hnadi'aan do geh'e men ennolud,
Eecl',

ghtodue Haomid ow daarmd

into hot cely
Umtuhy'hneol'a teut oohun sho ANA take Snal wull a

JNA 2 imes + DNA tak1 PcR

Chonao cuhon
Buak chun cells Rao utl dulsn, od in pemid inenesf.
colluct ujsnatt ds
dny Semihon, cute jootun
Jyoo, utngnt (endoncleus
P
plaomd
Ôneubai dw, LBate
Spah ani 'ohc
(bichna) plamd t Eeati o oo ) y
batna

aud hy beedena to
r u t anskiehi

’ uaa JenstaMee

Euwngtis
Sheeto
(': du to nat XRD, NMR
at. et
Cnim.)
 mihimal mia Cuuete PCR!
inent
mawlat wu' Amatuaatian:
Annualy
Yameuar magmt. lbc- qyey
Cehlid) (saplo)
otn i abld ? . exknt Gb ell'g
ew to thew that Rusti chn Endoeauy : Che

bosk! Sturk

Q raw a pemid ? (3c, #N)

’ mdia = L& Beth to gt nlabhd atan Caden (Sntelaticu tdy au)
Reint tasin
= mnial mdia for abehld aresein for

rôrmal 9wnee
ueh a way that te Hrat shock
NaQ)
Put bac. in leu tnp. lia t
Cocs anend -0C
waly
.coli baet. cull Then tak it t to honal t .
go ib.
ONA be
ke hud this. (hup in fuiicatM) nd
ientd
au hot colod unle Cny then uh Ecoli
ut gom Inuhatoy ’ celou'y
at thh top
fieati¡n taw to t.
8unt
want to t s N nghuh
e linlabd

lhap t y cnd then we

we ca
rh nudte
(we csm htont to uat
täeu) we tut this bt
bar
Chuategey Backnia wsill
nyehc.