GRAMMAR PRACTICE

7A Countable and uncountable nouns +

some/any 1 Look at the picture. Write a, an, or some.
Countable nouns are things that we can count.
I have a brother.
There are two glasses on the table.
There are fourteen students in the class.
Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. We can use a/an with the
singular form.
Do you want a banana?
I like bananas.
We need an egg for this recipe.
We need three eggs for this recipe.
Uncountable nouns are things that we can’t count. They usually don’t have a plural
form, and we can’t use a/an with them.
I don’t like cheese.
Do you like lemonade?
There’s a lot of sugar in this cake.
We’re having pasta for dinner.

some/any
We use some in a rmative statements with uncountable nouns and plural countable
nouns. We use it when we don’t say exactly how much or how many. 1 meat
There’s some juice in the fridge. 2 chocolate
There are some apples in the bowl. 3 melon
4 apple
We use any in negative statements and questions with uncountable nouns and
5 bread
plural countable nouns.
6 orange
There isn’t any milk. 7 potatoes
We don’t have any oranges. 8 tomatoes
Do you have any money?
Are there any strawberries? 2 Complete the conversation with a, an, some, or any.
A What’s for lunch? Is there 1 pasta?
B No, there isn’t 2 pasta. But there’s
Uncountable
7.4 Countable nouns nouns 3 rice in the cupboard.
A Good. And do we have 4 meat or fish?
Singular Plural
B Yes, we have 5 chicken and 6 fish.
There’s a banana. There are some There’s some water. There’s 7 green pepper and 8
+
bananas. onion, too, but there isn’t 9 salad.
There’s no lemon. There aren’t any lemons. There isn’t any A No problem. We can buy 10 salad at the
–
co ee. market.
? Is there an onion? Are there any onions? Is there any tea?
3 Make sentences. Add a, an, some, or any.
1 there / not / cheese / on this pizza
Look! We usually use some in questions when we o er something to
someone. 2 you / have / tomatoes / ?
Do you want some soup?
Would you like some carrots? 3 there / milk / in the fridge

4 we / not have / yogurt

5 there / mushrooms / in the shopping bag

6 there / water?

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 GRAMMAR PRACTICE

7C Quantifiers: (how) much, (how) many,

a lot of, a few, a little 1 Complete the questions with How much or How
We use how much and how many to ask about quantity. We use how much with many.
uncountable nouns and how many with countable nouns. 1 cups of co ee do you drink every day?
How much fish do you eat every week? 2 sugar do you put in your co ee?
How many students are there in your class? 3 time do you spend online every day?
4 e-mails do you send every day?
We use a lot of or lots of with countable and uncountable nouns to talk about large
5 rooms are there in your home?
quantities. We can use them in a rmative sentences, negative sentences, and questions.
6 water do you drink every day?
I eat a lot of fruit. 7 brothers and sisters do you have?
I don’t eat a lot of apples. 8 jewelry do you wear?
Do you eat a lot of potato chips?
2 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.
We use a lot of and many to ask about quantities. We use a lot of with uncountable
nouns and many with countable nouns. 1 There isn’t much / a lot cheese in the fridge.
2 I drink a lot / a little of tea every day.
Do you drink a lot of juice?
3 My friends don’t send me much / many messages.
Are there many/a lot of students in your class?
4 I don’t take much / a little sugar in my tea.
We use not much and not many in negative sentences to talk about small quantities. 5 It’s good to eat a lot / a little fish every week.
We use not much with uncountable nouns and not many with countable nouns. 6 I have much / lots of cousins.
There isn’t much sugar in this cake. 7 Do your children eat a few / a lot of fruit?
I don’t eat many potato chips. 8 I drink a little / a few glasses of milk every day.
We use a few and a little in a rmative sentences and questions to talk about small 3 Look at the picture and complete the sentences with
quantities. We use a little with uncountable nouns and a few with countable nouns. quantifiers.
I’d like a little milk in my co ee.
Would you like a little sugar in your co ee?
I eat a few pieces of fruit every day.
Are there a few eggs in the fridge?

7.8 Countable nouns Uncountable nouns

Large There are a lot of/lots of There’s a lot of/lots of cheese.

quantities crackers. Is there a lot of/lots of cheese?
Are there many crackers?
Are there a lot of/lots of
crackers?
Small There are a few crackers. There’s a little cheese.
quantities There aren’t many crackers. There’s not much cheese.
There aren’t a lot of crackers. There’s not a lot of cheese.
Are there a few crackers? Is there a little cheese?

Look! With a lot of / lots of, we don’t say of if we don’t say the noun.
Do you have any milk? Yes, we have a lot. NOT Yes, we have a lot of.

1 There are cups.

2 There isn’t cake.
3 There are bottles of water.
4 There’s pizza.
5 There aren’t potato chips.
6 There’s salad.

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 GRAMMAR PRACTICE

8A Past of be, there was/there were, and

simple past: irregular verbs 1 Complete the sentences with was, wasn’t, were, or
We use the past of be and the simple past to talk about completed actions and weren’t.
situations in the past. 1 I born in the U.S. I’m Canadian.
2 Chris at my house yesterday. He was at
The past forms of the verb be are was and were.
home.
Life was di cult in the 1930s. 3 It Friday yesterday. Today is Saturday.
Our house wasn’t very big. 4 We at the movies last night. We left at
We were very happy. 10.00 p.m.
We weren’t rich. 5 The stores open, so we didn’t buy
anything.
8.2 I / he / she / it you / we / they 6 There any tickets, so we didn’t go to the
+ I was busy last week. We were busy last week.
concert.
7 Lucia born in Uruguay in 1978.
– He wasn’t busy yesterday. They weren’t busy yesterday. 8 The market busy this morning. It was so
crowded.

there was/there were 2 Write the sentences in the negative.

We use there was/there were to say that something existed in the past. 1 I had breakfast this morning.
There was a TV in our living room.
There were two rooms in our apartment. 2 We read the newspapers yesterday.

Singular Plural 3 My dad made dinner last night.

8.3

There was a fridge in our There were a lot of books in 4 We bought a color TV in the 1970s.
+
kitchen. my bedroom.
5 I was at home on Saturday.
There was no/There wasn’t
– There weren’t any CDs.
any freezer.
6 My parents were on vacation last week.

Simple past: irregular verbs 3 Complete the text with the past of be or the simple
The verb be is irregular in the past. A lot of common verbs have an irregular past of the verbs in parentheses.
simple past form, too.
We made a cake yesterday.
I had an English class last week.
We make the negative simple past form of all verbs with didn’t + the base form of the verb.
We didn’t make bread yesterday.
I didn’t have a French class last week.

8.5 I / you / he / she / it / we / they

+ I bought a lot of books in the 1990s.

– I didn’t buy expensive clothes.
In the 19th century, life 1 (be) di cult for a
For a full list of irregular verbs, see page 176. 2
lot of people. Usually homes (be) pretty
small. There usually 3 (not be) a bathroom
in the house. People 4 (not have) modern
inventions like TVs or radios. They 5 (not
buy) many things, and there 6 (not be) any
computers. But people 7 (read) books and
children 8 (have) toys.

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 GRAMMAR PRACTICE

8C Simple past: regular verbs and past time

expressions 1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box. Use
We use the simple past to talk about completed actions and situations in the past. a rmative simple past forms.

With regular verbs, we usually add -ed to the base form of the verb. enjoy live play work listen watch
My brother worked as a waiter in London for two years. study want
In the past, children played with traditional toys. 1 In his last job, Tony at a bank.
My brother wanted a bike for his birthday. 2 We to the news on the radio.
I finished my exams last month. 3 She in Berlin in a great apartment.
4 Lena to go out, but her friends were busy.
Spelling rules for regular a rmative simple past -ed endings
5 They tennis in the park yesterday.
We usually add -ed to the verb. 6 My parents a movie online last night.
work ⇨ worked watch ⇨ watched 7 I reading my new book on the weekend.
8 I Spanish in Mexico a few years ago.
When a verb ends in e, we add -d.
dance ⇨ danced live ⇨ lived 2 Complete the sentences with yesterday, last, ago, or in.
When a verb ends in consonant + y, we change the y to i and then we add -ed. 1 Emma called me morning.
study ⇨ studied try ⇨ tried 2 Cameron stayed with us night.
3 I read four books on vacation summer.
When a verb ends in vowel + y, we add -ed.
4 We moved to Chicago eight years .
play ⇨ played enjoy ⇨ enjoyed
5 My dad opened a restaurant the 1980s.
When a verb ends in consonant + vowel + consonant, we usually double the 6 We watched a terrible movie on TV afternoon.
final consonant and add -ed. 7 1969, a person walked on the moon for
stop ⇨ stopped plan ⇨ planned the first time.
8 Carmen finished college four months .
We make the negative form of regular verbs with didn’t + base form. 3 Write sentences. Use the simple past and complete the
time expressions.
8.12 I / you / he / she / it / we / they
I enjoyed the meal.
I didn’t enjoy the movie last night.
We watched the movie together.
We didn’t watch TV.

Past time expressions

We often use past time expressions with the simple past to say when an action or
situation happened.
I played tennis last week.
I played tennis yesterday morning.
I moved to Spain seven years ago. 1 I / visit / China / 2013
In the 1920s, clothes were very di erent from now.
2 my family / live / in Australia / 1970s
last evening/night/week/month/year/spring/summer/fall/winter
3 Lucas / not finish / his homework / night
yesterday morning/afternoon/evening
two days 4 Sam and Ellie / celebrate / Sam’s birthday / at a
three weeks ago restaurant / two days
five years
5 the 1990s / a lot of people / listen to / dance music
in 1990/the 1930s/the 18th century

6 my brother / not want / to go to the movies / night

Look! We can say either “yesterday evening” or “last evening.”

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 GRAMMAR PRACTICE

9A Past: questions
For the past of be, we form questions with was/were + subject. 1 Complete the past questions with the words in
Were you a good student? parentheses.
Was your school near your home? 1 (be/it) sunny yesterday?
Were the exams very di cult? 2 (you/play) golf with Laura?
Was English your favorite subject? 3 (they/enjoy) the game?
For the simple past, we form questions with did + subject + base form of the verb. 4 (be/Paul) good at golf?
5 (you/like) the golf course?
Did you study Spanish in school?
6 (be/it) busy?
Did your parents go to college?
7 (be/your shoes) comfortable?
Did you have toast for breakfast today?
8 (Paul/stay) with you on
the weekend?
9.4 I / he / she / it you / we / they
2 Write short answers to the questions in exercise 1.
Were Tom and Mía in class
Verb ? Was the class interesting? 1 Yes, .
yesterday?
be 2 Yes, .
Y/N Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t. Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t. 3 Yes, .
? Did you have an English class last week? 4 No, .
Other 5 Yes, .
verbs Y/N Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t. 6 No, .
7 No, .
We can put question words at the start of the question to ask for more information.
8 No, .
What was your favorite subject?
Where did you study? 3 Put the words in the correct order to make questions.
Who was your favorite teacher?
Why did you study history?
When did you finish college?
How was your vacation?
How many students were there in your class?
How much did your dictionary cost?
How long did you stay?
How far did you go?

1 you / a / did / vacation / good / have / ?

2 go / did / where / you / ?

3 on the tour / how many / were / people / ?

4 the / hotels / nice / were / ?

5 have / did / what time / you / dinner in the hotel / ?

6 food / like / the / you / did / ?

7 stay / did / long / how / you / ?

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 GRAMMAR PRACTICE

9C Verb patterns: verb + infinitive

When we use two verbs together, we need to use the right form for the second verb. 1 Complete the sentences with the infinitive of the verbs
in the box.
We use an infinitive after some verbs. These verbs often (but not always) refer to
plans for the future. check get start run lose make pass talk

9.8 1 I’m learning jewelry.

2 She’s planning classes this fall.
We want go to the movies tonight. 3 Did he agree to you about it?
I hope see you tomorrow. 4 Emilio wants weight.
We’re planning move next year. 5 I need my e-mails.
to
She’d like visit the U.S. 6 Lisa is planning in shape this summer.
My parents need buy a new car. 7 They decided a marathon.
I intend join a gym. 8 I hope my exams this term.
Other verbs that are followed by an infinitive are: begin, choose, continue, agree, 2 Choose one or both options to complete the sentences.
decide, learn, prefer, o er, start. 1 He really doesn’t like to cook / cooking.
2 I’d like to change / changing my diet.
Look! The verbs begin and start can be followed by an infinitive or the -ing
3 Do you like to play / playing sports?
form. The meaning is the same.
4 She’d love to spend / spending more time with her
I began learning English when I was five. / I began to learn English when I was five.
grandchildren.
The bus didn’t come, so we started walking home. / The bus didn’t come, so
5 I like to earn / earning lots of money.
we started to walk home.
6 Would you like to make / making some new friends?
7 He’d love to go / going to college.
The full form of ’d like is would like. It means the same as want, but it is more polite.
I’d like to see your house. 3 Look at Gemma’s New Year resolutions. Then write
Would you like to come on vacation with me? sentences using the verbs in parentheses.
We can also say ’d love/would love + infinitive.
I’d love to go to Australia one day.
Would you like to go to the beach today? Yes, I’d love to!
New Year Resolutions!
Look! We use both an infinitive and the -ing form after like and love. The • learn Portuguese (plan)
meaning is di erent from ‘d like / ‘d love.
• go to Rio de Janeiro (want)
We like to travel/traveling. We’d like to go to Australia next year.
I love to play/playing soccer. I’d love to play for Real Madrid one day. • join a gym (plan)
• go running three times a
week (want)
• visit my parents more!
(need)
• get a new job (intend)
• save money and buy an
apartment (hope)
• meet someone nice (hope)

1 She is planning to
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

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 GRAMMAR PRACTICE

10A Comparative adjectives

We use a comparative adjective + than to compare two things or people. 1 Complete the sentences with the comparatives of the
The park is nicer than the bus station. adjectives in parentheses.
Los Angeles is bigger than San Francisco. 1 Do you think a walk on the beach is than
The lasagna here is better than the chicken. going to a bowling alley? (romantic)
2 The second date is usually than the first!
10.2 comparative adj + than (easy)
3 Playing video games is than watching TV.
Adam is older than me.
(exciting)
Julie is friendlier than Laura. 4 The apartments here are than those
downtown. (large)
Skiing is more dangerous than walking.
5 Sneakers are than sandals for long walks
up mountains. (good)
Spelling rules for comparative adjectives 6 It’s usually here in the spring than in the
When an adjective is one syllable, we add -er. summer. (wet)
fast ⇨ faster old ⇨ older 7 The movies are than the theater. (cheap)
8 Calling someone the wrong name on a date is
When a one-syllable adjective ends in -e, we add -r. than being a few minutes late. (bad)
nice ⇨ nicer safe ⇨ safer
2 Look at the pictures. Choose the correct words and
When a one-syllable adjective ends in a consonant + vowel + include comparative adjectives to complete the
consonant, we double the final consonant and add -er. sentences.
hot ⇨ hotter big ⇨ bigger
When an adjective ends in consonant + y, we usually change
the y to i and then we add -er.
easy ⇨ easier friendly ⇨ friendlier happy ⇨ happier
BUT shy ⇨ shyer dry ⇨ dryer
1 My hair was a lot / a bit when I was
When an adjective is two or more syllables, we usually use
younger.
more + adjective.
dangerous ⇨ more dangerous crowded ⇨ more crowded Joe Chris 16kg
8kg
modern ⇨ more modern
Some comparatives are irregular.
good ⇨ better bad ⇨ worse far ⇨ further/farther
2 Joe’s suitcase is much / a little than
Look! With some two-syllable adjectives, we usually use -er, not more. Chris’s.
quiet ⇨ quieter narrow ⇨ narrower
Mexico City Seoul
We can also use less + adjective + than to compare things. 8938 km 8867 km

I’m less stressed on the weekend than during the week. = I’m more relaxed on
the weekend than during the week.

We can add much and a lot before comparatives to show there is a big di erence. 3 Mexico City is much / a little from London
We can add a little or a bit before comparatives to show the di erence is small. than Seoul.

much, a lot, a little, a bit

big di erence:
New York is much bigger than Boston.
Skiing is a lot more dangerous than walking.
small di erence:
Today is a little hotter than yesterday.
The café is a bit more crowded than the restaurant.

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 GRAMMAR PRACTICE

10C Superlative adjectives

We use a superlative adjective to say that something is more than all the others in 1 Complete the sentences with the superlatives of the
a group. adjectives in parentheses.
New York is the biggest city in the U.S. 1 She’s girl that I know. (pretty)
The park is the nicest place in my town. 2 My friend Sam was person in my class.
The lasagna is the best thing on the menu. (popular)
3 My son’s child in the world! (beautiful)
We use the with superlative adjectives.
4 month of the year here is February. (hot)
New York is the biggest city in the U.S. NOT New York is biggest city in the U.S. 5 Singing in a band is thing that I do.
(exciting)
10.11 the + superlative adj 6 When was day of your life? (happy)
Adam is the oldest person in our class. 2 Complete the sentences with the superlatives of the
Julie is the friendliest person that I know. adjectives in the box.

Skiing is the most dangerous sport. romantic smart nice kind expensive noisy
1 piece of jewelry is this necklace. It cost
more than 100 dollars.
Spelling rules for superlative adjectives 2 You’re person that I know. You understand
When an adjective is one syllable, we add -est. things very quickly.
fast ⇨ fastest old ⇨ oldest 3 My sister is person in my family. She helps
older people with their shopping.
When a one-syllable adjective ends in -e, we add -st. 4 place at school was the cafeteria.
nice ⇨ nicest safe ⇨ safest Everybody talked there!
When a one-syllable adjective ends in consonant + vowel + consonant, 5 Mr. and Mrs. Brown are neighbors. They’re
we double the final consonant and add -est. really lovely people and friendly, too.
hot ⇨ hottest big ⇨ biggest 6 Sam often gives his girlfriend Katia flowers. He’s
of all my friends.
When an adjective ends in consonant + y, we usually change the y to i
and then we add -est. 3 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with
easy ⇨ easiest friendly ⇨ friendliest happy ⇨ happiest comparative or superlative adjectives.
BUT shy ⇨ shyest dry ⇨ dryest
big small
When an adjective is two or more syllables, we use most + adjective.
dangerous ⇨ most dangerous crowded ⇨ most crowded
modern ⇨ most modern
For some two-syllable adjectives we don’t use most.
clever ⇨ cleverest quiet ⇨ quietest narrow ⇨ narrowest 700 students 500 students 1000 students

Some superlatives are irregular. Anna Jodie Fumiko

good ⇨ best bad ⇨ worst far ⇨ furthest/farthest 1 Anna’s school is than Jodie’s.
2 Jodie’s school is .
3 Fumiko’s school is .
Look! If we use a possessive adjective directly before the superlative, we
don’t include the. good bad
Emily is my best friend.
What’s your most expensive possession?
A D A
A D A
A D B
A D B
B D B
B D C

Michael Jack Matt

Michael Jack Matt
4 Matt got grades than Jack on his exams.
5 Michael got grades.
6 Jack got grades.

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 GRAMMAR PRACTICE

11A have to/don’t have to

We use have to + the base form of the verb to say that something is necessary. 1 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.
We have to wear a uniform in school. 1 I have to / don’t have to drive to work because there
I have to go to work by bus. are no buses or trains near my house.
My brother has to get up at 5:30 every morning. 2 We bought our train tickets online so we have to /
Donna has to call her parents every night. don’t have to buy them at the station.
We use don’t have to + base form to say that something isn’t necessary. 3 Visitors to our o ce have to / don’t have to sign the
visitors’ book. They can’t go into the building if they
I don’t have to work on Mondays.
don’t sign it.
They don’t have to study today. It’s Sunday.
4 Elena is a waitress and she usually has to / doesn’t
Carlotta doesn’t have to buy a new computer. She got one for her birthday.
have to work on the weekend because it’s a busy time
Simon doesn’t have to cook dinner tonight. He’s at a restaurant.
at the restaurant.
We use have to/don’t have to for situations in the present and in the future. 5 You have to / don’t have to wash those cups. Put them
I have to wear a uniform at work. (present situation) in the dishwasher!
I don’t have to get up early tomorrow. (future situation) 6 We have to / don’t have to walk the dog twice a day
because he needs the exercise.
I / you / we / they he / she / it 7 My brother has to / doesn’t have to go far to work. His
11.2
o ce is only about a kilometer from his home.
+ I have to work tomorrow. Jack has to take the train to work. 8 My parents have to / don’t have to teach me to drive,
but they’re giving me a lot of lessons at the moment!
– I don’t have to work on Sunday. He doesn’t have to start work
at 7:30. 2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of have
to or don’t have to.
? Do you have to take the train Does he have to wear a uniform?
today? 1 I’m sorry. I can’t talk now. I go!
2 “ you get up early to go to
Y/N Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. work?” “Yes. I get up at five.”
3 Matt get in shape. He already swims, runs,
Look! We use had to/didn’t have to to say that something wasn’t necessary and plays soccer every week.
in the past. 4 You make dinner. I can do it.
I had to visit my aunt every weekend. 5 children go to school when
We didn’t have to play sports after school. they’re five?
6 My sister teach in a school as part of her
degree in education.
7 We stay at home. Do you want to go for
a walk?
8 What train Paul catch in the
morning?
3 Look at the job information. Complete the sentences
with have to or don’t have to and the verbs from the box.

a uniform ✘ clothes from the store ✔

clothes at full price ✘ customers ✔
after 6 p.m. ✘ on the weekend ✔
a degree ✘ 18+ ✔

buy have work (x2) wear (x2) be serve

1 You a uniform.
2 You clothes from the store, but you
our clothes at full price. You get 50% o .
3 You customers.
4 You on the weekend, but you
after 6 p.m.
5 You over 18, but you a degree.

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 GRAMMAR PRACTICE

11C be going to and future time

expressions 1 Write sentences. Use be going to.
We use be going to + the base form to talk about future plans. 1 Mark / play / guitar / this evening

I’m go ing to visit friend s in Mexico this year.

He’s go ing to have pizza fo r dinnerto night. 2 my parents / go / vacation / tomorrow
We’re no t go ing to stay at a ho tel.
What are yo u go ing to do this su mmer? 3 my sister / not run / a marathon / this summer

11.7 I he / she / it you / we / they 4 I / cook / dinner / tonight

I’m going to relax by She’s going to stay We’re going to visit a
+
the pool. at a campsite. museum. 5 you / go / swimming / this afternoon?

I’m not going to She’s not/She isn’t My friends aren’t

6 we / not use / our car / this year
– study this weekend. going to stay at an going to visit me next
apartment. year.
Am I going to meet Is she going to stay Are they going to eat 2 Jamie, Fran, Paola,
? and Alfredo are on
your friends later? at a hostel? out tonight?
vacation together.
Yes, I am. / No, Yes, she is. / No, Yes, they are. / No, Complete the
Y/N
I’m not. she’s not/she isn’t. they’re not/ they aren’t. conversation with the
correct form of be
Look! When the main verb is go , we do not normally use to go after go ing. going to and a verb
Are yo u go ing su rfi ng to mo rro w ? from the box.
Camille is go ing abro ad next year.
But it is also correct to use to go .
Are yo u go ing to go su rfi ng to mo rro w ? read visit play relax not do take (x2) do go
Camille is go ing to go abro ad next year.
Jamie What 1 you and Alfredo
tomorrow?
Future time expressions Paola In the morning, we 2 sightseeing
We often use the following future time expressions with be going to: in the city. We 3 the castle and go
shopping. What about you?
this morning / afternoon / evening / week / weekend / month Jamie We 4 running, and then we
/ year / spring / summer / fall / winter / January, etc. 5 by the pool. In the afternoon, Fran
6 a surfing class, and I 7
tomorrow morning / afternoon / evening / night
my book on the beach.
next week / month / year / spring / summer / fall / winter / Paola 8 Fran a surfing class
January, etc. every day?
in the morning / afternoon / evening / spring / summer / fall Jamie Yes, she is. She really wants to learn.
/ winter / January, etc. Paola Don’t you want to?
Jamie No, I just want to relax. I 9 much this
Look! We say to night, NOT this night. week. Just a bit of running and swimming.
Paola What about volleyball? Alfredo 10
volleyball this evening. Are you interested?
Today is Monday, January 1st. Jamie Yeah! Thanks!
Monday January 1st this week this morning tonight
Tuesday January 2nd tomorrow morning tomorrow night 3 Today is Monday, March 10th. Write the time
Wednesday January 3rd expressions for the days and times.
Thursday January 4th 1 the morning of March 11th
Friday January 5th 2 March 17–23th
Saturday January 6th this weekend 3 March 10–16th
Sunday January 7th 4 the evening of March 10th
Monday January 8th next Monday next Monday night 5 April
6 Saturday, March 15th and Sunday, March 16th

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 GRAMMAR PRACTICE

12A Present perfect with ever and never

We use the present perfect to talk about experiences in our lives. 1 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.
I’ve visited China. 1 Lev has / have worked as a professional dancer.
He hasn’t been to Australia. 2 I’ve never / ever been to an opera.
Have you worked in a restaurant? 3 I has / have acted in a few plays.
We often use ever in a question with the present perfect. It emphasizes that we are 4 Have you ever / Have ever you listened to jazz?
talking about “our whole lives up to now.” 5 Tom doesn’t work here. He’s been / moved to a
di erent company.
Have you ever listened to classical music?
6 We’ve ever / never visited the museum in my town.
Have your parents ever been to a festival?
We often use never to make a negative sentence with the present perfect. It 2 Complete the sentences with the past participles of
emphasizes that we are talking about “our whole lives up to now.” the verbs in parentheses.
I’ve never tried Russian food. 1 I’ve never a foreign language. (study)
He’s never been to Scotland. 2 I’ve in a restaurant, but I’ve never
in a store. (work)
We form the present perfect with the verb have and the past participle of the main verb.
3 Have you ever volleyball? (play)
4 Has your mother-in-law ever with you?
12.2 I / you / we / they he / she / it
(stay)
+ I’ve visited a lot of castles. He’s been to Vietnam. 5 I’ve never to a classical concert. (be)
6 We’ve never a famous person. (see)
– They haven’t studied Italian. She hasn’t played badminton. 7 We’ve never together. (act)
? Have you stayed in this hotel? Has he worked in London? 8 My sisters haven’t me in New York. (visit)
9 I’ve a lot of Indian food. (cook)
Y/N Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.
3 Write short conversations. Use the present perfect.
For regular verbs, the past participle form is the same as the past simple form. It ends
in -ed. See page 127 for the spelling rules for simple past forms ending in -ed.

Look! In the present perfect, we use the past participle -ed form for
negative sentences and questions, as well as a rmative sentences. This is
di erent from the simple past, where we only use the simple past -ed form for
a rmative sentences. Compare:
Did you visit the National Gallery yesterday?
Have you visited the National Gallery? NOT Have you visit the National Gallery?
I didn’t visit the National Gallery yesterday.
I haven’t visited the National Gallery. NOT I haven’t visit the National Gallery.

Like the simple past, a lot of common verbs have an irregular past participle. For a full
list of irregular verbs, see page 176.

1
Look! When we talk about experiences, we sometimes use been to instead A you / ever / go / to Peru?
of gone to to say that someone went somewhere and returned.
She’s been to London three times. = (She went and returned.) B no / I / never / go / to South America

2
A your mom / ever / study / English?

B yes / and / she / study / German, too

3
A Charlie and Kate / ever / play / rock music?

B no / but / they / play / classical music

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 GRAMMAR PRACTICE

12C Present perfect and simple past

We use the present perfect to talk about an experience in our lives. We use the 1 Choose the correct words to complete the conversation.
present perfect to introduce a topic and say that it happened. A 1Have you ever been / Did you ever go to Peru?
I’ve met Jennifer Lawrence. B Yes, I have. 2 I’ve been / I went with some friends from
I’ve been to New York. college last year.
My sister has started a new job. A Where 3have you been / did you go?
B To Machu Picchu. 4It’s been / It was fantastic.
When we give details about the experience (for example, when something happened,
A I’d love to go there! 5I’ve been / I went to Lima in
what exactly happened, who you were with, or how you felt), we use the simple past.
2010, but not Machu Picchu.
I’ve met Jennifer Lawrence. I met her in a hotel in London. B Machu Picchu is amazing! 6We’ve had / We had a great
I’ve been to New York. I went there in 2005. time.
My sister has seen a shark. She was really scared. A What 7have you done / did you do there?
When we ask for more details about past events, we usually use the simple past, not B 8We’ve been / We went on some incredible hikes.
the present perfect. 2 Complete the conversation with the words in parentheses
Where did you meet Jennifer Lawrence? NOT Where have you met Jennifer using the present perfect or the simple past.
Lawrence? 1
A (you / ever / see) the movie Selma?
When did you go to New York? NOT When have you been to New York?
B Yes. I 2 (see) it in 2015.
How did your sister feel? NOT How has your sister felt? 3
A (you / like) it?
We often start a conversation with the present perfect. When we give details about B Yes, it 4 (be) great. David Oyelowo
5 (play) Martin Luther King Jr. very well.
the experience, or ask for them, we change to the simple past.
A 6 (he / win) any awards?
B Yes, he 7 (win) some awards.
12.11 8
A (he / be) in other movies?
Situation Form Example B Yes. He 9 (be) in Lincoln. I 10
Question about an experience Present perfect Have you ever been to Spain? (love) that movie!

Answer Present perfect Yes, I have. 3 Write the conversation. Use the present perfect and
the simple past.
Details Simple past I went there two years ago.
Question asking for details Simple past Did you go to Madrid?
Answer Simple past No, I didn’t. But I went to
Valencia and Málaga.

For a full list of irregular verbs, see page 176.

A you / ever / do / karate?

B yes / I / try / it / two years ago

A what / you / think / of it?

B I / really / like / it

A where / you / learn?

B I / take / classes at the sports center

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