Bandwidth and Capacity
Dial-up Connection
• “a maximum theoretical transfer speed of 56 kbit/s”
Dial-up Connection
• check email or occasionally read a news story
Don’t mind waiting extended
periods of time, dial up will
work for you!
What do we mean by Broadband?
What do we mean by Broadband?
• In general, broadband often refers to internet access service with
transmission speed from hundreds of kbps (kilobits per second) to
several Mbps (Megabits per second)
Nielsen’s Law of Internet Bandwidth
Evoking Moore’s Law that
computer processing power
doubles every 18 months, Nielsen
theorized that Internet Bandwidth
doubles every 12 months!!
What is Broadband?
• A transmission facility having a sufficient bandwidth to carry
multiple voice, video or data channels simultaneously.
Bandwidth and Broadband
• popular two terms
Understanding Bandwidth
• Originated in the analog world
“the more information it is desired
to send in a given amount of time,
the greater the analog bandwidth
required”
Understanding Bandwidth
• In the digital world
• bandwidth refers to a transmission/
data rate
• expressed in bits-per-second (bps)
Understanding Bandwidth
AF Band : 3.2KHz High fidelity Television Channel : 6MHz
audio amplifier :
19.98KHz
AF Band : High fidelity Television Channel :
10s of Kbps audio amplifier : Several Mbps
100s of Kbps
Referred to as the “Speed”
Modern Communications
• Exchange of information over distance by using electronic devices
• Electronic communications, telecommunications, or simply modern
communications
• Twisted-pair copper cable
• Coaxial cable
• Wireless links
• Fiber optic cable
Relation between Bandwidth and Data Rate
How many bits per seconds (speed) over various media??
Claude Elwood Shannon
1916 – 2001
Mathematician
Bell Telephone Labs
Consequences of Shannon’s Law
• Fundamental ways of Increasing the Digital Capacity of a Channel
• Increasing the amount of bandwidth devoted
to the channel
• Increasing the received signal level relative to
the accompanying noise and interference.
Increasing Bandwidth
Constrained by
• the technical characteristics of the transmission medium
• in the case of wireless communications, by government regulation
Increasing Transmitted Power
Constrained by
• diminishing returns : increasing the received power to 31 times as
strong as the accompanying noise only increases the capacity to 5 bps/
Hz
• increased interference that would be caused to other users of the
same radio spectrum in the case of wireless communications
Increasing Transmitted Power
Constrained by
• Battery
• Noise and interference that compete with the desired signal in a
receiver
“Scarce” Resources
• Two primary “scarce” resources associated with the design of any
digital transmission link:
• Received power
• “Analog” bandwidth of the particular transmission media involved
Understanding Latency
• two major performance measures associated with the Internet are speed/
latency and bandwidth/data rate
• individual bits speed cannot exceed the speed of light : irreducible latency
• an intermediary node, such as a packet switch or router can increases the
latency
• the transmission rate merely determines how fast the packet can be
“unloaded” once it arrives
ASSIGNMENT 2
• Identify the various devices that we use in our day to day life which
uses communications technology. Identify the transmission channel
used in all cases.
• Identify the frequency of operation, typical speed and bandwidths,
technology used for the different generation of communication (1G,
2G,..6G)
• Comment on the “Why is 5G rollout a problem near U.S. airports?
Shannon’s Law (Limit)
Shannon’s law for error-free transmission.
•For Wi-Fi transmission, the computed channel capacity (the maximum bit rate) is far
less than the declared 500Mb/s speed. What can be done to increase the BR (b/s)?
Shannon’s Law (Limit)
Shannon’s law for error-free transmission.
•For Wi-Fi transmission, the computed channel capacity (the maximum bit rate) is far
less than the declared 500Mb/s speed. What can be done to increase the BR (b/s)?
To increase the bit rate 2.5 times (from about 200 to 500 Mb/s), we need to increase
SNR more than 176 times, from 33.3 to 5792. This is another example of the di culty
in achieving a high-speed transmission.
ffi
