ISSUES IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

Reproductive health issues encompass a range of physical,

emotional, and social challenges that can impact individuals'
reproductive systems and overall well-being. Here are some key
issues:
1. Access to Contraceptives
Lack of access to contraception can lead to unintended
pregnancies, affecting both individuals and communities. Barriers
like cost, lack of information, or cultural and religious opposition
often limit access to contraceptives.

2. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

STIs, such as HIV, chlamydia, and gonorrhea, pose serious health
risks. Limited education and social stigma can lead to delayed
diagnosis and treatment, worsening health outcomes.

3. Maternal Health and Mortality

High maternal mortality rates due to complications in pregnancy
and childbirth, especially in low-resource areas. Conditions like
preeclampsia, infections, and hemorrhage remain leading causes
of maternal deaths.

4. Fertility and Infertility

Infertility affects individuals and couples emotionally, socially, and
financially. Limited access to fertility treatments or cultural
stigmatization often compounds the issue.

5. Menstrual Health
Lack of access to menstrual hygiene products and education can
affect school attendance and quality of life. Menstrual taboos and
lack of support for menstrual health care remain challenges
worldwide.

6. Sexual Education
Comprehensive sexual education is limited in many areas, leading
to misinformation and risky behaviors. Access to accurate, age-
appropriate information is essential for informed reproductive
choices.

7. Abortion Access and Right

Abortion laws vary widely, impacting individuals' autonomy and
health outcomes. Limited access to safe and legal abortion
services often leads to unsafe procedures.

8. Gender-Based Violence
Sexual and domestic violence can lead to unintended
pregnancies, trauma, and long-term health issues. Support and
healthcare services are often inadequate for survivors.

9. Hormonal and Reproductive Disorders

Conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis,
and hormonal imbalances can affect fertility and quality of life.
Diagnosis and treatment can be complex and are often
inaccessible.

10. Reproductive Rights and Autonomy

Rights related to reproductive health include access to services,
education, and bodily autonomy. Societal and legal restrictions
can limit these rights, affecting individual health and well-being.
Addressing these issues involves improving access to health
services, educating communities, reducing stigma, and ensuring
supportive laws and policies.

HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES

Harmful traditional practices are cultural, social, or religious
practices that have been historically accepted in some
communities but pose significant risks to physical, emotional, or
social well-being. Here are some of the most prominent harmful
traditional practices:
1. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
FGM involves partial or total removal of the female genitalia for
non-medical reasons.
It can lead to severe pain, infections, childbirth complications, and
psychological trauma.
2. Child Marriage
Marriage of individuals (typically girls) under the age of 18, often
to much older partners.
Child marriage limits education, increases health risks during
pregnancy, and perpetuates poverty cycles.
3. Breast Ironing
The practice of massaging or pressing young girls' breasts with
heated objects to prevent them from developing.
It can lead to pain, infection, physical scarring, and psychological
trauma.
4. Honor-Based Violence
Violence, including physical assault and murder, committed
against individuals (often women) who are perceived to have
dishonored the family.
It restricts personal freedom, safety, and autonomy.
5. Virginity Testing
Invasive examination performed to assess a woman’s sexual
history or “purity.”
Virginity testing is scientifically invalid, violates privacy, and can
lead to stigma and mental health issues.
6. Forced Feeding
Practiced in some regions to make girls gain weight, especially to
meet societal standards of beauty and marriage readiness.
Leads to health problems like obesity, diabetes, and
cardiovascular disease.

7. Widow Inheritance or "Levirate" Marriage

The forced marriage of a widow to a male relative of her
deceased husband.
Often strips women of autonomy and subjects them to abuse or
exploitation.
8. Accusations and Persecution for Witchcraft
Especially in some African and Asian communities, individuals,
often women, are accused of witchcraft, leading to social
exclusion, physical assault, or death.
Often targets vulnerable individuals, such as the elderly or
mentally ill.

9. Polygamy with Unequal Power Dynamics

While polygamy may be consensual, it can also be coercive and
exploitative, especially for younger wives or when consent is not
genuine. Often leads to jealousy, competition, and mental health
issues among family members.

10. Son Preference and Neglect of Girls

Preference for male children, leading to neglect, malnutrition, or
infanticide of female children.
Has significant social impacts, including imbalanced gender ratios
and perpetuation of gender inequality.

Addressing Harmful Traditional Practices

Efforts to end these practices often involve community education,
legal interventions, advocacy, and providing support services for
survivors. Engaging communities and respecting cultural nuances
while emphasizing health, safety, and human rights is essential
for sustainable change.

FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) refers to procedures involving
the partial or total removal of external female genitalia or other
injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. The
World Health Organization (WHO) classifies FGM into four main
types:
1. Type I: Clitoridectomy
Involves the partial or total removal of the clitoris and, in some
cases, the prepuce (the fold of skin surrounding the clitoris).
This is the least extensive form of FGM but can still cause
significant physical and psychological harm.

2. Type II: Excision

Involves the partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia
minora, with or without the removal of the labia majora. This type
is more extensive and can lead to severe complications, including
increased risk of infections, childbirth complications, and chronic
pain.

3. Type III: Infibulation

Involves the narrowing of the vaginal opening by creating a seal,
formed by cutting and repositioning of the labia minora or labia
majora, with or without the removal of the clitoris.

This is the most severe form of FGM and can lead to major health
risks, including obstructed menstruation, extreme pain, and
difficulties during intercourse and childbirth.

4. Type IV: Other Harmful Procedures

Includes all other harmful procedures to female genitalia for non-
medical reasons, such as pricking, piercing, incising, scraping,
and cauterizing. Though these procedures may seem less
invasive, they can still cause physical and psychological trauma.

Health and Psychological Implications of FGM

All types of FGM carry risks, including infections, chronic pain,
menstrual complications, childbirth difficulties, and mental health
issues. Efforts to prevent FGM focus on community education,
legislation, and support for survivors, emphasizing the human
rights and health impacts associated with the practice.
REASONS FOR FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a deeply rooted cultural
practice performed in some communities for various reasons,
despite the health risks and human rights concerns associated
with it. The reasons for FGM often vary by region, culture, and
community, but common justifications include:

1. Social and Cultural Traditions

FGM is often practiced because it is a long-standing tradition,
considered a rite of passage from girlhood to womanhood.
Families and communities may believe that adhering to tradition
is necessary for maintaining social acceptance and community
identity.

2. Perceptions of Purity, Modesty, and Femininity

FGM is sometimes believed to reduce a woman’s libido, which, in
turn, is thought to help maintain her “purity” by controlling sexual
behavior. The practice is often associated with ideals of modesty
and femininity, where women’s bodies are expected to conform to
certain cultural norms.

3. Marriageability and Social Status

In many communities, FGM is considered essential for a girl to be
eligible for marriage, as it is thought to make her more
“respectable” and desirable. Women who have not undergone
FGM may face discrimination, exclusion, or difficulty finding a
partner.

4. Religious Beliefs
Some people believe that FGM is a religious requirement, though
no major religion mandates the practice.

Misinterpretations of religious texts or community leaders' beliefs

can perpetuate FGM as a religious obligation, even if it is not
explicitly prescribed.
5. Misconceptions about Health and Cleanliness
Some communities believe that FGM promotes cleanliness,
hygiene, or improved fertility, even though there is no medical
evidence supporting these claims. Myths about the clitoris being
“unclean” or dangerous can also contribute to the practice.

6. Gender Norms and Control of Female Sexuality

FGM is often a means of controlling female sexuality, with the
belief that it reduces sexual desire and “protects” women from
promiscuity or infidelity. This control is rooted in patriarchal
norms that seek to regulate women’s bodies and choices.

7. Community and Family Pressure

Families may face intense social pressure to continue the
practice, fearing ostracism if they do not comply. Mothers and
grandmothers, often driven by a sense of duty, may endorse FGM
to ensure the social acceptance of their daughters.

8. Economic Incentives
In some cases, those who perform FGM - traditional practitioners,
midwives, or healers - receive payment, making it an economic
activity. The practice can sometimes be financially motivated,
especially in areas with few economic opportunities.

MEDICALISATION IN FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is traditionally performed without
any form of anesthesia, antibiotics, or medical tools, especially
when carried out by untrained practitioners in non-medical
settings.

Medicalization refers to the process of performing Female Genital

Mutilation (FGM) by trained healthcare providers, such as doctors,
nurses, or midwives, rather than by traditional practitioners. In
some communities, the procedure is moved into medical settings
or performed with the use of medical equipment and medications.
This shift is sometimes done with the belief that it makes FGM
safer, reduces pain, or lowers the risk of infection. However,
medicalization of FGM is widely condemned and considered
unethical by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other
health organizations.

However, in some cases where FGM is performed by health care

providers (a practice known as the "medicalization" of FGM),
certain medications and tools may be used, though this practice
remains highly controversial and condemned by the World Health
Organization (WHO). Here are some medications and medical
interventions that may be used in these cases:

1. Local Anesthetics or Sedatives

In medicalized FGM settings, healthcare providers may use local
anesthetics, such as lidocaine, to numb the area temporarily.
However, this only provides limited pain relief and does not
eliminate the risks associated with FGM. Sedatives or even
general anesthesia may be used in some settings to reduce
pain and discomfort, though this does not lessen the long-term
physical or psychological harm.

2. Antibiotics
To reduce the risk of infection, healthcare providers may
administer antibiotics before or after the procedure. However,
while antibiotics may prevent immediate infections, they do not
address complications like chronic pain or childbirth difficulties
later in life.

3. Painkillers (Analgesics)
Painkillers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen may be given after
the procedure to manage pain. However, the relief is minimal
compared to the severe pain and long-term complications often
associated with FGM.

4. Antiseptics and Disinfectants

Antiseptics or disinfectants may be used to clean the area before
and after the procedure, but this does not make FGM safe or
medically acceptable.

5. Sutures for Infibulation

In some cases, particularly with Type III FGM (infibulation),
sutures may be used to seal parts of the genitalia together. This is
a highly invasive procedure that can lead to obstructed
menstruation, childbirth complications, and severe health risks.

Concerns with Medicalization of FGM

The use of medications in FGM does not eliminate the
inherent risks and ethical concerns.

Medicalized FGM remains a violation of human rights and

does not mitigate the long-term consequences, such as
chronic pain, psychological trauma, and complications during
childbirth.

Health organizations, including WHO, strongly oppose

medicalized FGM and advocate for complete eradication of
the practice, promoting education, community engagement,
and legal frameworks to protect individuals from FGM.

Reasons for Medicalization of FGM

Perceived Safety: Some families believe that FGM performed
by a healthcare provider will be safer, with fewer complications or
health risks.

Social Pressure and Demand: In places where FGM is a

deep-rooted cultural norm, families may pressure healthcare
providers to perform FGM on young girls, believing this version of
the procedure is more acceptable.
Economic Incentives: In regions with economic hardship,
healthcare providers may be incentivized to perform FGM as a
source of additional income.

Risks and Ethical Concerns of Medicalization

Endorsement of Harmful Practices: By involving healthcare
providers, medicalization can give FGM an appearance of
legitimacy, perpetuating the practice rather than reducing it.

Continued Health Risks: Medicalization does not eliminate the

long-term health complications of FGM, including chronic pain,
infections, childbirth difficulties, and psychological trauma.

Violation of Medical Ethics: Performing FGM contradicts

medical ethics, as it violates the "do no harm" principle and
infringes on the rights of the individual.

Global Efforts to End Medicalization of FGM

WHO, UNICEF, and other health and human rights organizations
strongly oppose the medicalization of FGM and advocate for
comprehensive strategies to end the practice.

Efforts include public awareness campaigns, education for

healthcare providers, legislative frameworks, and community
engagement programmes aimed at eliminating FGM entirely
rather than modifying it.

CONSEQUENCES OF FEMALE GENITAL

MUTILATION
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) has numerous, often severe,
consequences that affect a person's physical, psychological, and
social well-being.

These consequences can vary depending on the type and extent

of the procedure, the conditions under which it was performed,
and access to healthcare following the procedure. Here are some
of the main consequences:

1. Physical Health Complications

Immediate Complications: These include severe pain,
excessive bleeding (hemorrhage), swelling, infections, shock, and
even death due to complications from the procedure.

Infections: Unsanitary conditions and lack of sterilization can

lead to infections, such as tetanus, sepsis, and urinary tract
infections.

Chronic Pain: Many individuals experience ongoing pain,

especially during menstruation, urination, and sexual activity, due
to nerve damage and scar tissue.

Urinary Problems: Difficulty urinating and frequent urinary tract

infections are common due to damage to the urethra and
surrounding tissues.

Menstrual Complications: FGM can obstruct menstrual flow,

leading to pain and menstrual irregularities.

2. Sexual and Reproductive Health Issues

Reduced Sexual Pleasure: FGM often results in reduced or
complete loss of sexual sensation, which can impact relationships
and emotional well-being.
Infertility: Scarring and infections from FGM can lead to
infertility in some cases.

Childbirth Complications: Women who have undergone FGM

face increased risks of complications during childbirth, including
prolonged labor, postpartum hemorrhage, perineal tearing, and
stillbirth. FGM can also lead to obstetric fistula, a condition where
an abnormal connection develops between the vagina and
bladder or rectum.

3. Psychological and Emotional Impact

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Many individuals suffer
from PTSD, including symptoms like flashbacks, anxiety,
depression, and nightmares, due to the trauma of the procedure.

Depression and Anxiety: The experience and subsequent

physical issues can contribute to long-term depression, anxiety,
and low self-esteem.

Sexual Dysfunction: Many women struggle with sexual intimacy

due to physical pain or psychological trauma, which can affect
relationships.

4. Social and Economic Consequences

Social Stigma: In some communities, women who have not
undergone FGM face social stigma and may be considered
ineligible for marriage, leading to social isolation and limited
opportunities.

Impact on Education and Employment: FGM can lead to

physical and psychological challenges that interfere with
schooling, work, and other aspects of daily life.

Economic Burden: The healthcare costs associated with treating

complications from FGM can be significant, particularly in
communities with limited resources.

5. Human Rights Violations

FGM is widely recognized as a violation of human rights,
particularly the rights to health, security, and bodily autonomy. It
is a form of gender-based violence and discrimination, infringing
on individuals' right to control their bodies.

Long-Term Consequences for Society

FGM also has broader implications for society, perpetuating
gender inequality and the suppression of women's and girls'
rights. Efforts to eradicate FGM often focus on education, legal
protections, and cultural change to ensure that future generations
are spared from its harmful effects.

Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Nigeria requires

comprehensive approaches that address legal, social,
educational, and health-related factors.

STRATEGIES FOR ELIMINATION OF HARMFUL

PRACTICES
Expanding the Legal and Policy Frameworks
State-Level Adoption of VAPP Act: While the Violence Against
Persons Prohibition (VAPP) Act of 2015 criminalizes FGM at the
federal level, it only applies to the Federal Capital Territory
(Abuja). For broader impact, more states need to domesticate and
implement the VAPP Act. Advocacy groups are actively working to
encourage all states to adopt the Act, making FGM illegal
nationwide.

Strengthening Child Protection Laws: FGM disproportionately

affects young girls. Integrating specific anti-FGM protections into
child rights laws reinforces the need to protect minors from all
forms of abuse, including FGM.

Legal Support for Victims: Access to legal aid services for FGM
survivors is essential, as many survivors face financial and social
obstacles in seeking justice. This support helps empower them to
pursue legal action against perpetrators.

Community-Led Programmes and Empowerment

Initiatives
Engaging Men and Boys: Shifting perspectives on FGM requires
engaging all community members, including men and boys, to
foster a collective commitment to abandoning FGM. Programs
that include men as advocates for women’s rights and gender
equality can challenge traditional beliefs that support FGM.
Alternative Rites of Passage Programmes: Some
communities have replaced FGM with alternative rites of passage,
which celebrate girls' transition to adulthood without involving
genital cutting. These programmes, developed through
collaboration with cultural leaders, offer a safe and meaningful
substitute.

Economic Empowerment for Practitioners: In some

communities, FGM practitioners, such as traditional birth
attendants, rely on the income generated from performing FGM.
Economic empowerment programs that provide alternative
livelihoods help practitioners move away from FGM while
maintaining their economic stability.

Education and Awareness in Schools

Integrating FGM Education into Curriculums: Teaching young
people about the health and human rights risks associated with
FGM through school programmes is vital. By including FGM
education in health, civic, or social studies curriculums, schools
can instill awareness from an early age.
Training Teachers as Advocates: Teachers are trained to
provide accurate information on FGM and promote gender
equality. With the right resources, teachers can become
community advocates, sharing information and dispelling myths.

Peer-Led Initiatives: Youth-focused NGOs use peer education to

encourage open conversations about FGM. In some programmes,
peer leaders are trained to educate and empower their
classmates, making discussions about FGM more relatable and
effective.

Media and Technology in Awareness Campaigns

Using Social Media Platforms: Digital campaigns on platforms
like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram help spread awareness and
reach a broad audience, especially young people. These
campaigns often include testimonials, health information, and
messages of empowerment, challenging the acceptability of FGM.

Radio and Television Programs: Since many rural areas in

Nigeria rely on radio, radio shows and public service
announcements can reach large numbers of people, educating
them on the dangers and legal consequences of FGM.

Mobile Applications and SMS Campaigns: Some initiatives

use SMS campaigns and mobile apps to deliver educational
messages and resources. These tools can be especially useful in
remote areas with limited access to healthcare information.

Strengthening Healthcare Responses

Building Survivor-Centered Healthcare Services: Creating
specialized clinics or centers within hospitals for FGM survivors
ensures that affected individuals can receive holistic care,
including physical treatment and psychological support.

Training Health Workers on Legal and Ethical

Responsibilities: Training health workers to avoid participating
in FGM, even if requested, helps combat the medicalization of
FGM and emphasizes ethical standards.

Mobile Clinics and Outreach Programmes: In remote areas,

mobile clinics provide medical care for FGM complications and
raise awareness. Health professionals travel to communities to
provide check-ups, counseling, and educational talks.

Cultural and Religious Engagements

Encouraging Religious Endorsement: Working with religious
leaders to publicly denounce FGM helps challenge the myth that it
is a religious requirement. Religious endorsements carry
significant weight and influence public perception.
Empowering Female Leaders and Role Models: Female
community leaders, especially survivors of FGM, often serve as
powerful voices for change. They advocate for abandonment by
sharing personal stories and challenging social norms.

Research and Data Collection

Monitoring FGM Trends: Collecting data on FGM prevalence,
types, and communities affected helps tailor interventions.
Regular surveys and studies provide insights into which areas
need focused efforts and measure the effectiveness of programs.

Research on Effective Interventions: Research helps identify

the most successful approaches for eradicating FGM, as well as
new challenges. This evidence-based approach informs policy-
making and resource allocation.

Addressing Challenges
Overcoming Deep-Rooted Beliefs: FGM is often seen as a rite
of passage, deeply tied to identity and tradition. Efforts to
eradicate FGM need to respect cultural practices while
highlighting the practice's harms.

Economic Barriers: Poverty in many regions where FGM is

practiced limits resources for education, healthcare, and
alternative livelihoods, which can make changing practices
difficult.

Limited Resources for Law Enforcement: Even where anti-

FGM laws exist, lack of funding, training, and resources for police
and judicial systems make enforcement difficult.

Long-Term Vision for Eradicating FGM

The goal is a generational shift where FGM is universally seen as
unnecessary and harmful.
This requires sustained, multi-faceted approaches-addressing not
just the symptoms of FGM but the underlying gender norms,
economic pressures, and social expectations that perpetuate it.

Partnering with communities and addressing FGM from multiple

angles-legal, educational, social, and healthcare-are essential to
making lasting progress.

STOPPED 11/11/2024

EARLY/FORCED MARRIAGE
Early and forced marriage refers to a marriage where at least one
party is married without their consent or below the legal age of
marriage, which can vary by country.
This practice affects millions worldwide, particularly girls, and
often results in serious consequences for health, education,
economic independence, and general ``well-being.

Root Causes
Poverty: Families struggling financially may view marriage as a
way to reduce their economic burden.

Gender Inequality: Girls are often valued less than boys,

leading to their roles being defined primarily as wives and
mothers from a young age.

Cultural Norms and Traditions: In some cultures, early

marriage is normalized and seen as a rite of passage or a way to
safeguard family honor.

Lack of Education: Families with limited access to education

may believe marriage is a secure future for young girls.

REASONS FOR EARLY/FORCED MARRIAGE

The reasons for early or forced marriage are complex and often
rooted in societal, economic, and cultural factors. Here are some
primary reasons:

1. Poverty and Economic Factors:

Financial Burden: Families in poverty may view marriage as a
way to reduce economic strain, seeing it as one less person to
provide for.

Bride Price or Dowry: In some cultures, early marriage is a

means to secure a dowry or bride price, bringing immediate
financial relief.

Perceived Economic Stability: Some families believe that marriage

offers girls financial security, especially in contexts where
educational and job opportunities are limited.

2. Gender Inequality:
Low Value of Girls and Women: In societies where men are
considered more valuable, girls may be seen primarily in terms of
their roles as wives and mothers.

Limited Rights for Women and Girls: In some regions, girls have
fewer rights and less freedom, making it easier to control them
through marriage.

Dependency on Male Protection: In conservative or patriarchal

societies, families may believe that marrying a girl off early
provides her with "protection" and a stable future under a
husband's care.

3. Cultural and Social Norms:

Traditional Norms: In some cultures, early marriage is a deeply
ingrained tradition, considered a rite of passage or a way to
preserve family honor.

Pressure to Conform: Community expectations and fear of social

stigma may lead families to marry off their daughters early.
Safeguarding "Honor": In societies that prioritize family honor,
early marriage is sometimes believed to prevent premarital
relationships or unwanted pregnancies.

4. Lack of Education and Awareness:

Limited Access to Education: Families with little access to
education may view marriage as the only viable future for their
daughters.

Limited Awareness of Rights: Families and young girls may lack

knowledge about legal rights and protections against early
marriage.

Lack of Alternatives: Without education or skills training, girls

have few alternatives, making marriage seem like the only option.

5. Conflict, Crisis, and Displacement:

Insecurity During Conflict: In times of conflict or crisis, families
may marry off daughters early, believing it will provide them with
safety and stability.

Economic Hardship from Displacement: Refugee or displaced

families may face increased financial hardship, leading to early
marriage as a survival strategy.

Risk of Exploitation: During crises, girls are more vulnerable to

exploitation, making marriage seem like a protective measure
against abuse.

6. Weak Legal Protections and Enforcement:

Inadequate Laws: In some regions, laws around marriage age are
weak or contain loopholes, allowing early or forced marriages.

Lack of Enforcement: Even where laws exist, enforcement may be

lacking due to corruption, societal pressure, or lack of resources.
Legal Exceptions for "Parental Consent": Some countries allow
early marriage with parental consent, which can lead to coercion
in family decisions.

Addressing these root causes requires a holistic approach,

combining poverty alleviation, education, legal reforms, and
community-driven efforts to shift cultural norms and empower
young individuals.

CONSEQUENCES OF EARLY/FORCED MARRIAGE

The consequences of early and forced marriage are far-reaching,
impacting individuals’ health, education, economic well-being,
and society as a whole. Here are some of the primary
consequences:

1. Health Consequences:
Increased Maternal and Infant Mortality: Young mothers face
higher risks of complications during pregnancy and childbirth,
such as obstructed labor, which can be life-threatening due to
physical immaturity.

Higher Risk of STIs and HIV: Girls in early marriages are often
more vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections, including HIV,
as they may lack the power to negotiate safe sexual practices.

Mental Health Challenges: Forced marriages often lead to anxiety,

depression, and trauma due to lack of autonomy, isolation, and
sometimes abuse within the marriage.

Adolescent Health Complications: Young girls are at greater risk

of malnutrition and anemia during pregnancy, which can lead to
chronic health problems for them and their children.

2. Educational Consequences:
Interruption or End of Education: Many child brides drop out of
school after marriage, which restricts their ability to gain further
education and skills.
Loss of Learning Opportunities: Early marriage limits young
people’s access to literacy and other educational programs,
leaving them without the skills needed for economic
independence.

Reduced Potential for Self-Empowerment: Without education,

individuals are often unable to make informed decisions about
their lives, reducing their ability to advocate for themselves or
their children.

3. Economic Consequences:
Limited Job Opportunities: Without education and skills,
individuals who marry young often have fewer career options and
lower earning potential.

Economic Dependence: Many child brides are financially

dependent on their spouses, which can trap them in cycles of
poverty and make it difficult to leave abusive relationships.

Generational Poverty: Early marriage perpetuates poverty across

generations, as children of child brides may also face limited
educational and economic opportunities.

4. Risk of Domestic Violence and Abuse:

Higher Rates of Domestic Violence: Child brides are more likely to
experience physical, emotional, and sexual abuse due to power
imbalances and a lack of social support.

Inability to Seek Help: Many young brides are isolated from family
and friends, making it difficult to seek help or escape abusive
relationships.

Impact on Mental Health: Exposure to prolonged abuse can lead

to severe mental health issues, including post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) and depression.

5. Loss of Autonomy and Childhood:

Restricted Personal Freedom: Early marriage often limits young
people’s freedom to make choices about education, career, and
family planning.

Loss of Childhood: Child brides are forced to take on adult

responsibilities prematurely, missing out on personal
development and social experiences that are essential to
adolescence.

Reduced Social Connections: Early marriage isolates individuals

from friends and peer networks, leading to social isolation and
limited support.

6. Impact on Children and Family Structure:

Health Risks for Children: Babies born to young mothers are at
higher risk of low birth weight, malnutrition, and developmental
issues due to limited healthcare access.

Cycle of Early Marriage: Children of young mothers are more

likely to enter into early marriages themselves, perpetuating
cycles of poverty and limited opportunity.

Strained Family Dynamics: Early marriages often lead to higher

divorce rates, economic instability, and challenges in family
cohesion, which can negatively affect children’s well-being.

7. Impact on Society and Development:

Increased Gender Inequality: Early marriage reinforces gender
disparities by limiting educational, economic, and social
opportunities for women and girls.

Economic Loss: Societies lose potential contributions to the

workforce and economy when large segments of the population
lack education and economic independence.

Hindrance to Development Goals: Early marriage undermines

progress toward development goals related to health, education,
and gender equality, affecting community and national growth.
Addressing these consequences requires a comprehensive
approach, including raising awareness, enforcing laws, providing
support services, and empowering young people through
education and skill development. Ending early and forced
marriage can help create healthier, more equitable, and
economically stable communities.

PREVENTION AND SOLUTIONS

Education: Ensuring access to quality education empowers girls
to make informed life choices.

Economic Support: Programs that provide financial aid to

families help alleviate the pressure to marry off young children.

Legislation and Enforcement: Stricter enforcement of laws

surrounding age and consent in marriage is critical.

Community Engagement: Working within communities to

change perceptions and values can help reduce the appeal and
acceptance of early marriages.

Tackling early and forced marriage requires a multi-faceted

approach to address both the symptoms and root causes of the
practice.

By increasing awareness, empowering young people, and

changing societal attitudes, strides can be made to protect the
rights and futures of vulnerable individuals.

BURDEN IMPOSED BY EARLY/FORCED

MARRIAGE
Early and forced marriage imposes a range of burdens on
individuals, families, and societies. The impacts are profound,
often affecting health, education, economic prospects, mental
well-being, and broader societal development. Here are some key
burdens associated with early and forced marriage:
1. Health Risks:
Maternal and Child Health Complications: Young brides face
increased risks in pregnancy and childbirth, such as obstructed
labor and maternal mortality, due to their physical immaturity.

Higher Risk of Sexual and Reproductive Health Issues: Young girls

are more susceptible to sexually transmitted infections (including
HIV) and other health issues due to lack of knowledge and control
over their sexual health.

Mental Health Strain: Forced marriage often leads to trauma,

depression, anxiety, and feelings of helplessness due to lack of
choice and the pressures of adult responsibilities at a young age.

2. Educational Setbacks:
Interrupted or Limited Education: Many young brides are forced to
drop out of school, cutting off their opportunities for future
education and employment.

Limited Skill Development: Early marriage prevents young girls

from developing skills, knowledge, and independence, limiting
their long-term personal and economic growth.

Cycle of Poverty: Lack of education contributes to continued

poverty, as uneducated women often have fewer career options
and lower earning potential.

3. Economic Disadvantages:
Dependency and Limited Financial Security: Young brides often
become economically dependent on their spouses, with little
control over financial decisions or independence.

Perpetuation of Poverty: Families that marry off their children at a

young age may see short-term economic relief, but it often leads
to generational cycles of poverty due to limited economic
opportunities for the young bride and her children.
Lack of Workforce Participation: Women married young are less
likely to join the workforce, which impacts their financial
empowerment and contributes to gender disparities in income
and opportunities.

4. Increased Risk of Domestic Violence and Exploitation:

Greater Vulnerability to Abuse: Young brides, especially those in
forced marriages, are at a higher risk of experiencing domestic
violence, emotional abuse, and neglect.

Power Imbalance: Early marriage often creates a significant power

imbalance, especially in cases where the husband is much older,
leaving young brides with little say in their own lives.

Isolation and Social Control: Due to restricted social interactions

and the societal expectation of submissiveness, many child brides
lack support networks that could help them escape abusive
relationships.

5. Social Isolation and Loss of Autonomy:

Restricted Social Life: Early marriage often isolates young
individuals from peers, friends, and supportive networks, limiting
personal growth and social engagement.

Loss of Agency and Decision-Making Power: Young brides

frequently lose autonomy, with major life decisions - such as
family planning, career, or education - controlled by their
husbands or in-laws.

Loss of Childhood: Early marriage deprives young individuals,

particularly girls, of the experiences and opportunities of
adolescence, imposing adult responsibilities prematurely.

6. Impact on Children and Family Structure:

Health and Well-Being of Children: Children born to very young
mothers often face health challenges and developmental issues
due to a lack of resources, health care, and stability.
Cycle of Early Marriage: The children of young brides may be at a
higher risk of also entering early marriages, continuing cycles of
poverty and limited opportunity across generations.

Increased Family Burden: Without sufficient education and

economic opportunity, young parents may struggle to provide for
their children, placing additional burdens on extended family or
community resources.

7. Societal and Developmental Impacts:

Gender Inequality: Early marriage reinforces gender inequality by
limiting girls' education, career opportunities, and social
engagement.

Economic Costs: Societies bear an economic cost when a large

portion of their population is not educated or able to contribute
fully to the workforce.

Hindered Development Goals: Early marriage limits progress

toward international development goals related to health, gender
equality, and economic stability, affecting community and
national growth.

Addressing these burdens requires targeted policies and

community efforts to raise awareness, empower girls, improve
educational opportunities, and change social norms. Ending early
and forced marriage would lead to healthier, more educated, and
economically productive societies.

ELIMINATION OF EARLY/FORCED MARRIAGE IN

NIGERIA
Eliminating early and forced marriage in Nigeria requires a multi-
dimensional approach that addresses the cultural, economic,
educational, and legal factors driving the practice. Here are
strategies to help achieve this goal:

1. Strengthening Legal Frameworks and Enforcement

Implement and Enforce Existing Laws: Nigeria’s Child Rights Act,
which prohibits marriage under the age of 18, is not adopted in all
states. Enforcing this act nationwide is essential to create uniform
protection.

Raise Awareness of Legal Rights: Educating communities about

the legal rights of children can empower young people and their
families to resist early marriage pressures.

Stricter Punishments for Violations: Ensuring that individuals or

families who force underage marriages face legal consequences
can act as a deterrent.

2. Community Education and Awareness Programmes:

Engage Community Leaders and Influencers: In Nigeria,
traditional and religious leaders have a strong influence. Working
with them to champion the benefits of delaying marriage can shift
community attitudes.

Public Awareness Campaigns: Using media campaigns - radio, TV,

and social media - to educate communities on the negative
effects of early marriage and the benefits of education and
delayed marriage for girls.

Promote Positive Role Models: Sharing success stories of girls who

pursued education instead of early marriage can inspire families
to prioritize education and delay marriage.

3. Improving Access to Quality Education:

Universal Access to Primary and Secondary Education: Ensuring
that schools are accessible, affordable, and safe for girls is key.
This includes providing free or subsidized schooling and
incentives like scholarships.

Introduce Life Skills and Reproductive Health Education:

Educating girls about their rights, health, and family planning
options empowers them to make informed decisions and resist
early marriage.
Flexible Education Programs: In rural areas, introducing flexible
school schedules or distance learning options can increase
attendance for girls who face barriers to regular schooling.

4. Economic Empowerment of Families:

Conditional Cash Transfers and Scholarships: Providing financial
support to low-income families as long as they keep their
daughters in school can reduce economic pressures to marry
them off early.

Skills Training and Employment Opportunities: Offering vocational

training and job opportunities for women and girls can help
reduce the economic incentive for early marriage by creating
pathways to financial independence.

Small Business Support for Families: By supporting small

businesses or income-generating projects, families can achieve
better financial stability, making them less likely to resort to
marrying off daughters for economic reasons.

5. Health Services and Support Systems:

Increase Access to Healthcare: Making reproductive health
services available and accessible helps young people make
informed decisions, including understanding the risks of early
marriage and childbirth.

Psychosocial Support for At-Risk Youth: Providing counseling and

support services for girls at risk of early marriage or already in
forced marriages can help them find safe and empowering
alternatives.

Safe Spaces for Girls: Creating community spaces where girls can
access support, education, and mentorship helps build their
confidence and resilience against early marriage pressures.

6. Engaging Men and Boys in the Conversation:

Educate Men and Boys on Gender Equality: Programs that
promote gender equality and highlight the harms of early
marriage can encourage men and boys to support the
empowerment and education of women and girls.

Male Champions for Change: Encourage men, especially fathers

and older brothers, to advocate for delaying marriage and to
support girls in pursuing their education.

7. Changing Cultural and Social Norms:

Address Gender Norms and Stereotypes: Community dialogues
that focus on shifting perspectives around gender roles can help
communities see the value in educating girls and delaying
marriage.

Work with Religious and Traditional Leaders: In Nigeria, religious

and traditional leaders hold significant sway. Their advocacy for
education and delayed marriage can reshape community norms.

Encourage Community Dialogues: Holding workshops and open

discussions within communities can help address the root causes
of early marriage and foster a community-wide commitment to
change.

8. Supporting Research and Data Collection:

Monitor and Evaluate Programs: Regularly collecting data on early
marriage rates and evaluating the effectiveness of intervention
programs helps identify successful strategies and areas for
improvement.

Research on Local Drivers of Early Marriage: Conducting localized

studies to understand the unique drivers of early marriage in
different regions of Nigeria can help tailor intervention programs
more effectively.

A coordinated effort between the government, non-governmental

organizations, communities, and families is essential to
sustainably eliminate early and forced marriage in Nigeria.
Empowering girls through education, economic opportunities, and
supportive legal frameworks can help build a future where every
young person has the opportunity to choose their own path.