CHAPTER 4
BACKGROUND THEORY OF DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION
4.1 Substation
A substation is part of a system and not an entity to itself. Normally, a power
system is designed so that the effects of an outage caused by the failure of a single
component such as a transmission or distribution line with result in minimal
interruption of service and thus this will affects the fewest customers possible. Failure
of one component in a system often forces a greater than normal load to be carried by
other component of the system. Such contingencies are normally planned for and
incorporated into design.
4.1.1 Main Equipment in Distribution Substation
At Thit Doung substation, various types of equipment are used. Among then
the main equipment are:
(i) Incoming Lines
(ii) Transformers
4.1.2 Switching Arrangement
When evaluating the switching arrangement for a substation, an engineer
needs to be aware of the system configuration of which the substation will be a part.
System contingency arrangements need to permit the outage of components in a
substation for maintenance and unscheduled outages. Most substations are designed to
operate unattended. Remote indication, control, metering and methods of
communications are often provided so that systems and portion of systems can be
monitored form a central point.
[Link] Incoming lines
These supply power to the substation on the N 66 kV over head line. Incoming
line bus bar is solid flat aluminium type.
[Link] Transformer
The purpose of the distribution transformer is to reduce the primary voltage to
a level where it can be used by the customer. The rating of one main transformer for
Thit Doung substation is 5 MVA, 66/11 kV and Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN)
cooled type. And the last transformers is 5 MVA, 11/0.1 kV delta-star connection. All
tapings of each transformer are understood and provided as hundred percent rated
kVA tappings.
There are two types of current transformers (CT) available: bushing and
wound as shown in Fig. 4.1. The core of a bushing transformer is annular, while the
secondary winding is permanently.
Figure 4.1 Two Types of Current Transformers
The calculations of differential relay current are as follows;
Installed capacity = 60 MVA
Primary rated voltage = 230 kV
Secondary rated voltage = 33kV
C ratio = 1400:5
For 33kV , short circuit percentage impedance = 8.1 %
Low voltage fault current calculation is shown in Equation 4.1.
MVA × 100
=
%impedance×√ 3
Low voltage fault (4.1)
4.2 Protection of Circuit Breakers
The study of designing for the protection of circuit breakers and their calculations,
it will be useful first to discuss general way the uses to which such devices are put.
Choose to classify these applications according to the following scheme:
(i) Monitoring of processes and operations
(ii) Control of processes and operations
(iii) Experimental engineering analysis
In Thit Doung substation, current transformer and voltage transformer ratio are
chosen, 200/5-5 A and 33 kV/√3, 110V/√3, 110V/√3. Disconnecting switch is rated at
1250 A, 25 kA. Zinc oxide surge arrester is 25 kV, 10 kA. Gas circuit breaker is rated at
66 kV, 1250 A, 31.5 kA. Vacuum circuit breaker is 12 kV, 1250 A, 25 kA. They can
interrupt when fault occurs. So, selectivity is reliable. At incoming and outgoing should
install kVAR meter so that it may indicate the power factor is good or bad. Moreover
substation loss can also be known. Although stabilized earth fault current relay is more
expensive it, can correctly trip when fault occurs.
