EEE 1131-
Basic Electrical Technology
(Lecture-1)
Mr. Imran Rahman
Lecturer, EEE
AUST
E-mail: [Link]@[Link]
Topic 1 Outline
Fundamental electrical concepts
• Charge
• Voltage
• Current
• Power
• Conductors, insulators & semi-
conductors
• Resistance
• Voltage and current sources
• Circuit, node & branch
• Conservation of power
• Ohm’s Law
• Series and parallel connections
Fundamental Electrical Concept:
Charge
Electric charge is the physical
property of matter that
causes it to experience a
force when placed in an
electromagnetic field.
There are two types
of electric charges;
• Positive and negative
(commonly carried by
protons and electrons
respectively)
• Same charges repel and
opposite charges attract.
Fundamental Electrical Concept:
Voltage
Energy per unit charge created
by charge separation
𝑾
V=
𝑸
W=
energy Joule𝑠, 𝐽
Q=
charge coulombs, C
V=
voltage (volt, V)
Voltmeters are used to measure
voltage levels
Fundamental Electrical Concept:
Current
Current is rate of charge flow.
𝑸
I=
𝒕
• I=
Current ampere, 𝐴
• Q=
charge coulombs, C
• t = time (second, s)
Conventional current flow
direction is opposite of
electron flow in a circuit
Ammeters are used to
measure current levels
Fundamental Electrical Concept:
Current
DC Current:
• Direct current
• Direct current (DC) is the
unidirectional flow
of electric charge
AC Current:
• Alternating current
• Electric charge in
alternating current (AC)
changes direction
periodically.
Fundamental Electrical Concept:
Power
Energy per unit
time
𝑊 𝑊 𝑄
P= = . = 𝑉. 𝐼
𝑡 𝑄 𝑡
• P= Power
(watt, W)
• V=Voltage
(Volt, V)
• I= Current
(ampere, A)
Fundamental Electrical Concept:
Conductors semiconductors and Insulators
Conductors:
• Materials that permit general flow of electron with
very little external force (voltage applied)
• Copper, Silver, aluminum are conductors
Insulators:
• Materials that have very few electrons and require a
very large applied potential to establish measurable
current flow
• Air, glass, rubber, porcelain are insulators
Semiconductors:
• Semiconductors have conductivity between
conductors and insulators
• Silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide are
Fundamental Electrical Concept:
Resistance
The opposition to the flow of charge through an
electric circuit is called resistance. The circuit element
model this is resistor.
Unit: ohm (Ω)
Consumes power, dissipates this power through heat.
Fundamental Electrical Concept:
Voltage and Current sources
Voltage Source: An ideal voltage
source is a circuit element that
maintains a prescribed voltage across
its terminals regardless of the current
flowing in those terminals
Current Source: An ideal current
source is a circuit element that
maintains a prescribed current
through its terminals regardless of
the voltage across those terminals .
Fundamental Electrical Concept:
Voltage and Current sources
Independent Source: Establishes a voltage or current in a circuit
without relying on voltages or currents elsewhere in the circuit.
Dependent Source: a voltage or current whose value depends on
the value of voltage or currents elsewhere in the circuit.
Fundamental electrical concept:
Circuit, node and Branch
Circuit (ckt): A close loop for current flow.
• Closed Circuit: A ckt is closed if the circle
is complete if all the currents have a path
back to where they came from
• Open circuit: A ckt is open if the circle is
not complete if there is a gap or opening
in the path
Node: A Junction in a ckt where two or more
elements are connected
Branch: Branches are the connection
between nodes. A branch is an element
(resistor, capacitor etc.). The number of
branches in a circuit is equal to the number of
elements.
Fundamental electrical concept:
Active and passive elements
Active Element: An active element is one that
models a device capable of generating electrical
energy. Example: Ideal sources
Passive elements: A passive element is one that
can not generate electric energy. Example:
Resistors, inductors, capacitors.
Fundamental electrical concept:
Conservation of power
Conservation of Power: The sum of power delivered in the ckt is
equal to the sum of the power absorbed in the circuit.
P=Pa+Pd=0
The element is The element is
supplying power absorbing power
Passive sign convention is satisfied when the current (I) enters
through the (+) terminal of an element P=+VI, If the current I
enters the negative(-) terminal P=-VI
Conservation of power problem
Prove the ‘Conservation of power’ for the following circuit
Conservation of power problem
Prove the ‘Conservation of power’ for the following circuit
Conservation of power problem
Prove the ‘Conservation of power’ for the following circuit
Ohm’s Law
Ohm's law states that the current is directly
proportional to the applied voltage and
inversely proportional to the resistance
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅
V=𝐼. 𝑅
Ohm’s Law
Voltage drop Voltage rise
V=IR V=-IR
Power
P=VI
By direct substitution of Ohm’s law, the equation for power can be
obtained in two other forms:
examples
PLOTTING OHM’S LAW
•See pg 120-121 boylstd.
•Plot I-R CURVE FOR OHM’S LAW
Example of ohm’s law
Calculate the current i, the conductance G of the
following ckt.
Example of ohm’s law
a) Calculate the values of v and i.
b) Determine the power dissipated
in each resistor.
Equivalent Resistance
Series Connection: Connected end to end with one common
node and carry exactly the same current
Equivalent Resistance
Parallel Connection: Connected to the same two nodes and
have exactly the same voltage across their terminals
Testing Interconnections of Ideal
Sources
