GOVERNMENT DEGREE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN WANAPARTHY

GOVERNMENT DEGREE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN

WANAPARTHY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

A Project Work on
“Weather Monitoring System”

Submitted by:
1. NAZIYA [Link].19033019468041
2. VASEEMA BEGUM [Link].19033019468053
3. K PUSPA ASTA [Link].19033019468023
4. V PRATHYSHA
[Link].19033019468054
5. K APARNA [Link].19033019468024

Guided by:
[Link]

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DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

1. NAZIYA [Link].19033019468041
2. VASEEMA BEGUM [Link].19033019468053
3. K PUSPA ASTA [Link].19033019468023
4. V PRATHYSHA
[Link].19033019468054
5. K APARNA [Link].19033019468024
have completed their project work on “weather Monitoring system”.

They have successfully prepared this project report in the Computer Science

laboratory of GDC Women Wanaparthy.

Signature of the Supervisor

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DECLARATION

We the following students studying [Link] MPCS III year at Govt. Degree

College for Women, Wanaparthy during the academic year 2021-22 here by

declare that this is our original project work on “weather Monitoring

System”and submitted under the guidance of K. GATTAIAH lectures of

Computer Science Department.

Sl. Hall Ticket Name of the Signature

No. Number student
1 19033019468041 NAZIYA
2 19033019468053 VASEEMA BEGUM
3 19033019468023 K PUSPA ASTA
4 19033019468054 V PRATHYSHA
5 19033019468024 K APARNA

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors NAZIYA, VASEEMA BEGUM,K PUSPA ASTA,

V PRATHYSHA and K APARNA thank the Department of Computer

Science and the Principal Govt. Degree College for Women, Wanaparthy for

the facilities to carry out the work.

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Index

Sl. No. Contents Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION 6-8
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9-13

3 PROJECT METHODOLOGY 14-15

4 MICRO CONTROLER 16-22
5 DESCRIPTION OF ON BOARD HARDWARE 23-38
COMPONENTS
6 SOFTWARE TOOL 39-40
7 ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS 41
8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 42
9 REFERENCES 43

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Climate plays an important role in human life the unprecedented growth of industries
and vehicular traffic have seriously affected the purity of clean air and [Link]
weather report system gives condition of present which does not give the exact condition of
the particular [Link] building sector offers a great potential for the energy savings, where
it is necessary to have accurate weather data in the exact location where the building is being
built in order to improve the calibration of energy simulation programs. By develop a
controlling local weather reporting system with ESP32 microcontroller can minimize the
error in weather forecast system at exact location. A precision agriculture and farming can be
defined as the art and science of using technology to improve crop production. Even though
water is a scarce resource, overall 50% of water is wasted in agriculture due to the improper
scheduling of irrigation. In this context, the realtime monitoring of water usage in the fields
can prevent misuse of water.

Use of technology in the field of agriculture plays important role in increasing the
production as well as in reducing the extra man power efforts, some of the researches tried
for betterment of farmers and provides the systems that use technologies which are helpful
for increasing the agriculture yield. Difficulty to monitor weather parameters through offline
system such as agriculture zone during certain hazardous envy and critical situations where
the people need to check manually the weather condition at the places and it will take time
unless it is online system. Climatic change and environmental monitoring have received
much attentionrecently. Man wantstostayupdated about the latest weather conditions of any
place like a college campus or any other particular building. Since the world is changing so
fast so there should be the weather stations. Here in this paper wepresentaweatherstation that
is very helpful for any places.

This weather station is based on IOT (internet of things). It is equipped with

environmental sensors used for measurements at any particular place and reports them in real
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time on cloud. To accomplish this we used Arduino Uno and different environmental sensors
like DHT11,sensorand rain drop sensor .The sensors constantly sense the weather parameters
and keeps on transmitting it to the online web server over a wifi connection. The weather
parameters are uploaded on the cloud and then provides the live reporting of weather
information. This paper also focuses on the IOT application in the new generation of
environmental information and providesanewparadigmforenvironmental monitoring in future.
The system has been development particularly in the view of building smart city by giving
the weather update of any particular placelikeaparticularoffice or room. Internet of Things
(IOT): It is the future technology of connecting the entire world at one place. All the objects,
things and sensors can be connected to share the data obtained in various locations and
process/analyses that data for coordinating the applications like traffic signalling, mobile
health monitoring in medical applications and industrial safety ensuring methods, etc. As per
the estimation of technological experts, 50 billion objects will be connected in IOT by 2020.
IOT offers wide range of connectivity of devices with various protocols and various
properties of applications for obtaining the complete machine to machine interaction.

1.1. BACKGROUND

IOT based Weather Monitoring and Reporting System project is used to get Live
reporting of weather conditions. It will Monitor temperature, humidity, moisture and rain
level. Suppose Scientists/nature analysts want to monitor changes in a particular environment
like volcano or a rain-forest. And these people are from different places in the world. In this
case, SMS based weather monitoring system has some limitations.
[Link] time for sending SMS increases as the number of
mobile numbers increases. In order to know the information about weather of a perticular
place then they have to visit that particular sites. Where everyone can see it. Keywords:
Internet of Things, Wi-Fi, Weather monitoring, Cloud, temperatureand humidity sensor, soil
moisture sensor, rain level sensor

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1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENTS

• To design a facility that can help user to access data anywhere in real- time.

• To develop weather station that can help user to plan their day to day activities.

• To test the capabilities and effectiveness of the Weather Station and generate the data
to the user.

1.3 MAIN OBJECTIVES

 Weather monitoring would help in keeping track of different climatic behaviors

including temperature, humidity and light intensity.
 The wireless weather monitoring system basically requires few basic modules such as
display module, sensors and microcontroller module.
 The system is used for maintaining the temperature and humidity in a room.
 It is going to sense temperature and humidity

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

Kulkarni, V. A, Satpute G. M (2017). “Weather Reporting System Using FPGA : A

Review,” vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 319–320.

Building a cloud based monitoring system is very important to reduce the cost of
maintaining servers, to avoid data losses and to make the access easy with multiple internet
connected devices ( computer, tablet, mobile phone) at the same time anywhere in the world.
Using Internet of Things (IoT), we can control any electronic equipment in homes and
industries. Moreover, you can read a data from any sensor and analyze it graphically from
anywhere in the world. Here, we can read temperature and humidity data from LM35 and
DH11 sensor and upload it to a ThingSpeak cloud using FPGA and ESP8266- module. FPGA
KIT fetch a data of humidity and temperature from LM35 and DH11 sensor and Process it
and give it to a ESP8266 Module.ESP8266 is a Wi-Fi module, it is one of the leading
platform for Internet of Things. It can transfer a data to IoT cloud.

Carlos, M, Jorge, P.B, Daniel F, Pablo S (2018). “Design, Development and

Implementation of a Weather Station Prototype for Renewable Energy System,”
Journal Energies, 11(9), 2234, pp. 1-13.

The production of energy at the global level is conditioned by the use of fossil fuels
that have a great environmental impact. In the last decades, renewable energy production
systems have been implemented, and networks of nearly zero-energy buildings have been
created, with a consequent complexity in the design phase in order to optimize the results. In
this way, electronic prototype development methods like the one that is proposed in this
paper improve the tasks of design and modelling. Thus, a new weather station based on an
Arduino platform has been developed to collect and store ambient temperature, relative
humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed and air quality data, comparing the obtained data
to those obtained using a validation station containing commercial sensors. The results show
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how the use of low cost Arduino sensors allow one to obtain similar values to those collected
by more professional meteorological stations with insignificant scatter between both
technologies.

Karim F, Karim F and Frihida A (2017). “Monitoring system using web of things in
precision agriculture,” Procedia Computer Science., vol. 110, pp. 402–409.

As water supplies become scarce because of climatically change, there is an urgent

need to irrigate more efficiently in order to optimize water use. In this context, farmers’ use
of a decision-support system is unavoidable. Indeed, the real-time supervision of
microclimatic conditions are the only way to know the water needs of a culture. Wireless
sensor networks are playing an important role with the advent of the Internet of things and the
generalization of the use of web in the community of the farmers. It will be judicious to make
supervision possible via web services. The IOT cloud represents platforms that allow to
create web services suitable for the objects integrated on the Internet. In this paper we
propose an application prototype for precision farming using a wireless sensor network with
an IOT cloud.

Kodali R K, Yerroju S and Sahu S (2018). “Smart Farm Monitoring Using LoRa
Enabled IoT,” Proceedings 2nd International Conference Green Computing
Internet Things, ICGCIoT 2018, pp. 391–394.

Agricultural practices need to be transformed in order to overcome future food

scarcity due to overpopulation across the globe. By employing emerging, disruptive
technologies like IoT in the agricultural sector, it is possible to monitor farm fields using low-
cost and low-power consuming devices, to automate irrigation systems for efficient usage of
water resources. Weather forecast using IoT can help to plan farm filed activities like sowing,
harrowing, harvesting, etc. This reduces negative impacts like yield losses due to uncertain
weather changes. LPWAN technologies serve IoT applications in a better possible way so
that these applications can overcome bandwidth, power and coverage constraints which are
main drawbacks in other wireless communication technologies. In agricultural fields,
LoRaWAN protocol or LoRa in LPWAN space gives additional advantages like scalability,
security and robustness in designing IoT applications. In this paper, a smart farm monitoring
model is proposed. This model utilizes LoRa communication mechanism to send sensor data
like temperature (°C), humidity (%) and soil moisture (%) from the transmitter node to

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receiver node. The receiving node which is Wi-Fi enabled uses MQTT services to monitor
the data in IBM Watson IoT platform and to store the same data in IBM cloud DB service

Gahlot N, Gundkal V, Kothimbire S and ThiteA (2015). “Zigbee based weather

monitoring system,” Internnational Journal Engineering Science, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 2319–
1813.

The climate change is one of the most important factors affecting the quality of life
and the activity of the increasingly population. The current means of meteorological
parameters data collection are indeed rather limited and make use of some very expensive
weather stations, leading to a lack of comprehensively monitoring due to cost constraints and
inconveniences. In this paper we have proposed and developed a low cost hardware module
based on Arduino Uno Board, which measures the meteorological data, including air
temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, dew point temperature, wind speed and
wind direction. It sends this information to the GUI running on a PC through Zigbee wireless
link. The user friendly GUI is, a standalone application for windows, developed in
LabVIEW. The application displays the current conditions graphically, logs the data in a
format accessible by MS Excel and has a facility to host the same information on a webpage.
This system is also a mathematical model which is capable of generating short time local
alerts based on these weather parameters. This gives on line and real time effect. The idea
behind this program is to monitor, condition mapping, weather forecasting and further to
warn the people from its disastrous effects. It will be highly useful in landing the aircraft,
navigational and the ship borne effects, tornado, tsunami, cloud bursts and in healthcare alerts
etc. In future we are going to link with satellite system as a global feature of this system.

2.2. REVIEW OF EXISTING SYSTEMS

Kodali R K and Sahu A (2016). “An IoT based weather information prototype using
WeMos,” Proceedings 2016 2nd International Conference Contemporary Computing
Informatics, IC3I 2016, no. 1, pp. 612–616.

The Internet of Things (IOT) describes the interconnection of devices and people
through the traditional internet and social networks for various day-to-day applications like
weather monitoring, healthcare systems, smart cities, irrigation field, and smart lifestyle. IOT
is the new revolution of today's internet world which monitors live streaming of the entire

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world's status like temperature, humidity, thunderstorm, earthquake, floods etc. that can
stagger an alarm to human life. This paper proposes a low-cost weather monitoring system
which retrieves the weather condition of any location from the cloud database management
system and shows the output on an OLED display. The proposed system uses an ESP8266-
EX microcontroller based Wemos D1 board and it is implemented on Arduino platform
which is used to retrieve the data from the cloud. The main objective of this paper is to view
weather conditions of any location and allows to access the current data of any station.

Joe F, and Joseph J (2019). “IoT Based Weather Monitoring System for Effective
Analytics,” International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology
(IJEAT), no. 4, pp. 311–315.

Internet of Things (IoT) is adding value to products and applications in the recent
years. The connectivity of the IoT devices over the network has widely reduced the power
consumption, robustness and connectivity to access data over the network. IoT is powering
many frontiers of industries and is seen as a promising technology to take Big Data Analytics
to a level higher. Weather monitoring system as a module is an issue among IoT research
community and it has been widely addressed. A new weather monitoring system is developed
using various sensors connecting to Raspberry Pi. The implementation and data visualization
on the data collected are discussed in this paper in detail. Weather parameters like
temperature, humidity, PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentrations and Air Quality Index (AQI) are
monitored and visualized in graphical means using the Raspberry Pi as server and data
accessed over the intranet or internet in a specified subnet or world wide web. The data
visualization is provided as result and proves to be a robust framework for analyzing weather
parameters in any geographical location studying the effect of smog and PM 2.5
concentration.

Nallakaruppan, M.K, and Kumaran U.S (2019). “IoT based Machine Learning
Techniques for Climate Predictive Analysis,” International Journal of Recent
Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), no. 5, pp. 171–175.

The continuous research in the fields of Internet of Things and Machine Learning has
offered ascend to various weather forecast models. However, the issue of precisely foreseeing
or anticipating the weather still perseveres. This paper is an application of Internet of Things
and Machine Learning algorithms like Decision Tree and Time Series Analysis. The Internet

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of Things actually signifies 'things' (e.g. sensors and other shrewd gadgets) which are
associated with the web. Despite the fact that this may appear to be irrelevant, 'things'
represent a new and progressively, critical foundation requiring their own particular devoted
technological system. The obtained results from the Machine Learning demonstrated that the
time series method forecasts the weather more accurately for a larger duration of time.

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CHAPTER 3

PROJECT METHODOLOGY

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig:

WORKING

• In this project we are using ESP32 because it consist of inbuilt Wi-Fi module.

• DHT sensor is used to detect the humidity and temperature in the weather.

• UV sensor is used to detect the radiation in the weather.

• Gas sensor is used to measure or detect the different types of gases

• Pressure sensor is a device which consists of a pressure sensitive element to detect the
pressure in the weather.

• Rainfall sensor is a device which can detect or sense the rainfall in the climate.

• LCD is used to monitor the all sensors data in the screen.

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3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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CHAPTER-4

MICROCONTROLLER

4.1 ARDUINO UNO:

Fig ARDUINO UNO

power (USB / Barrel Jack)

Every Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source. The Arduino UNO can
be powered from a USB cable coming from your computer or a wall power supply (like this)
that is terminated in a barrel jack. In the picture above the USB connection is labeled (1) and
the barrel jack is labeled (2).

The USB connection is also how you will load code onto your Arduino board. More on how
to program with Arduino can be found in our Installing and Programming Arduino tutorial.

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NOTE: Do NOT use a power supply greater than 20 Volts as you will overpower (and
thereby destroy) your Arduino. The recommended voltage for most Arduino models is
between 6 and 12 Volts.

Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF)

The pins on your Arduino are the places where you connect wires to construct a circuit
(probably in conjuction with a breadboard and some wire. They usually have black plastic
‘headers’ that allow you to just plug a wire right into the board. The Arduino has several
different kinds of pins, each of which is labeled on the board and used for different functions.

 GND (3):Short for ‘Ground’. There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of
which can be used to ground your circuit.

 5V (4) & 3.3V (5): As you might guess, the 5V pin supplies 5 volts of power, and the
3.3V pin supplies 3.3 volts of power. Most of the simple components used with the
Arduino run happily off of 5 or 3.3 volts.

 Analog (6): The area of pins under the ‘Analog In’ label (A0 through A5 on the
UNO) are Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor (like
a temperature sensor) and convert it into a digital value that we can read.

 Digital (7): Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13 on the
UNO). These pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if a button is pushed)
and digital output (like powering an LED).

 PWM (8): You may have noticed the tilde (~) next to some of the digital pins (3, 5, 6,
9, 10, and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as normal digital pins, but can also be used
for something called Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM). We have a tutorial on PWM,
but for now, think of these pins as being able to simulate analog output (like fading an
LED in and out).

 AREF (9): Stands for Analog Reference. Most of the time you can leave this pin
alone. It is sometimes used to set an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5
Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.

Reset Button

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Just like the original Nintendo, the Arduino has a reset button (10). Pushing it will
temporarily connect the reset pin to ground and restart any code that is loaded on the
Arduino. This can be very useful if your code doesn’t repeat, but you want to test it multiple
times. Unlike the original Nintendo however, blowing on the Arduino doesn’t usually fix any
problems.

Power LED Indicator

Just beneath and to the right of the word “UNO” on your circuit board, there’s a tiny LED
next to the word ‘ON’ (11). This LED should light up whenever you plug your Arduino into a
power source. If this light doesn’t turn on, there’s a good chance something is wrong. Time to
re-check your circuit!

TX RX LEDs

TX is short for transmit, RX is short for receive. These markings appear quite a bit in
electronics to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. In our case, there are
two places on the Arduino UNO where TX and RX appear – once by digital pins 0 and 1, and
a second time next to the TX and RX indicator LEDs . These LEDs will give us some nice
visual indications whenever our Arduino is receiving or transmitting data (like when we’re
loading a new program onto the board).

Main IC

The black thing with all the metal legs is an IC, or Integrated Circuit . Think of it as the
brains of our Arduino. The main IC on the Arduino is slightly different from board type to
board type, but is usually from the ATmega line of IC’s from the ATMEL company. This can
be important, as you may need to know the IC type (along with your board type) before
loading up a new program from the Arduino software. This information can usually be found
in writing on the top side of the IC. If you want to know more about the difference between
various IC’s, reading the datasheets is often a good idea.

Voltage Regulator

The voltage regulator is not actually something you can (or should) interact with on the
Arduino. But it is potentially useful to know that it is there and what it’s for. The voltage
regulator does exactly what it says – it controls the amount of voltage that is let into the

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Arduino board. Think of it as a kind of gatekeeper; it will turn away an extra voltage that
might harm the circuit. Of course, it has its limits, so don’t hook up your Arduino to anything
greater than 20 volts.

MICRO CONTROLLER IN ARDUINO

ATMEGA328P is high performance, low power controller from Microchip.

ATMEGA328P is an 8-bit microcontroller based on AVR RISC architecture. It is the most
popular of all AVR controllers as it is used in ARDUINO boards.

Atmega328 is an Atmel microcontroller, which is used in Arduino UNO board. Here's its
image: Here are few of its features: Atmega328 has 28 pins in total. It has 3 Ports in total
which are named as Port B, Port C and Port D

Actually Arduino UNO is a Single Micro-controller board. And the name of this Micro
Controller is ATmega328p which is a product of ATmel. 32 - represents it's flash memory
capacity that is 32KB. 8 - represents it's cpu type that is of 8 bit. p - simply denotes that it
needs less power to work than it earlier version.

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.

Fig: ATmega328

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4.2 FEATURES

These features consist of advanced RISC architecture,

 Good performance,
 Low power consumption,
 Real timer counter having separate oscillator,
 6 PWM pins,
 Programmable Serial USART,
 Programming lock for software security,
 Throughput up to 20 MIPS etc.

4.3 PIN DIAGRAM

Fig: pin diagram of ATmega 328p

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The Atmega328 is a very popular microcontroller chip produced by Atmel. It is an 8-

bit microcontroller that has 32K of flash memory, 1K of EEPROM, and 2K of internal
SRAM. The Atmega328 is one of the microcontroller chips that are used with the popular
Arduino Duemilanove boards.

ATMEGA328P is high performance, low power controller from Microchip.

ATMEGA328P is an 8-bit microcontroller based on AVR RISC architecture. It is the most
popular of all AVR controllers as it is used in ARDUINO boards. It is an 8-bit and 28 Pins
AVR Microcontroller, manufactured by Microchip, follows RISC Architecure and has a flash
type program memory of 32KB. It has an EEPROM memory of 1KB and its SRAM memory
is of 2KB. ... It also has 3 builtin Timers, two of them are 8 Bit timers while the third one is
16-Bit Timer.

The ATmega328/P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR®

enhanced RISC (reduced instruction set computer) architecture. In Order to maximize
performance and parallelism, the AVR uses Harvard architecture – with separate memories
and buses for program and data

1: Atmega328P and Atmega328 are the same every sense architecturally.

2: Atmega328P just consumes lower power than Atmega328.

Look up the numbers in the datasheet. This means that the 328P is manufactured in a finer
process than the 328Actually Arduino UNO is a Single Micro-controller board. And the name
of this Micro Controller is ATmega328p which is a product of ATmel. 32 - represents it's
flash memory capacity that is 32KB. 8 - represents it's cpu type that is of 8 bit. p - simply
denotes that it needs less power to work than it earlier version.

4.4 TYPES OF MEMORY

The ATmega328P has three types of memory hardware:

 32 KB of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash program memory.

 2 KB of SRAM (Static Random-Access Memory)
 1 KB of EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)

ISP MEMORY

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In-system programming (ISP), also called in-circuit serial programming (ICSP), is the ability
of some programmable logic devices, microcontrollers, and other embedded devices to be
programmed while installed in a complete system, rather than requiring the chip to be
programmed prior to installing it into the system.

SRAM

SRAM (static RAM) is random access memory (RAM) that retains data bits in its memory as
long as power is being supplied. Unlike dynamic RAM (DRAM), which stores bits in cells
consisting of a capacitor and a transistor, SRAM does not have to be periodically refreshed.

EEPROM

EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) is user-modifiable read-

only memory (ROM) that can be erased and reprogrammed (written to) repeatedly through
the application of higher than normal electrical voltage. Unlike EPROM chips, EEPROMs do
not need to be removed from the computer to be modified.

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CHAPTER-5

DESCRIPTION OF ON-BOARD HARDWARE COMPONENTS

5.1 POWER SUPPLY

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e., 230V
from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The
output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c
voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components
present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a
pure constant dc voltage.

Transformer:

Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these voltages
are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c input
available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level.
This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the
voltage to a required level.

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Rectifier:

The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C.
The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is
used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.

Filter:

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and
smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and
load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at
this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

Voltage regulator:

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an
electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this
project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels,
7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive
supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels.

Power supply circuit diagram

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5.2 LCD DISPLAY

What is a LCD(Liquid Crystal Display)?A liquid crystal display or LCD draws its
definition from its name itself. It is combination of two states of matter, the solid and the
liquid. LCD uses a liquid crystal to produce a visible image. Liquid crystal displays are
super-thin technology display screen that are generally used in laptop computer screen, TVs,
cell phones and portable video games. LCD’s technologies allow displays to be much thinner
when compared to cathode ray tube (CRT) technology.

Liquid crystal display is composed of several layers which include two polarized panel filters
and electrodes. LCD technology is used for displaying the image in notebook or some other
electronic devices like mini computers. Light is projected from a lens on a layer of liquid
crystal. This combination of colored light with the grayscale image of the crystal (formed as
electric current flows through the crystal) forms the colored image. This image is then
displayed on the screen.

An LCD

An LCD is either made up of an active matrix display grid or a passive display grid. Most of
the Smartphone’s with LCD display technology uses active matrix display, but some of the
older displays still make use of the passive display grid designs. Most of the electronic
devices mainly depend on liquid crystal display technology for their display. The liquid has a
unique advantage of having low power consumption than the LED or cathode ray tube.

Liquid crystal display screen works on the principle of blocking light rather than emitting
light. LCD’s requires backlight as they do not emits light by them. We always use devices
which are made up of LCD’s displays which are replacing the use of cathode ray tube.
Cathode ray tube draws more power compared to LCD’s and are also heavier and bigger.

How LCDs are Constructed?

Simple facts that should be considered while making an LCD:

The basic structure of LCD should be controlled by changing the applied current.

We must use a polarized light.

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Liquid crystal should able be to control both of the operation to transmit or can also able to
change the polarized light.

As mentioned above that we need to take two polarized glass pieces filter in the making of
the liquid crystal. The glass which does not have a polarized film on the surface of it must be
rubbed with a special polymer which will create microscopic grooves on the surface of the
polarized glass filter. The grooves must be in the same direction of the polarized film. Now
we have to add a coating of pneumatic liquid phase crystal on one of the polarized filter of
the polarized glass. The microscopic channel cause the first layer molecule to align with filter
orientation. When the right angle appears at the first layer piece, we should add a second
piece of glass with the polarized film. The first filter will be naturally polarized as the light
strikes it at the starting stage.

Thus the light travels through each layer and guided on the next with the help of molecule.
The molecule tends to change its plane of vibration of the light in order to match their angle.
When the light reaches to the far end of the liquid crystal substance, it vibrates at the same
angle as that of the final layer of the molecule vibrates. The light is allowed to enter into the
device only if the second layer of the polarized glass matches with the final layer of the
molecule.

How LCDs Work?

The principle behind the LCD’s is that when an electrical current is applied to the liquid
crystal molecule, the molecule tends to untwist. This causes the angle of light which is
passing through the molecule of the polarized glass and also cause a change in the angle of
the top polarizing filter. As a result a little light is allowed to pass the polarized glass through
a particular area of the LCD. Thus that particular area will become dark compared to other.
The LCD works on the principle of blocking light. While constructing the LCD’s, a reflected
mirror is arranged at the back. An electrode plane is made of indium-tin oxide which is kept
on top and a polarized glass with a polarizing film is also added on the bottom of the device.
The complete region of the LCD has to be enclosed by a common electrode and above it
should be the liquid crystal matter.

Next comes to the second piece of glass with an electrode in the form of the rectangle on the
bottom and, on top, another polarizing film. It must be considered that both the pieces are

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kept at right angles. When there is no current, the light passes through the front of the LCD it
will be reflected by the mirror and bounced back. As the electrode is connected to a battery
the current from it will cause the liquid crystals between the common-plane electrode and the
electrode shaped like a rectangle to untwist. Thus the light is blocked from passing through.
That particular rectangular area appears blank.

Advantages of an LCD’s:

 LCD’s consumes less amount of power compared to CRT and LED

 LCD’s are consist of some microwatts for display in comparison to some mill watts
for LED’s

 LCDs are of low cost

 Provides excellent contrast

 LCD’s are thinner and lighter when compared to cathode ray tube and LED

Disadvantages of an LCD’s:

1. Require additional light sources

2. Range of temperature is limited for operation

3. Low reliability

4. Speed is very low

5. LCD’s need an AC drive

Applications of Liquid Crystal Display

Liquid crystal technology has major applications in the field of science and engineering as
well on electronic devices.

 Liquid crystal thermometer

 Optical imaging

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 The liquid crystal display technique is also applicable in visualization of the radio
frequency waves in the waveguide

 Used in the medical applications

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Pin Pin Name: Description

No:

1 Vss (Ground) Ground pin connected to system ground

2 Vdd (+5 Volt) Powers the LCD with +5V (4.7V – 5.3V)

3 VE (Contrast Decides the contrast level of display. Grounded to get maximum

V) contrast.

4 Register Connected to Microcontroller to shit between command/data

Select register

5 Read/Write Used to read or write data. Normally grounded to write data to

LCD

6 Enable Connected to Microcontroller Pin and toggled between 1 and 0 for

data acknowledgement

7 Data Pin 0

8 Data Pin 1
Data pins 0 to 7 forms a 8-bit data line. They can be connected to
Microcontroller to send 8-bit data.

9 Data Pin 2

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10 Data Pin 3 These LCD’s can also operate on 4-bit mode in such case Data pin
4,5,6 and 7 will be left free.

11 Data Pin 4

12 Data Pin 5

13 Data Pin 6

14 Data Pin 7

15 LED Positive Backlight LED pin positive terminal

16 LED Negative Backlight LED pin negative terminal

Features of 16×2 LCD module

Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V

Current consumption is 1mA without backlight

Alphanumeric LCD display module, meaning can display alphabets and numbers

Consists of two rows and each row can print 16 characters.

Each character is build by a 5×8 pixel box

Can work on both 8-bit and 4-bit mode

It can also display any custom generated characters

Available in Green and Blue Backlight

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16x2 Display Equivalents

Dot Matrix LED Display, 7-Segment LED Display, OLED Display, TFT LCD Screen
Display

Brief Description on LCD modules

LCD modules are vey commonly used in most embedded projects, the reason being its cheap
price, availability and programmer friendly. Most of us would have come across these
displays in our day to day life, either at PCO’s or calculators. The appearance and the pinouts
have already been visualized above now let us get a bit technical.

16×2 LCD is named so because; it has 16 Columns and 2 Rows. There are a lot of
combinations available like, 8×1, 8×2, 10×2, 16×1, etc. but the most used one is the 16×2
LCD. So, it will have (16×2=32) 32 characters in total and each character will be made of
5×8 Pixel Dots. A Single character with all its Pixels is shown in the below picture.

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Now, we know that each character has (5×8=40) 40 Pixels and for 32 Characters we
will have (32×40) 1280 Pixels. Further, the LCD should also be instructed about the Position
of the Pixels. Hence it will be a hectic task to handle everything with the help of MCU, hence
an Interface IC like HD44780is used, which is mounted on the backside of the LCD Module
itself. The function of this IC is to get the Commands and Data from the MCU and process
them to display meaningful information onto our LCD Screen. You can learn how to
interface an LCD using the above mentioned links. If you are an advanced programmer and
would like to create your own library for interfacing your Microcontroller with this LCD
module then you have to understand the HD44780 IC is working and commands which can
be found its datasheet.

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DDRAM - Display Data RAM

Display data RAM (DDRAM) stores show data represented in eight-bit individual codes. Its
all-encompassing capacity is 80 X eight bits, or 80 characters. The area in display data RAM
(DDRAM) that isn't utilized for showcase can be utilized as advanced records RAM. So
whatever you send on the DDRAM is actually displaced on LCD. For LCDs like 1x16, only
sixteen characters are visible, so anything you write after sixteen chars is written in DDRAM
but is not seen to the user.

CGROM - Character Generator ROM

The character Generator ROM Generates 5 x 8 dot or 5 x 10 dot character patterns from 8-bit
individual codes. It can generate 208 5 x 8 dot individual styles and 32 5 x 10 dot character
styles.

CGRAM - character Generator RAM

As clean from the name, CGRAM is used to create custom characters in liquid crystal
display. Inside the character generator RAM, the user can rewrite individual patterns through
software program. For 5 x 8 dots, 8 individual patterns may be written, and for 5 x 10 dots,
four character patterns may be written.

BF - Busy Flag

Busy Flag is a status indicator flag for lcd. When we send a command or records to the liquid
crystal show for processing, this flag is set (ie.. BF =1) and as quickly as instruction is
finished efficaciously this flag is cleared (BF = zero). This is beneficial in producing and
exact amount of delay for the liquid crystal display [Link] read Busy Flag, the
circumstance RS = 0 and R/W = 1 should be met and The MSB of the liquid crystal show
facts bus (D7) act as busy flag. When BF = 1 manner liquid crystal display is busy and will
no longer take delivery of subsequent command or records and BF = zero approach liquid
crystal display is ready for the subsequent command or records to procedure.

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Instruction Register (IR) and Data Register (DR)

There are two eight-bit registers in HD44780 controller practise and information sign in.
Guidance sign up corresponds to the take a look at in in which you send commands to liquid
crystal display e.g. Lcd shift command, liquid crystal show clear, lcd deal with and lots of
others. And information join up is used for storing statistics this is to be displayed on liquid
crystal display. When send the enable signal of the liquid crystal display is said, the records at
the pins is latched in to the information sign in and data is then moved routinely to the
DDRAM and therefore is displayed at the liquid crystal display. Data Register is not only
used for sending records to DDRAM however additionally for CGRAM, the address in which
you want to send the records, is determined through the instruction you send to liquid crystal
display.

Commands and Instruction set

Only the instruction register (IR) and the data register (DR) of the liquid crystal display can
be managed by way of using the MCU. Earlier than starting the internal operation of the
liquid crystal display, control records is temporarily stored into those registers to permit
interfacing with numerous MCUs, which carry out at different speeds, or diverse peripheral
control devices. The inner operation of the liquid crystal dispaly is decided through indicators
dispatched from the MCU. These signlas, which include register selection signal (RS),
read/write signal (R/W), and the data bus (DB0 to DB7), make up the liquid crystal display
instructions. There are 4 classes of instructions that:

 Designate lcd capabilities, collectively with display format, data length, and many
others.

 Set interanl RAM addresses

 Perform data transfer with internal RAM

Below is a brief listing of beneficial commands which can be used frequently while running
at the lcd.

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SENDING COMMANDS TO LCD

To send commands we in reality want to pick out the command register. The whole thing is
identical as we've executed inside the initialization recurring. But we will summarize the
common steps and put them in a single subroutine. Following are the steps:

 Flow facts to liquid crystal display port

 Select command register

 Pick out write operation

 Send enable signal

 Await liquid crystal display to system the command

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SENDING INFORMATION TO LCD

To send data we clearly want to pick the data register. The whole lot is identical because the
command recurring. Following are the steps:

 Pass facts to liquid crystal display port

 Choose data register

 Choose write operation

 Send enable signal

 Look forward to liquid crystal display to process the data.

I2C ADAPTER:

This is a RoHS compliant I2C Serial LCD Daughter board that can be connected to a
standard 16×2 or 20×4 Character Display Module that supports 4-bit mode. All Character
Modules sold on our site support 4-bit mode, and nearly all commercially available 16×2 and
20×4 line character modules support it too.

This board has a PCF8574 I2C chip that converts I2C serial data to parallel data for the LCD
display. There are many examples on the internet for using this board with Arduino. Do a

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search for “Arduino LCD PCF8574”. The I2C address is 0x3F by default, but this can be
changed via 3 solder jumpers provided on the board. This allows up to 3 LCD displays to be
controlled via a single I2C bus (giving each one it’s own address)

Specifications and Features:

 5V power supply.

 Serial I2C control of LCD display using PCF8574.

 Backlight can be enabled or disabled via a jumper on the board.

 Contrast control via a potentiometer.

 Can have 8 modules on a single I2C bus (change address via solder jumpers)address,
allowing.

 Size ：41.6 x 19.2 mm.

DHT SENSOR

The DHT11 measures relative humidity. Relative humidity is the amount of water
vapour in air vs. the saturation point of water vapor in air. At the saturation point, water vapor
starts to condense and accumulate on surfaces forming dew.

The DHT11 detects water vapour by measuring the electrical resistance between two
electrodes. The humidity sensing component is a moisture holding substrate with electrodes
applied to the surface. When water vapour is absorbed by the substrate, ions are released by
the substrate which increases the conductivity between the electrodes. The change in
resistance between the two electrodes is proportional to the relative humidity. Higher relative
humidity decreases the resistance between the electrodes, while lower relative humidity
increases the resistance between the electrodes.

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Fig : DHT sensor

The DHT11 measures temperature with a surface mounted NTC temperature sensor
(thermistor) built into the unit.

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CHAPTER-6

SOFTWARE TOOL

ARDUINO IDE:

A program for Arduino hardware may be written in any programming language with
compilers that produce binary machine code for the target processor. Atmel provides a
development environment for their 8-bit AVR and 32-bit ARM Cortex-M based
microcontrollers: AVR Studio (older) and Atmel Studio (newer).

IDE

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-

platform application (for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming
language Java. It originated from the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It
includes a code editor with features such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing
text, automatic indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one-
click mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a
message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a hierarchy of
operation menus. The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public
License, version 2

The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code
structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which
provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two
basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and
linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU
toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the
program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that
is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware.

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Fig :arduino ide software

CONTROL THROUGH MOBILE

BLYNK

This guide will help you understand how to get started using Blynk and give a comprehensive
overview of all the features.

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CHAPTER-7

ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

ADVANTAGES

• IOT weather mentoring system project using Arduino Uno is fully automated.

• It does not require any human attention. We can get prior alert of weather conditions
The low cost and efforts are less in this system Accuracy is high.

• Self Protection Smart way to monitor Environment Efficient.

APPLICATIONS

• The weather forecasting plays very important role in the field of agriculture.

• It is also helpful at places like volcano and rain forests.

• It is quite difficult for a human being to stay for longer time at such places.

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CHAPTER-8

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION

Keeping the weather station in the environment for monitoring enables self protection
(i.e., smart environment) to the environment. To implement this need to use the sensor
devices in the environment for collecting the data and [Link] using sensor devices in the
environment, we can bring the environment into real life. Then the collected data and analysis
results will be available to the user through the Wi-Fi. The smart way to monitor environment
an efficient, low cost embedded system.

FUTURE SCOPE

One can implement a few more sensors and connect it to the satellite as a global
feature of this system. Adding more sensor to monitor other environmental parameters such
as CO2,Pressure and Oxygen Sensor In aircraft, navigation and military there is a great scope
of this real-time system. It can also be implemented in hospitals or medical institutes for the
research & study in “Effect of Weather on Health and Diseases”, hence to provide better
precaution alerts. CONCLUSION: By keeping the weather station in the environment for
monitoring enables self protection (i.e., smart environment) to the environment. To
implement this need to use the sensor devices in the environment for collecting the data and
analysis. By using sensor devices in the environment, we can bring the environment into real
life. Then the collected data and analysis results will be available to the user through the Wi-
Fi. The smart way to monitor environment an efficient, low cost embedded system is
presented in this paper. It also sent the sensor parameters to the cloud. This data will be
helpful for future analysis and it can be easily shared to other users also. This model can be
expanded to monitor the developing cities and industrial zones for pollution monitoring. To
protect the public health from pollution, this model provides an efficient and low cost
solution for continuous monitoring of environment.

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REFERENCES

[1] Kulkarni, V. A, Satpute G. M (2017). “Weather Reporting System Using FPGA : A

Review,” vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 319–320.

[2] Carlos, M, Jorge, P.B, Daniel F, Pablo S (2018). “Design, Development and
Implementation of a Weather Station Prototype for Renewable Energy System,” Journal
Energies, 11(9), 2234, pp. 1-13.

[3] Karim F, Karim F and Frihida A (2017). “Monitoring system using web of things in
precision agriculture,” Procedia Computer Science., vol. 110, pp. 402–409.

[4] Kodali R K, Yerroju S and Sahu S (2018). “Smart Farm Monitoring Using LoRa Enabled
IoT,” Proceedings 2nd International Conference Green Computing Internet Things,
ICGCIoT 2018, pp. 391–394.

[5] Gahlot N, Gundkal V, Kothimbire S and ThiteA (2015). “Zigbee based weather
monitoring system,” Internnational Journal Engineering Science, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 2319–
1813.

[6] Kodali R K and Sahu A (2016). “An IoT based weather information prototype using
WeMos,” Proceedings 2016 2nd International Conference Contemporary Computing
Informatics, IC3I 2016, no. 1, pp. 612–616.

[7] Joe F, and Joseph J (2019). “IoT Based Weather Monitoring System for Effective
Analytics,” International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), no.
4, pp. 311–315.

[8] Nallakaruppan, M.K, and Kumaran U.S (2019). “IoT based Machine Learning
Techniques for Climate Predictive Analysis,” International Journal of Recent Technology
and Engineering (IJRTE), no. 5, pp. 171–175.

[9] Monteiro M S, De Caldas Filho F L, Barbosa L A, Martins L M C E, De Menezes J T M

and Da Silva Filho D A(2019). “University campus microclimate monitoring using IoT,”
WCNPS 2019 - Workshop Communication Networks Power Systems, no. Wcnps, pp. 3–7.

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