Answer to the Question no-07

a) Principle of Negative Feedback in Amplifiers

• In negative feedback, a fraction of the output voltage is taken through a feedback

network and fed back to the input in opposite phase.
• Because it is out of phase, the feedback signal opposes the input signal.
• The effective input becomes:

Vin(effective)= Vin – Vf
10𝑉
Gain of Amplifier without Negative feedback 𝐴𝑣 = 1𝑚𝑉 = 1000

• This reduces the gain but provides important advantages:

o Stable gain (independent of transistor variations)
o Reduced distortion and noise
o Improved frequency response and bandwidth

One-line principle (for memorization):

“In negative feedback, part of the output is fed back in opposite phase to the input, reducing gain
but improving stability, bandwidth, and fidelity.”
 b) Gain of Negative Voltage Feedback Amplifier –

When we apply negative feedback, the amplifier doesn’t just see the original signal eg,
but a reduced signal eg – mve0, because part of the output is subtracted from the input.

But e0/eg is the voltage gain of the amplifier with feedback.

Answer to the question no-08

a) What is an Oscillator?

An oscillator is an electronic circuit that generates a continuous, periodic AC signal (sine

wave, square wave, etc.) without any external input signal.

• It converts DC power into AC output at a desired frequency.

• It uses positive feedback to sustain oscillations.

b) What is its need?

• Many electronic systems require a source of AC signals (at audio, radio, or microwave
frequencies).
• Oscillators provide a stable frequency signal without needing any external input.
• Essential for clocks, carriers, timing, and signal generation.

Advantages of Oscillators:
 1. No external input required – they are self-excited.
2. Stable frequency generation (crystal oscillators can be highly accurate).
3. Wide frequency range (from a few Hz to GHz).
4. Simple and reliable compared to mechanical generators.
5. Essential for electronics – used in communication (radio/TV), computers, digital
circuits, function generators, clocks, etc.

One-line memory tip:

Oscillator = DC → AC generator, needed for stable frequency signals in almost all electronic
devices.

Answer to the Question no- 09

a. Damped and Undamped Electrical Oscillations

• Damped Oscillations:
When oscillations gradually decrease in amplitude with time due to energy loss (like
resistance, radiation, or friction), they are called damped oscillations. (fig-01)

o Example: An L-C-R circuit (inductor-capacitor-resistor). The resistor causes energy

loss in the form of heat, so the amplitude of oscillation decreases gradually until
oscillations stop.

• Undamped Oscillations:
When oscillations continue indefinitely with constant amplitude (no energy loss in the
system), they are called undamped oscillations. (fig-02)

o Example: An ideal LC circuit (without resistance). Energy continuously transfers

between the capacitor’s electric field and the inductor’s magnetic field, so
amplitude remains constant.

Illustration:

• In a damped LC circuit, the capacitor discharges, and the oscillation amplitude decays
with time.

• In an undamped LC circuit (ideal), the capacitor and inductor exchange energy back and
forth without any loss, keeping amplitude constant.
b. How to Get Undamped Oscillations from a Tank Circuit

A tank circuit is an LC circuit (inductor + capacitor) that produces oscillations.

• In reality, resistance (R) always exists, so oscillations are damped.

• To make them undamped, the energy lost must be continuously supplied back.

Methods:

1. Using Positive Feedback (Oscillators):

By connecting an amplifier with positive feedback to the tank circuit, the lost energy is
compensated. This maintains a constant amplitude oscillation.

o Example: Hartley Oscillator, Colpitts Oscillator.

2. Eliminating Resistance (ideal case):

In theory, if the resistance is zero (pure LC circuit), the oscillations will be naturally
undamped.

Answer to the Question no- 10

a) Tank Circuit Operation (Short Version)

1. Definition: LC circuit (L + C) that resonates at

1
𝑓=
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
 2. Working:

• Capacitor stores electric energy → discharges through inductor.

• Inductor stores magnetic energy → recharges capacitor with opposite polarity.
• Energy alternates between C and L, creating oscillations.

3. Damping:

• Resistance in the circuit causes energy loss → oscillations die out.

4. Undamped Oscillations:

• Add positive feedback to compensate losses → continuous oscillations.

b) With a neat diagram, explain the action of Hartley and Colpitts’s oscillators.

No need- only formula need (See google or books)

Answer to the Question no- 11

(i) Advantages of JFET

1. High input impedance → minimal loading on previous stage.

2. Low noise → suitable for weak signal amplification.

3. Thermally stable → less variation with temperature.

4. Simple biasing → easy to use in amplifier circuits.

(ii) Difference between MOSFET and JFET

Feature JFET MOSFET

Input Gate-channel junction Insulated gate (oxide layer)
Input impedance High (10^6–10^9 Ω) Very high (10^10–10^12 Ω)
Gate current Almost zero Essentially zero
Voltage applied to insulated
Voltage control Reverse-biased gate
gate
Cost Lower Higher

(iii) Difference between JFET and Bipolar Transistor (BJT)

Feature JFET BJT

Control Voltage-controlled Current-controlled

Input impedance High Low

Noise Low Higher

Gate/base current ~0 Significant

(iv) Shorted-gate drain current (IDSS)

• The drain current when the gate is shorted to source (VGS = 0).
• Represents maximum drain current of a JFET.

(v) Pinch-off voltage (VP)

• The gate-source voltage at which the channel is completely “pinched off”.
• Drain current becomes nearly constant beyond this point.

(vi) Gate-source cut-off voltage [VGS(off)]

• The gate-source voltage at which the drain current ID = 0.
• Also called the cut-off voltage of the JFET.
 Answer to the Question no- 12

a) Construction and Working of JFET

Construction:

• JFET (Junction Field Effect Transistor) has a semiconductor channel (N-type or P-type)
with gate terminals on either side.

• The drain and source are connected at the ends of the channel.

• Gate-channel junction is reverse-biased.

Working:

• Voltage-controlled device: small voltage at gate controls large current between drain
and source.

• Gate reverse-biased → channel narrows → reduces drain current (ID).

• VGS = 0 → maximum current (IDSS).

b) Define MOSFET. Why the name MOSFET?

Definition:

MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) is a voltage-controlled device

where current flows through a semiconductor channel controlled by a metal gate insulated
with oxide.

Name:

• M → Metal gate

• O → Oxide insulation layer

• S → Semiconductor channel

• FET → Field Effect Transistor

c) Construction and Working of D-MOSFET

Depletion-mode MOSFET (D-MOSFET):

Construction:

• Similar to MOSFET, but channel exists naturally.

• Gate terminal separated by oxide layer.

Working:

• VGS = 0 → current flows.

• Negative VGS (for N-channel) → depletes channel → reduces drain current.

• Can work in both depletion and enhancement mode (current can be reduced or
increased by VGS).

Enhancement-mode MOSFET (E-MOSFET):

Construction:

• No channel exists at VGS = 0.

• Positive VGS (for N-channel) induces a channel → current flows.

d) Transfer Characteristics of D-MOSFET

• Graph: Drain current IDI_DID vs Gate-Source voltage VGSV_{GS}VGS.

• Shows how ID decreases as VGS becomes more negative (for N-channel).

• Maximum ID occurs at VGS = 0 (IDSS).

• Pinch-off occurs at VGS = Vp.

e) What is CMOS?

Definition:

CMOS (Complementary MOS) uses both N-channel and P-channel MOSFETs in a circuit.
Advantages:

• Very low power consumption

• High noise immunity

• Used widely in digital ICs (logic gates, microprocessors)

Answer to the Question no- 13

a) What is an OP-AMP?

An Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP) is a high-gain, voltage amplifying device with differential

input (inverting and non-inverting) and usually a single-ended output.

• It amplifies the difference between the two input voltages.

• Used in analog circuits for signal amplification, filtering, and mathematical operations.

b) Illustration and Pin Identification of Op-Amp

c) Virtual Ground and Summing Point

Virtual Ground:

• In an inverting OP-AMP configuration, the inverting input behaves as if it is at ground

potential, even though it is not physically connected to ground.

Summing Point:

• The inverting input acts as a node where multiple input voltages are applied and
summed, because of the high gain and virtual ground principle.

d) Main Applications of OP-AMP

1. Amplifiers: Inverting, non-inverting, differential.

2. Mathematical operations: Summing, integration, differentiation.

3. Filters: Low-pass, high-pass, band-pass.

4. Oscillators: Sine, square wave generators.

5. Voltage followers (buffer): High input impedance, low output impedance.

6. Comparators: Compare voltages and output logic level.