Physics Worksheet 1 Motion

2 (a) Define displacement from a point.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) An object is projected horizontally at a speed of 6.0 m s–1 from a slope, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

6.0 m s–1

object

slope

θ
horizontal

Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)

The slope is at an angle θ to the horizontal. Air resistance is negligible.

The object lands on the slope a time of 0.71 s later and stops without rolling or bouncing.

(i) Determine the horizontal distance travelled by the object.

distance = ..................................................... m [1]

(ii) Determine the vertical distance travelled by the object.

distance = ..................................................... m [2]

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(iii) Use your answers in (b)(i) and (b)(ii) to calculate θ.

θ = ....................................................... ° [2]

(iv) Determine the magnitude of the displacement of the object from its original position.

displacement = ..................................................... m [2]

(v) By considering energy, calculate the speed of the object just before it lands.

speed = ................................................ m s–1 [3]

[Total: 11]

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2 A skydiver jumps from an aircraft at time t = 0 and falls vertically downwards. The variation with t
of her velocity v is shown in Fig. 2.1.

45

40
v / m s–1
35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
t/s

Fig. 2.1

(a) (i) Using Fig. 2.1, state the terminal velocity of the skydiver.

terminal velocity = .................................................m s–1 [1]

(ii) By drawing a suitable line on Fig. 2.1, determine the acceleration of the skydiver at time
t = 9.0 s.

acceleration = .................................................m s–2 [2]

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(b) The mass of the skydiver and her equipment is 68 kg. The upthrust on the skydiver is
negligible.

After reaching terminal velocity, the skydiver opens her parachute at time t1. A total drag force
of 1800 N acts on the skydiver.

Determine the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the skydiver at time t1.

acceleration = .......................................................m s–2

direction = ...............................................................
[3]

(c) The parachute is fully open at time t2. At a later time t3 the skydiver reaches a constant
velocity of 5.7 m s–1.

(i) Describe and explain the variation with time of the magnitude of her acceleration between
time t2 and time t3.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the change in momentum of the skydiver between time t1 and time t3.

change in momentum = .................................................... N s [2]

[Total: 10]

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2 (a) Define velocity.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A student throws a ball over a vertical wall of height h, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

path of ball
wall

22 m s–1
ball

40° horizontal
h ground
1.2 m

36 m

Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)

The ball leaves the hand of the student at a height of 1.2 m above the horizontal ground.
The ball has an initial velocity of 22 m s–1 at an angle of 40° to the horizontal.
The wall is a horizontal distance of 36 m from where the student releases the ball.

Air resistance is negligible.

(i) Determine the time taken for the ball to reach the wall.

time taken = ....................................................... s [2]

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(ii) Calculate the vertical component u of the initial velocity of the ball.

u = .................................................m s–1 [1]

(iii) The ball just goes over the wall.

Calculate the height h of the wall.

h = ...................................................... m [3]

[Total: 7]

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2 A sphere floats in equilibrium on the surface of sea water of density 1050 kg m−3, as shown in
Fig. 2.1.

sphere

sea water, density 1050 kg m–3

Fig. 2.1

(a) 21% of the volume of the sphere is below the surface of the water.

Calculate the density of the sphere.

density = .............................................. kg m−3 [2]

(b) The sphere is now held so that its entire volume is below the surface of the water. The sphere
is then released.

(i) Calculate the initial acceleration of the sphere.

acceleration = ................................................ m s−2 [3]

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(ii) The sphere accelerates upwards but remains entirely below the surface of the water.
State and explain what happens to the acceleration of the sphere as its velocity begins
to increase.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]

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2 An archer releases an arrow towards a target at a velocity of 65.0 m s–1 at an angle of 4.30° above
the horizontal, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

arrow, speed
65.0 m s–1 4.30°
centre of target
target

archer 1.66 m
70.0 m

ground

Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)

When released, the tip of the arrow is a horizontal distance of 70.0 m from the target and 1.66 m
above the horizontal ground.

The arrow hits the centre of the target.

Assume that air resistance is negligible and that all the mass of the arrow is at its tip.

(a) Show that the time taken for the arrow to reach the target is 1.08 s.

[2]

(b) Calculate the height of the centre of the target above the ground.

height above ground = ...................................................... m [3]

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(c) By considering energy changes, state and explain how the final kinetic energy of the arrow as
it hits the target compares with its initial kinetic energy immediately after release. A numerical
calculation is not required.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 7]

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3 A man standing on a wall throws a small ball vertically upwards with a velocity of 5.6 m s–1. The
ball leaves his hand when it is at a height of 3.1 m above the ground, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

ball
velocity 5.6 m s–1
man

3.1 m wall

ground

Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)

Assume that air resistance is negligible.

(a) Show that the ball reaches a maximum height above the ground of 4.7 m.

[2]

(b) The man does not catch the ball as it falls.

Calculate the time taken for the ball to fall from its maximum height to the ground.

time taken = ...................................................... s [2]

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(c) The ball leaves the man’s hand at time t = 0 and hits the ground at time t = T.

On Fig. 3.2, sketch a graph to show the variation of the velocity v of the ball with time t from
t = 0 to t = T. Numerical values of v and t are not required. Assume that v is positive in the
upward direction.

0
0 T
t

Fig. 3.2
[3]

(d) State what is represented by the gradient of the graph in (c).

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(e) The man now throws a second ball with the same velocity and from the same height as the
first ball. The mass of the second ball is greater than that of the first ball. Assume that air
resistance is still negligible.

For the first and second balls, compare:

(i) the magnitudes of their accelerations

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) the speeds with which they hit the ground.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 10]

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2 (a) State what is meant by the centre of gravity of an object.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A non-uniform rod XY is pivoted at point P, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

4.00 m

1.70 m

1.10 m

X Y
wire
P

F 44.0 N sphere

3.0 N

Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)

The rod has length 4.00 m and weight 44.0 N. The centre of gravity of the rod is 1.70 m from
end X of the rod. Point P is 1.10 m from end X.

A sphere hangs by a wire from end Y of the rod. The weight of the sphere is 3.0 N. The weight
of the wire is negligible.

A force F is applied vertically downwards at end X so that the horizontal rod is in equilibrium.

(i) By taking moments about P, calculate F.

F = ..................................................... N [3]

(ii) Calculate the force exerted on the rod by the pivot.

force = ..................................................... N [1]

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(c) The sphere in (b) is now immersed in a liquid in a container, as shown in Fig. 2.2.

P liquid,
density 1100 kg m–3
F 44.0 N
container

Fig. 2.2

The density of the liquid is 1100 kg m–3. The upthrust acting on the sphere due to the liquid is
2.5 N. The magnitude of F is unchanged so that the horizontal rod is not in equilibrium.

(i) Use Archimedes’ principle to determine the radius r of the sphere.

r = ..................................................... m [3]

(ii) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant moment of the forces on the rod
about P.

magnitude of resultant moment = ........................................................ N m

direction of resultant moment ...............................................................

[2]

[Total: 10]

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2 (a) Define acceleration.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A stone falls vertically from the top of a cliff. Fig. 2.1 shows the variation with time t of the
velocity v of the stone.

40

v / m s–1

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
t/s

Fig. 2.1

(i) Explain, with reference to forces acting on the stone, the shape of the curve in Fig. 2.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Use Fig. 2.1 to determine the speed of the stone when the resultant force on it is zero.

speed = ................................................ m s–1 [1]

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(iii) Use Fig. 2.1 to calculate the approximate height through which the stone falls between
t = 0 and t = 30 s.

height = ..................................................... m [3]

(iv) On Fig. 2.2, sketch the variation with t of the acceleration a of the stone between t = 0
and t = 30 s.

20

a / m s–2

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
t/s

Fig. 2.2
[3]

[Total: 11]

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2 A ball is thrown vertically downwards to the ground, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.

ball
speed u

path of
ball 1.5 m

speed 8.7 m s–1

ground

Fig. 2.1

The ball is thrown with speed u from a height of 1.5 m. The ball then hits the ground with speed
8.7 m s–1. Assume that air resistance is negligible.

(a) Calculate speed u.

u = ................................................. m s–1 [2]

(b) State how Newton’s third law applies to the collision between the ball and the ground.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) The ball is in contact with the ground for a time of 0.091 s. The ball rebounds vertically and
leaves the ground with speed 5.4 m s–1. The mass of the ball is 0.059 kg.

(i) Calculate the magnitude of the change in momentum of the ball during the collision.

change in momentum = .................................................... N s [2]

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(ii) Determine the magnitude of the average resultant force that acts on the ball during the
collision.

average resultant force = ...................................................... N [1]

(iii) Use your answer in (c)(ii) to calculate the magnitude of the average force exerted by the
ground on the ball during the collision.

average force = ...................................................... N [2]

(d) The ball was thrown downwards at time t = 0 and hits the ground at time t = T.

On Fig. 2.2, sketch a graph to show the variation of the speed of the ball with time t from t = 0
to t = T. Numerical values are not required.

speed

0
0 T
t

Fig. 2.2
[1]

(e) In practice, air resistance is not negligible.

State and explain the variation, if any, with time t of the gradient of the graph in (d) when air
resistance is not negligible.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 12]

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2 (a) State Newton’s first law of motion.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A skier is pulled in a straight line along horizontal ground by a wire attached to a kite, as
shown in Fig. 2.1.

kite

wire

skier
mass 89 kg
28°
horizontal
ground

Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)

The mass of the skier is 89 kg. The wire is at an angle of 28° to the horizontal. The variation
with time t of the velocity v of the skier is shown in Fig. 2.2.

5.0

4.0
v / m s–1
3.0

2.0

1.0

0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
t/s

Fig. 2.2

(i) Use Fig. 2.2 to determine the distance moved by the skier from time t = 0 to t = 5.0 s.

distance = ..................................................... m [2]

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(ii) Use Fig. 2.2 to show that the acceleration a of the skier is 0.80 m s–2 at time t = 2.0 s.

[2]

(iii) The tension in the wire at time t = 2.0 s is 240 N.

Calculate:

1. the horizontal component of the tension force acting on the skier

horizontal component of force = ..................................................... N [1]

2. the total resistive force R acting on the skier in the horizontal direction.

R = ..................................................... N [2]

(iv) The skier is now lifted upwards by a gust of wind. For a few seconds the skier moves
horizontally through the air with the wire at an angle of 45° to the horizontal, as shown
in Fig. 2.3.

45°
horizontal

Fig. 2.3 (not to scale)

By considering the vertical components of the forces acting on the skier, determine the
new tension in the wire when the skier is moving horizontally through the air.

tension = ..................................................... N [2]

[Total: 10]
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2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows the velocity–time graph for an object moving in a straight line.

v
velocity

0
0 t time

Fig. 2.1

(i) Determine an expression, in terms of u, v and t, for the area under the graph.

area = .......................................................... [1]

(ii) State the name of the quantity represented by the area under the graph.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A ball is kicked with a velocity of 15 m s–1 at an angle of 60° to horizontal ground. The ball
then strikes a vertical wall at the instant when the path of the ball becomes horizontal, as
shown in Fig. 2.2.

path of
ball
vertical
velocity wall
15 m s–1
ball
60°
horizontal
ground

Fig. 2.2 (not to scale)

Assume that air resistance is negligible.

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(i) By considering the vertical motion of the ball, calculate the time it takes to reach the wall.

time = ...................................................... s [3]

(ii) Explain why the horizontal component of the velocity of the ball remains constant as it
moves to the wall.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Show that the ball strikes the wall with a horizontal velocity of 7.5 m s–1.

[1]

(c) The mass of the ball in (b) is 0.40 kg. It is in contact with the wall for a time of 0.12 s and
rebounds horizontally with a speed of 4.3 m s–1.

(i) Use the information from (b)(iii) to calculate the change in momentum of the ball due to
the collision.

change in momentum = ........................................... kg m s–1 [2]

(ii) Calculate the magnitude of the average force exerted on the ball by the wall.

average force = ..................................................... N [1]

[Total: 10]

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2 (a) State Newton’s second law of motion.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A delivery company suggests using a remote-controlled aircraft to drop a parcel into the
garden of a customer. When the aircraft is vertically above point P on the ground, it releases
the parcel with a velocity that is horizontal and of magnitude 5.4 m s–1. The path of the parcel
is shown in Fig. 2.1.

5.4 m s–1

parcel X
path of parcel
h

P Q horizontal
ground
d

Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)

The parcel takes a time of 0.81 s after its release to reach point Q on the horizontal ground.
Assume air resistance is negligible.

(i) On Fig. 2.1, draw an arrow from point X to show the direction of the acceleration of the
parcel when it is at that point. [1]

(ii) Determine the height h of the parcel above the ground when it is released.

h = ..................................................... m [2]

(iii) Calculate the horizontal distance d between points P and Q.

d = ..................................................... m [1]

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(c) Another parcel is accidentally released from rest by a different aircraft when it is hovering at a
great height above the ground. Air resistance is now significant.

(i) On Fig. 2.2, draw arrows to show the directions of the forces acting on the parcel as it
falls vertically downwards. Label each arrow with the name of the force.

velocity parcel

Fig. 2.2
[2]

(ii) By considering the forces acting on the parcel, state and explain the variation, if any,
of the acceleration of the parcel as it moves downwards before it reaches constant
(terminal) speed.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) Describe the energy conversion that occurs when the parcel is falling through the air at
constant (terminal) speed.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 11]

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