Dynamics of Machines

Turning Moment Diagram of Flywheel

Instructor: Prof. S.K. Dwivedy

Engine Force Analysis

 Piston Effort (Effective Driving Force)

 Force (thrust) along the Connecting Rod
 Thrust on the Sides of Cylinder
 Crank Effort
 Thrust on the Bearings
Piston Effort (Effective Driving Force)
Force (thrust) along the Connecting Rod
Thrust on the Sides of Cylinder

Normal to cylinder wall

Crank Effort
𝐹𝑡 = crank effort
Thrust on the Bearings
Turning Moment on Crankshaft
Turning moment diagram

 A plot of 𝑇 𝑣𝑠. 𝜃 is known as the turning-moment diagram. The inertia effect of

the connecting rod is, usually ignored while drawing these diagrams, but can be
taken into account if desired.
 𝑇 = 𝐹𝑡 × 𝑟, a plot of F, 𝐹𝑡 𝑣𝑠. 𝜃 (known as crank effort diagram) is identical to a
turning-moment diagram.
 Single-cylinder Double-acting Steam Engine
 Single-Cylinder Four-stroke Engine
 Multi-Cylinder Engines
 Single-cylinder Double-acting Steam Engine

The crank angle 𝜽 is represented

along the x-axis and the turning-
moment along the y-axis. It can be
observed that during the outstroke
(ogp) the turning moment is
maximum when the crank angle is
a little less than 90° and zero when
the crank angle is zero and 180°.
A somewhat similar turning- Mean Torque
moment diagram is obtained during
the instroke (pkg).
 The work done by the engine is represented by the
area afghb. But the work done against the resisting
torque is represented by the area afhb. Thus, the
engine has done more work than what has been taken
from it.
 The excess work is represented by the area fgh. This
excess work increases the speed of the engine and is
stored in the flywheel.
 During the crank travel from ob or oc, the work
needed for the external resistance is proportional to The greatest speed is the greater of
bhjc whereas the work produced by the engine is the two maximum speeds and the
represented by the area under hpj. Thus, during this least speed is the lesser of the two
period, more work has been taken from the engine minimum speeds.
that is produced. The loss is made up by the The difference between the greatest
flywheel which gives up some of its energy and the and the least speeds of the engine
speed decreases during this period. over one revolution is known as the
fluctuation of speed.
 Single-Cylinder Four-stroke Engine

 In case of a four-stroke internal

combustion engine, the diagram
repeats itself after every two
revolutions instead of one revolution
as for a steam engine. It can be seen
from the diagram that for the majority
of the suction stroke, the turning
moment is negative but becomes
positive after the point p. During the
compression stroke, it is totally
negative. It is positive throughout the
expansion stroke and again negative
for most of the exhaust stroke.
 Multi-Cylinder Engines

 For engines with more than one

cylinder, the total crankshaft torque at
any instant is given by the sum of the
torques developed by each cylinder at
the instant.
 For example, if an engine has two
cylinders with cranks at 90°, the
resultant turning moment diagram
has a less variation than that for a
single cylinder. In a three-cylinder
engine having its cranks at 120°, the
variation is still less.
 Fluctuation of Energy Crank Flywheel energy
position
• The greatest of these energies is the maximum 𝑐 𝐸
kinetic energy of the flywheel and for the 𝑑 𝐸 + 𝑎1
corresponding crank position, the speed is 𝑒 𝐸 + 𝑎1 − 𝑎2
maximum. 𝑓 𝐸 + 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎3
• The least of these energies is the least kinetic energy 𝑔 𝐸 + 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 − 𝑎4
of the flywheel and for the corresponding crank ℎ 𝐸 + 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 + 𝑎5
position, the speed is minimum. 𝑐 𝐸 + 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 − 𝑎6
• The difference between the maximum and
minimum kinetic energies of the flywheel is known
as the maximum fluctuation of energy whereas the
ratio of this maximum fluctuation of energy to
the work done per cycle is defined as the
coefficient of fluctuation of energy.
• The difference between the greatest speed and the
least speed is known as the maximum fluctuation
of speed and the ratio of the maximum fluctuation
of speed to the mean speed is the coefficient of
fluctuation of speed.
Flywheel
 A flywheel is used to control the variations in speed during each cycle of an
engine. A flywheel of suitable dimensions attached to the crankshaft, makes the
moment of inertia of the rotating parts quite large and thus, acts as a reservoir of
energy. During the periods when the supply of energy is more than required, it
stores energy and during the periods the requirements is more than the supply, it
releases energy.
𝑒 = maximum fluctuation of energy

𝜔 1 −𝜔 2
𝐾 = coefficient of fluctuation of speed =
𝜔

1 1
Maximum fluctuation of energy, 𝑒 = 𝐼𝜔12 − 𝐼𝜔22
2 2

1
= 𝐼 𝜔12 − 𝜔22
2
𝜔1 + 𝜔2
= 𝐼 𝜔1 − 𝜔2
2
= 𝐼𝜔 𝜔1 − 𝜔2
2
𝜔1 − 𝜔2
= 𝐼𝜔
𝜔
= 𝐼𝜔2 𝐾

or
𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
𝐾= = =
𝐼𝜔 2 1 2 2𝐸
2 × 2 𝐼𝜔
 Problem: In a single-acting four-stroke engine, the work done by the gases during the
expansion stroke is three times the work done during the compression stroke. The work
done during the suction and exhaust strokes is negligible. The engine develops 13 kW at
270 rpm. The fluctuation of speed is limited to 1.5% of the mean speed on either side.
The turning-moment diagram during the compression and the expansion strokes may be
assumed to be triangular in shape. Determine the inertia of the flywheel.

Solution
Given

It is a four-stroke engine, Thus, a cycle is completed in 4𝜋 radians. Thus the

number of working strokes per minute is half the rpm, i.e., 140. The turning-
moment diagram is shown in next slide Fig
Nm
Dimensions of Flywheel Rims

Otto Cycle flywheel

[Link]
combustion-engine/
 Punch Press
• A flywheel can perform the same purpose in a punching
press or a riveting machine in which the torque available is
constant but the load varies during the cycle.
• Figure shows the sketch of a punching press. It is a slider-
crank mechanism in which a punch replaces the slider.
• A motor provides a constant torque to the crankshaft through a
flywheel.
• It may be observed that the actual punching process is
performed only during the downward stroke of the punch
and that also for a limiting period when the punch travels
through the thickness of the plate.
• Thus, the load is applied during the actual punching
process only and during the rest of the downward stroke
and the return stroke, there is no load on the crankshaft.
• In the absence of a flywheel, the decrease in the speed of the
crankshaft will be very large during the actual punching
period whereas it will increase to a much higher value during
the no-load period as the motor will continue to supply the
energy all the time.
Problem: A punching machine punches 20 holes of 25-mm diameter
in 15-mm thick plates per minute. The actual punching operation is
done in 1/10th of a revolution of the crankshaft. Ultimate shear
strength of the steel plates is 280 N/mm2. The coefficient of
fluctuation of speed is 0.12. The flywheel with a maximum diameter of
1.6 m rotates at 12 times the speed of the crankshaft. Determine the
(i) power of the motor assuming the mechanical efficiency to be
92%
(ii) cross section of the flywheel rim if width is twice the thickness
The flywheel is of cast iron with a working tensile stress of 6 N/mm2
and a density of 7000 kg/m3. The hub and the spokes of the flywheel
may be assumed to deliver 8% of the rotational inertia of the wheel.

Solution 𝑑 = 25 mm, 𝑡 = 15 mm, 𝜏𝑢 = 280 N/mm2 𝑛 = 20, 𝜂 = 0.92, 𝐾 =

0.12, 𝜌 = 7000 kg/m3 , 𝐷 = 1.6 m, 𝑘 = 𝐷/2 = 0.8 m
Maximum shear force required/punching = area × ultimate shear stress
= 𝜋 × 25 × 15 × 280 = 329867.23 N
Energy required per punching or stroke
329867.23
= Average shear force × displacement (thickness) = × 0.015 = 2474 Nm
2

15
Energy required per second = Energy per stroke × No. of strokes per second = 2474 × = 618.5
60

618.5
Power of the motor = Energy required per second/Efficiency = = 672.28 W
0.92

As the actual punching is done in 1/10th of a cycle, the energy is stored in the flywheel during the

9𝑡ℎ
of the cycle.
10

∴ maximum fluctuation of energy = energy stored in the flywheel/stroke

= 2474 × 0.9 = 2226.6 Nm
Since the hub and the spokes of the flywheel delivers 8% of the rotational inertia of the wheel,
maximum fluctuation of energy provided by the rim = 2226.6 × 0.8 = 1781.28 Nm
 2𝜋 15 × 12
Mean angular speed of the flywheel = = 18.85ra dΤs
60
𝑒 𝑒
𝐾= 2=
𝐼𝜔 𝑚𝑘 2 𝜔 2
1781.28
or 0.12 =
𝑚 × 0.82 × 18.852
or 𝑚 = 65.27 kg
or Density × volume = 65.27
or 𝜌 × 𝜋𝐷 × 𝑡 × 2𝑡 = 65.27
or 7000 × 𝜋 × 1.6 × 𝑡 × 2𝑡 = 65.27
or 𝑡 = 0.03039 m or 30.39 mm
or 𝑏 = 2 × 30.39 = 60.78 mm