WEIGHTED MEAN(XW)=∑Wx/∑w SIMPLE WEIGHTED MEAN=∑X/n

MEAN (DISCRETE/INDIVIDUAL) 👇👇
Direct---∑x/N ; ∑fx/N ; ∑fx/∑f
Shortcut---A+∑fdx/∑f (here dx=X-A)
Step deviation--- A+(∑fds/∑f)×I (after calculating dx, we have to calculate ds=dx/I; then f × ds)
MEAN (CONTINOUS SERIES) 👇👇
Direct--∑fm/n (m here means mid value and f is frequency and n=∑f)
Shortcut---A+∑fdx/N (fist calculate m ,then dx=m-A, then fdx)
Step deviation-- A+(∑fdx/N) × i(after calculating dx from above formula,ds=dx/I;then f × ds)
MEDIAN 👉
Individual--Me=(n+1/2)th item value ……….in odd
Me=(n/2)th + (n+1/2)th item value ………..in even
discrete---(fist calculate cf)
then,,, m=(N+1/2)th item
Continous series----(fist calculate cf)
then,,, m=(N/2)th item then;; M=l1 + (l2 -l1)/f ×(m-c) {m is median c is cf of preceding class}
MODE(Z) 👉= l1 + (f1-f0)/2f1-f0-f2 × i
PARTITION VALUE 👉(first calculate cf)
discrete series----- Q1=(N+1)/4 ……… Q3=3×(N+1)/4 ans in th item
individual same as above---3rd item+0.75(4th item-3rd item)
continuous series-- Q1=(N)/4 ……… Q3=3×(N)/4 ans in th item
then;Q1=l1+(Q1-c)/f ×(l2-l1) … (c is cf of preceding class)
Q3=l1+(Q3-c)/f ×(l2-l1)
median=2(N/2) THEN…….. Q2=l1+(N/2)-c/f ×(l2-l1) ….N/2 mai th item wala
value

DECENTILES 👇👇
D2 =2(n+1)/10….
cOntinous seies………… D3=3×(N)/10 ans in th item
D6 = l1+(D6-c)/f ×(l2-l1)
PERCENTILES 👇👇
P2 =2(n+1)/100….
cOntinous seies………… P36=3×(N)/100 ans in th item
P36 = l1+(P36-c)/f ×(l2-l1)

rs=1 - 6|∑d2+1/12(m13-m1)+ 1/12(m23-m2)|/n(n2-1)

rs=1 - 6|∑d2 /n(n2-1)

median=2(N/2) THEN…….. Q2=l1+(N/2)-c/f ×(l2-l1) ….N/2 mai th item wala

value
DECENTILES 👇👇
D2 =2(n+1)/10….
cOntinous seies………… D3=3×(N)/10 ans in th item
D6 = l1+(D6-c)/f ×(l2-l1)
PERCENTILES 👇👇
P2 =2(n+1)/100….
cOntinous seies………… P36=3×(N)/100 ans in th item
P36 = l1+(P36-c)/f ×(l2-l1)
rs=1 - 6|∑d2+1/12(m13-m1)+ 1/12(m23-m2)|/n(n2-1)
rs=1 - 6|∑d2 /n(n2-1)
The determinant is a special number that can be calculated from a square
matrix. It tells us useful properties of the matrix such as whether it has an
inverse, and it is used in solving systems of equations, finding eigenvalues, and
in geometry. Properties of Determinants:1. Only square matrices have
determinants.2. If any row or column is zero, the determinant is zero.3. If two
rows or columns are the same, the determinant is zero.4. If you swap two
rows/columns, the determinant changes sign.5. If the determinant is zero, the
matrix is singular (not invertible).6. For triangular matrices (upper or lower), the
determinant is the product of diagonal elements.
Correlation is a statistical measure that describes the strength and direction of
a relationship between two [Link] correlation: When one variable
increases, the other tends to [Link] correlation: When one variable
increases, the other tends to [Link] correlation: No relationship between
the [Link] of Correlation Coefficients:1. Pearson’s Correlation
Coefficient (r):Measures linear [Link] range from -1 to +1.
2. Spearman’s Rank Correlation (ρ or rₛ):Based on ranks, not [Link] when
data is ordinal or not normally distributed.

Geometric Mean is the average that indicates the central tendency or typical value of a set of n
positive numbers by using the product of their [Link] is calculated by taking the nth root of the
product of all values Merits: (1) Geometric mean is the most appropriate average for measuring the
ratios of change (3) As it is less affected by extremes, it is more typical average than the arithmetic
mean.(4) It is capable of further algebraic treatment.(5) It is based on all the [Link]:
(1) Geometric mean cannot be calculated if the size of any of the variable is either '0' or is in
negative. In such a case G.M. will be either '0' or will lead to a figure difficult to interpret.(2) Its
computation is rather difficult as it requires the knowledge of logarithms. Hence, it is less popular.(3)
In normal and moderately asymmetrical distributions, the G.M. cannot typify the frequency apart
from the difficulty of locating it.(4) If some of the values in a series are not known, geometric mean
for the series cannot be calculated.(5) The geometric mean may be a figure which is not there in the
series. Hence, it cannot be said to be true representative of the series.
Harmonic Mean is a type of average which is used when the values are rates, like speed, price per
unit, or [Link] is calculated as the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the
given [Link]: (1) It is rigidly defined.(2) It is based on all observations.(3) It gives less weight
to large items and more weight to small items. (4) This average is useful in the case of series having
wide dispersion.(5) This average is useful in calculating rate. Demerits: (1) It is difficult to compute
and is not understandable to the common man. (2) Harmonic mean can be computed only when all
the items of the series are known.(3) Harmonic mean of a series may be a value, which is no item in
the seriesThis average is used in finding(1) Average speed a average price, (2)Average rates
& Average Ratios.
A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers, symbols, or expressions in rows and columns,
enclosed by brackets. Each number in the matrix is called an element.A matrix with m rows and n
columns is called an m × n matrix (read as "m by n matrix")Types of Matrices:1. Row Matrix:A matrix
that has only one row.2. Column Matrix:A matrix that has only one column.3. Square Matrix:A matrix
with the same number of rows and columns (m = n).4. Diagonal Matrix:A square matrix where all
non-diagonal elements are zero.5. Scalar Matrix:A diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements are

equal.6. Identity Matrix (Unit Matrix):A square matrix with 1’s on the diagonal and 0’s elsewhere.7.
Zero Matrix (Null Matrix):A matrix in which all elements are zero.8. Upper Triangular Matrix:A square
matrix where all elements below the main diagonal are zero.9. Lower Triangular Matrix:A square
matrix where all elements above the main diagonal are zero.10. Symmetric Matrix:A square matrix
where Aᵀ = A (transpose equals the matrix).11. Skew-Symmetric Matrix:A square matrix where Aᵀ = -
[Link] matrix- is a type of matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the
number of [Link] matrix-is a matrix that has only one row or one [Link]
matrix -is a square Matrix whose determinant is zero15. negative matrix- is a matrix in which all the
elements are negative numbers16. horizontal matrix is a matrix that has only one [Link]
matrix is a matrix that has only one column. 18/submatrix is formed by deleting one or more rows
and/or columns from a [Link] Matrices Two matrices are comparable if they have
the same order (same number of rows and columns).
A time series is a sequence of observations recorded at regular time intervals. The main components
are:1. Trend (T)-The long-term movement or direction in the data over time (upward, downward, or
constant).2. Seasonal Variation (S):Short-term regular pattern repeated over a fixed period (like
monthly or quarterly fluctuations).3. Cyclical Variation (C):Long-term oscillations due to economic or
business cycles (not fixed like seasonal).4. Irregular Variation (I):Random, unpredictable changes
caused by unusual events (like natural disasters, strikes, etc.).✅ Finding Trend Values by Method of
Least Squares:The method of least squares is used to fit a straight line trend to time series [Link]
equation of the trend line is:Y = a + bX Where: Y= Trend value X = Time (coded, e.g., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2)
a = Intercept b = Slope

In statistics, the mode is the value that appears most frequently in a set of data. It is a measure of
central tendency, indicating the most typical or common value within the datasetMerits(1)Easy to
understand and calculate: The mode can often be identified simply by looking at the data. (2)Not
affected by extreme values: Unlike the mean, the mode is not influenced by very high or very low
values in the dataset. (3)Can be used with qualitative data: The mode can be determined for data
that is not numerical, such as colors or preferences. Demerits:(1)May not be unique: Some datasets
have multiple modes, or no mode at all. (2)Can be unstable: In small datasets or with fluctuating
data, the mode can change significantly with minor changes in the data. (3)Not based on all data
values: The mode only considers the most frequent value, ignoring the rest of the data. (4)Not
suitable for further mathematical calculations: The mode is not easily used in more advanced
statistical calculations.
The mean, in a statistical context, refers to the average of a set of numbers, calculated by summing
all the values and dividing by the total number of values. Merits-(1)Simple to understand and
calculate: The mean is straightforward to compute and easy to grasp.(2)Based on all observations: It
uses every value in the dataset to determine the average.(3)Widely used in statistical analysis: The
mean is a fundamental statistical measure used in various applications.(4)Least affected by sampling
fluctuations: It tends to be more stable than other averages when dealing with random samples.
Demerits:(1)Affected by extreme values (outliers):A few very high or very low numbers can
disproportionately influence the mean. (2)Cannot be determined by inspection or graphically:It
requires calculation; you can't simply look at a dataset and determine the mean. (3)Not suitable for
all types of data:It may not be appropriate for qualitative data or distributions with open-ended class
intervals. (4)May not represent the data well:In some cases, the mean can be misleading if the data
is highly skewed or contains extreme values.
The median is a statistical measure that represents the middle value in a dataset when the data is
arranged in ascending or descending order. It divides the data into two equal halves, with 50% of the
values falling below the median and 50% falling above it.
Merits (1)Simple to understand and calculate:The median is relatively easy to determine, especially
for smaller datasets. It's often the first measure of central tendency taught in statistics.
(2)Unaffected by extreme values:Unlike the mean, the median is not influenced by outliers or
extreme values in the data. This makes it a more reliable measure when dealing with skewed
distributions or datasets containing unusually large or small values. (3)Useful for ordinal data:The
median can be calculated for data that can be ordered but not measured numerically, such as
rankings or preferences. (4)Can be located graphically:The median can be visually identified on a
cumulative frequency graph. (5)Suitable for open-ended distributions:The median can be
determined even when the data has open-ended classes, unlike the mean.
Demerits (1)Requires sorting:To find the median, the data must be arranged in order, which can be
time-consuming for large datasets. (2)Not based on all data points:The median only considers the
middle value(s) and doesn't take into account the magnitude of all the data points. (3)Not suitable
for further algebraic treatment:The median cannot be used in many statistical formulas or
calculations like the mean can, limiting its application in more advanced statistical analysis. (4)Can be
affected by sampling fluctuations:In smaller datasets, the median can be more susceptible to
fluctuations from one sample to another. (5)Only a positional average:It provides a measure of
central tendency based on position rather than the actual values of the data.