Key Thematic Areas in CSR-I

UNIT 3 EMPLOYMENT GENERATION AND

LIVELIHOOD
Structure
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Understanding Livelihoods
3.3 Need for Livelihood Promotion
3.4 Livelihood Intervention
3.5 Funding of the Livelihood Activity
3.6 Sustainable Livelihood (SL)
3.7 Let Us Sum Up
3.8 Keywords
3.9 Abbreviations
3.10 Bibliography and Selected Readings
3.11 Check Your Progress – Possible Answers

3.1 INTRODUCTION
India has now over 1250 million people out of which 500 million are workers.
Every year the workforce increases by about two percent that is about ten million
net increment. Of the 500 million who are already working, about 93% are
working either in the agriculture or the informal sector. The livelihood challenge
in India, therefore, is a twin challenge – one of creating ten million new livelihoods
every year and the second of upgrading the livelihoods of about 350 million
people who are already employed. Given the magnitude of the issue, and the
dearth of resources for livelihood promotion, the task of promoting livelihoods
for the poor becomes even more urgent. It calls for companies to use their
resources optimally to achieve maximum scale. On the other hand, most of the
companies/development agencies are ‘theme oriented’ (e.g.: watershed
management, health, agriculture, etc.). While they can leave a lasting and
sustainable positive impact in livelihood promotion, they are oftentimes required
to develop a thorough understanding of what livelihood promotion means to
their respective specializations. This unit gives an overview of livelihoods and
provides some basic concepts that are fundamental to livelihood promotion.

After studying this unit, you should be able to know:

Describe the need for livelihood promotion
Discuss the elements of design of livelihood intervention
Discuss various efforts towards livelihood promotion
Explain sustainable livelihood

3.2 UNDERSTANDING LIVELIHOODS

A livelihood is much more than employment. The hidden complexity behind the
term ‘livelihood’ comes to light when Governments, Civil Society, and external
44 organizations attempt to assist people whose means of making a living is
threatened, damaged, or destroyed. From extensive learning and practice, various Employment Generation and
Livelihood
definitions have emerged that attempt to represent the complex nature of a
livelihood.

Box 3.1: Livelihood and Sustainability

A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (including both material and

social resources) and activities required for a means of living. A livelihood is
sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stress, shocks and maintain
or enhance its capabilities, assets both now and in the future, while not
undermining the natural resource base.

A person’s livelihood refers to the means of securing the necessities of life –

food, water, shelter, and clothing. Livelihood is defined as a set of activities,
involving capacity to acquire above necessities, working either individually or
as a group by using endowments (both human and material) for meeting the
requirements of the self and his/her household, on a sustainable basis with dignity.
Living is largely about generating income. But this is really a means to an end
which also includes aspects of food security, providing a home, health, reduced
vulnerability to climatic, economic or political shocks, sustainability (the ability
to continue to make a satisfactory living) and power (the ability to control one’s
own destiny). Hence, livelihood is a set of economic activities, involving self-
employment and or wage employment, by using one’s endearments (human and
material), to generate adequate resources (cash and non-cash), for meeting the
requirements of self and the household, usually carried out repeatedly and as
such become a way of life.

3.2.1 Conditions for the Livelihood Promotion

A livelihood should keep a person:
meaningfully occupied;
in a sustainable manner; and
with dignity.
Livelihoods therefore go far beyond generating income. A livelihood is much
more than employment. Less than 10 percent of rural workers in India are
employed on a regular basis. Poor rural households engage in more than one
activity for their livelihood.

3.3 NEED FOR LIVELIHOOD PROMOTION

There are basically three reasons to promote livelihood:

1) The primary reason to promote livelihood is the belief in the essential right
of all human beings to equal opportunity. Poor people do not have life
choices nor do they have opportunities. Ensuring that a poor household has
a stable livelihood will substantially increase its income, and over time,
asset ownership, self-esteem and social participation.

2) The second reason for livelihood promotion is to promote economic growth.

The ‘bottom of the pyramid’ does not have the purchasing power to buy
even the bare necessities of life – food, clothing and shelter. But as they get
45
Key Thematic Areas in CSR-I steadier incomes through livelihood promotion, they become customers of
many goods and services, which promote growth.

3) The third reason for promoting livelihoods is to ensure social and political
stability. When people are hungry, they tend to take to violence and crime.
Check Your Progress - 1
Notes: a) Write your answers in about 50 words.
b) Check your answer with possible answers given at the end of the unit.
1) Define livelihood.
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2) Which are the basic three reasons to promote livelihood?

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3.4 LIVELIHOOD INTERVENTION

3.4.1 Background
Livelihood promotion evolved a great deal since the early days with contributions
from people like Rabindranath Tagore, conceiver of the Sriniketan experiment,
Spencer Hatch of YMCA, Marthandam experiment, Fr. Brayne of the Gurgaon
experiment, Albert Mayer of Etawah project who initiated livelihood promotion
in their own ways. Mahatma Gandhi one of the early livelihood thinkers of 20th
century had a holistic vision of livelihood, with the deep concern for both the
poor and sustainability. Gandhiji suggested developing local economies by
promoting inter dependent activities as a member of mutually supportive
community, eventually leading to ‘gram swaraj.’ During this period the emphasis
was on building human capital and imparting knowledge as the people lacked
the know-how to do better. Even in the years after independence, the government,
policies and strategies were based on similar principles. The multipurpose
approach to promote rural livelihoods was promoted during the First and Second
Five Year Plans through the Community Development Programme and Panchayat
Raj System. In the subsequent Five-Year Plans emphasis was laid on livelihood
promotion adopting various strategies.

46
3.4.2 Elements of Design of Livelihood Intervention Employment Generation and
Livelihood

Livelihood interventions are conscious efforts by an agency or organization to

promote and support livelihood opportunities for many people. Three elements
of the design of the livelihood intervention are given below (Fig.3.1)

Objectives of the
Intervention

Nature of the Design of the

Intervention Livelihood Activity

Fig 3.1: Three Elements of Design of Livelihood Intervention

3.4.3 Framing the Objectives of Livelihood Interventions

Livelihoods can be enhanced in many ways. Among others, it can be done by:
Enhancing income
Creating assets or wealth
Increasing food security
Reducing risk
Reducing variances in income
Reducing rural to urban migration
Organizing producers to have greater control over their livelihoods
Enhancing the money that circulates within the local economy
Although achieving one objective sometimes leads to fulfilling the other
objectives, this is not always so. The primary objective of most livelihood
interventions in India today is enhancing incomes and food security. Asset creation
is usually seen as a means to enhance income. While organizing producers, again
to achieve better returns, is also common, however, strategies to reduce risk are
less common, and very few interventions explicitly focus on enhancing the money
that circulates within the local economy. Reducing migration is often an outcome
of other livelihood strategies, but is very rarely a stated objective. However, in
the recent years, with the opening of the insurance sector, many new initiatives
in this direction have been started. ICICI Lombard and ICICI Prudential, AVIVA,
among others, have developed different products to reduce the risk of various
livelihoods supporting activities.

47
Key Thematic Areas in CSR-I 3.4.4 Nature of the Interventions
The nature of livelihood intervention can vary along three dimensions:

1) The sector to be intervened: It should be decided whether the existing

livelihood activity is to be improved or a new activity must be promoted.
The sector to be intervened is often choice based demand. Upon the demand
and factor conditions, however, there are choices:

One could choose to improve upon an existing livelihood activity. For

example, SIFFS (South Indian Federation of Fishermen Societies)
introduced motorized boats among small fishermen in Kerala

OR

One could work on a livelihood activity new to the area. For example,
Mysore Resettlement and Development Agency (MYRADA) introduced
assembling watchstraps in collaboration with Titan Watches in a
predominantly agrarian area.

2) The point of intervention: Which part of the value-addition chain is to be

focused? Whether missing inputs such as technology development or credit
has to be provided or integrated with the delivery of inputs, or intervened at
multiple points providing several services; needs to be decided. After
choosing the sector in which to intervene, it is important to identify in what
to intervene? For example, if dairy sub-sector is chosen it is necessary to
identify whether to improve fodder production, or to process the milk, or to
build linkages with the market, to get the best benefit to the producers.

Intervention can be to improve the production process itself as in the case

of PRADAN, which developed a small-scale technology for rearing poultry
and is helping tribal groups take up such production. Seri-2000 with the
support from Silk Development and Cooperation (SDC) helped silk farmers
to improve their rearing processes.

Producers can be helped to get a better market price for their produce.
Example, SIFFS (South Indian Federation of Fishermen Societies) facilitates
marketing of the fish caught by its members. NDDB (National Dairy
Development Board) has setup processing plants and provides marketing
channels for the milk produced by the members.

3) The instrument of intervention: What is the tool of intervention? Do people

have to be trained to make the necessary changes? The issue of where to
intervene in the value-addition chain and the choice of approaches on how
to intervene are closely linked.
The inputs to be focused on during intervention strategies:
a) Technology: Some interventions in livelihoods have evolved around
technological intervention. SIFFS has introduced motorized boats using
a simple technology to help the fishermen.

b) Training: Training inputs have been an integral part of most interventions

in livelihoods. The NGO MYRADA had given significant skill building
to rural girls to take up the contract for watchstrap manufacturing of
48
 Titan, while promoting project MEADOW which aims at ensuring better Employment Generation and
Livelihood
livelihood through engagement of rural women.

c) Marketing: The Association of Crafts Producers (ACP) provides

marketing assistance to a wide range of producers in Nepal. Other
interventions like Janarth, NDDB extended market support services to
the producers.

d) Asserting Rights: The National Alliance of Street Vendors lobbied for

the rights of street vendors and worked with national, state and local
governments. Similarly, SEWA focused on ensuring that the beedi roller
got what law entitled them to.

e) Policy Advocacy: Livelihood choices are often enabled or restricted by

the policy environment. SEWA (Self-Employed Women’s Association)
made significant dent in the policy environment, which earlier never
recognized unorganized workforce as labour.

f) Building Local Interdependent Economy: Interventions designed to

strengthen an interdependent local economy, where a large proportion
of the inputs required for an activity are procured locally, and value
addition of the products is also done at the local level, have been tried
by some agencies, as in the case of DHRUVA-BAIF (Bharatiya Agro
Industries Foundation)

g) Credit: BASIX (Bhartiya Samruddhi Investments and Consulting

Services), a rural livelihoods promotion institution working in many states
in India, extends micro-credit services for a variety of rural activities
including farming, animal husbandry, cottage industries, trade and
services.

h) Infrastructure: Some interventions also provide infrastructure, such as

developing milk-chilling centres, various food processing units etc.
Infrastructure such as creating milk chilling centres or building a road is
often beyond the capacity of NGOs. However, there are several examples
of NGO interventions in creating small or micro infrastructures like
grading and sorting platform or creating a common work place for
community. The case on DHRUVA may be referred, which has created
community owned processing unit.

i) Institution building: In some cases, the organization promoting or

supporting livelihoods has focused only on building producer
organizations. The Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP) in
Gujarat has been involved in organizing communities into various
peoples’ institutions such as Water Users’ Association, Mahila Vikas
Mandal while developing watershed in this area. These institutions have
emerged as strong peoples’ organizations, where the livelihood choices
are made by these organizations and not by the intervention agency. It is
not essential that only one instrument of intervention is chosen; it is also
possible to use more than one. For example, providing livelihoods support
services of many kinds, like quality input, timely credit and output
marketing (as AKRSP does).

49
Key Thematic Areas in CSR-I
Activity 1

Visit a CSR project on livelihood intervention in your vicinity. Write down

the sector of intervention, point of intervention and instrument of intervention
of the project.
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Check Your Progress - 2
Notes: a) Write your answers in about 50 words.
b) Check your answer with possible answers given at the end of the unit.
1) Define livelihood interventions.
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2) What are three elements of the design of the livelihood intervention?

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3) Write the ways in which livelihoods can be enhanced.

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3.5 FUNDING OF THE LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITY

The funding of livelihood activities can be done by using any of the following
50 means:
1) Grant-based Funding Employment Generation and
Livelihood
Grants are good to start with and to provide a range of services in addition to the
primary activity itself, but may lead to uncompetitive businesses, which close
when grant funds run out.

2) Loan-based Funding
Loans allow for proper investment in the business, but may be difficult to access
and difficult to repay if the business fails.

3) Equity
Equity is more flexible and less risky than loans, and is in many ways the ideal
finance for an activity, but is often very difficult for a micro or small enterprise
to secure. The case of MYRADA-MEADOW provides an example where workers
themselves contributed equity-type funds to allow the business to invest in
infrastructure. In many livelihood interventions, poor households provide sweat-
equity in the form of their labour.

4) Financial Orchestration
A combination of grants, loans and equity can also be chosen. This kind of
financial orchestration gives flexibility to do initial work (which is often not
commercially feasible) with grant support and then take loans when the livelihood
activity is in a position to scale up.

Government of India has been one of the largest agencies involved in such
promotion efforts. However, the corporate sectors and the NGO sector have also
contributed to promoting livelihoods.

Activity 2

Visit a CSR project on livelihood intervention in your vicinity. Write about

the sources of funding of the project.
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Here are a few examples:

Alternate Implementation Mechanism (AIM) - A Case Study on Public

Private Civil Society Partnership in Jalna, (Maharashtra)

The Public Private Civil Society Partnership (PPCP) project was designed for
implementing National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) activities
as well as State Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (SREGS) activities on
watershed approach. The project is an AIM initiative undertaken by the Zilla
Parishad, District administration, Watershed Organization Trust (WOTR) and
Indian Tobacco Company–Rural Development Trust (ITC–RDT) in two blocks
of Jalna district, Maharashtra. The PPCP arrangement in the project was designed
51
Key Thematic Areas in CSR-I based on the lessons from State REGS, experience of WOTR–SIED and ITC–
RDT, and willingness from the multi-disciplinary Zilla Parishad (ZP) of Jalna.

Impact and Challenges

More than 70 per cent of works under the PPCP programme was undertaken for
soil and water conservation in the district. The programme is driven by the demand
for work by the community. The flow of funds to NGOs and technical partners
depends on the amount of work generated through shelf of work. Therefore, the
labour estimates vis-à-vis the work generated impacted the livelihoods of the
community.

The Gram Sabha (GS) had played a pivotal role in implementation of REGS. It
was responsible for recommending shelf of works to be taken up under REGS
and conducting social audits of the implementation. In addition, GS had supported
extensively to facilitate the implementation of the schemes. In the process of
delivery, the GS was strengthened institutionally in terms of generating work
and handling payments.

WOTR is executing watershed projects under NREGA in two blocks, namely

Jafrabad and Bhokardan of Jalna district of Maharashtra. From the PPCP
arrangement it became evident that the partnership between the agencies has the
potential to deliver results while aiming at improvement in the productivity of
land. Soil and water conservation measures were the vehicles to address larger
issues in implementing NREGS in the district, while considering the potential of
all the stakeholders.

Few of the other examples are—

Government programs such as the National Rural Employment Programme
(NREP), refashioned as the Sampoorna Gram Samriddhi Yojana, guaranteed
wage-employment to the poor in the lean season through public works such
as road building. Part of the wages were paid in kind as food grains, which
was a carryover from the erstwhile “food for work” programme.

Government programmes such as the erstwhile Integrated Rural

Development Programme (IRDP), refashioned as the Swarna Jayanti
Grameen Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), promoted self-employment among
the poor through acquisition of an income generating asset with the help of
a bank loan and a government subsidy. AXIS and PNB bank are few
examples.

Special government programmes, run in specific states, to promote both

wage employment, such as the Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS) of
Maharashtra and to promote self-employment through highly subsidized
asset acquisition, such as the World Bank sponsored District Poverty
Initiatives Program (DPIP) in Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and
Rajasthan.

Programmes run by sectoral institutions such as the National Dairy

Development Board, the Central Silk Board, the Coir Board, the National
Horticultural Board, and the Development Commissioners for Handloom
and Handicrafts.

52
 Programmes run by non-governmental agencies, for promoting livelihoods Employment Generation and
Livelihood
in different regions and sectors, such as by World Vision India, SEWA,
BAIF, MYRADA, AKRSP, PRADAN, RGVN and BASIX.

The Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) works with over 750,000

self-employed women of low-income households.

Bhartiya Agro-Industries Foundation’s (BAIF) programme supporting one

million livelihoods, comprising cattle cross-breeding, pasture development,
horticulture, etc.

Venkateswara Hatcheries intervention to develop the poultry sector,

culminating in the National Egg Coordination Council, which serves over
200,000 poultry producers.

Various micro-finance interventions by banks and NGOs have influenced

the livelihoods of more than twelve million people.

3.6 SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD (SL)

The concept of Sustainable Livelihood (SL) is an attempt to go beyond the
conventional definitions and approaches to poverty eradication. These had been
found to be too narrow because they focused only on certain aspects or
manifestations of poverty, such as low income, or did not consider other vital
aspects of poverty such as vulnerability and social exclusion. It is now recognized
that more attention must be paid to the various factors and processes which either
constrain or enhance poor people’s ability to make a living in an economically,
ecologically, and socially sustainable manner. The SL concept offers a more
coherent and integrated approach to poverty. In perspective of making the concept
more practical and operational a composite flow of chart is given below (Fig.3.4):

Fig 3.4: Sustainable Livelihood Framework

(Source: DFID, Sustainable Livelihood guidance sheet)

Project (Oil India Limited) OIL Rupantar: Sustainable Livelihood - Point (ii)
of Schedule VII of Companies Act, 2013

Growing unemployment, a major cause of social unrest, threatens OIL’s

long-term business goals. In its areas of operation, OIL is seen as the only
53
Key Thematic Areas in CSR-I source of direct/indirect employment. Committed to socio-economic
development, OIL collaborated with State Institute of Rural Development
(SIRD), Assam, to launch Project Rupantar (meaning transformation) in
the year 2003 to overcome unemployment especially amongst rural youth
and women by motivating them to engage in entrepreneurship development
programmes exploring self-employment opportunities in the primary,
secondary and tertiary sectors.

The project has since encouraged many self-help groups (SHGs)/joint

liability groups (JLGs) to pursue agro-based industries, animal husbandry,
sericulture, fishery, organic farming, and diversification of handloom
products. Aastha, a marketing outlet in OIL Field Headquarters at Duliajan,
Assam, adds value to the project by providing support to the marketing
needs of the SHGs.

With infrastructural and other support from OIL, SIRD has formed 8,500
SHGs and JLGs since 2003. OIL exclusively has formed 2,450 SHGs/JLGs
from 2008-09 to 2016-17, providing farmers, women, and youth - mostly
in tea garden areas with 50% subsidy, other financial and material inputs.
In the last three fiscals since 2014-15, OIL has formed 1,300 SHGs/JLGs
for poultry, piggery, handloom (weaving) and farm mechanization (power
tiller), assisting 9,725 farm families.

World Petroleum Congress held in Doha in December 2011 recognized

Project Rupantar as one of 12 best CSR initiatives by the global oil and gas
industry and highlighted it in the Social Responsibility Global Village, as
part of the Congress.

Agriculture Project
Started in the year 1991, the project implemented under the Oil India Rural
Development Society (OIRDS). OIRDS is one of the foremost social welfare
projects of OIL conceived with the principal objective of promoting
sustainable growth of rural economy.

The primary objective of the Agriculture Project is to encourage the

unemployed youth to adopt agriculture as a means of earning livelihood
and thereby attain economic empowerment. The farmers are introduced to
modern methods of cultivation for maximizing farm yield through in-field
training by experts from Agriculture Department, Government of Assam
and Assam Agriculture University (AAU) and providing them with high
yield variety seeds, organic manure, farming tools and implements.

Since 1991-92 till 2016-17, OIRDS has adopted 118 villages under various
farmers’ collectives, covering around 17,221 farm families.

OIL has also signed MoU with AAU recently, to promote integrated farming
in villages of OIL’s operational areas in Upper Assam.

Project OIL Jeevika

Launched in FY 2016-17, the project is a community-cluster based
sustainable rural livelihood promotion initiative, which aims at imparting
skill development and up-gradation training to the targeted beneficiaries
54 on beekeeping and honey processing, mustard, buckwheat and local pulse
 processing as well as providing handholding support to them for generation Employment Generation and
Livelihood
of alternate source of income and formation of self-sustaining livelihood
clusters.
Check Your Progress - 3
Notes: a) Write your answers in about 50 words.
b) Check your answer with possible answers given at the end of the unit.
1) What are the ways of funding of the livelihood Activity?
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2) What is sustainable livelihood?

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3.7 LET US SUM UP

Traditionally the solution to the problems of poverty was conceived as an increase
in income levels through the generation of employment. However, this vision
has changed in the last two decades. A livelihood is a set of economic activities
that involve self-employment and/or wage-employment.

In the current decade, according to estimates of the Planning Commission for

the Tenth Five Year Plan, more than 10 million people in India will be seeking
work every year. Thus, to ensure full employment within a decade, more than 10
million new livelihoods will have to be generated every year. Given the magnitude
of the problem, and the dearth of resources for livelihood promotion, the task of
promoting livelihoods for the poor becomes more urgent. It calls for organizations
to use their resources optimally to achieve maximum scale. CSR has played an
important role in livelihood intervention by either improving on the existing
livelihoods or creating new livelihoods. In this unit you have read about the
nature and instruments of livelihood interventions and the source of funding.
Finally, we have discussed sustainable livelihood.

3.8 KEYWORDS
Livelihood : Livelihood refers to their “means of securing the basic
necessities of life”. Livelihood is defined as a set of
55
Key Thematic Areas in CSR-I activities essential to everyday life that are conducted
over one’s live span.

Food Security : Reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable,

nutritious food.

Sustainable Livelihood: A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and

recover from stresses and shocks and maintain or
enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in
the future, while not undermining natural resource
bases.

3.9 ABBREVIATIONS
AAU : Assam Agriculture University
ACP : Association of Crafts Producers
AKRSP : Aga Khan Rural Support Programme
AP : Andhra Pradesh
BAIF : Bharatiya Agro Industries Foundation
BASIX : Bhartiya Samruddhi Investments and Consulting
Services
DHRUVA : Vanguard of Awakening in Dharampur
DPIP : District Poverty Initiatives Programme
EGS : Employment Guarantee Scheme
GS : Gram Sabha
ICICI : Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India
IRDP : Integrated Rural Development Programme
ITC-RDT : Indian Tobacco Company–Rural Development Trust
JLGs : Joint Liability Groups
MoU : Memorandum of Understanding
MP : Madhya Pradesh
MYRADA : Mysore Resettlement and Development Agency
NDDB : National Dairy Development Board
NGO : Non-Government Organization
NREGA : National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
NREGS : National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
NREP : National Rural Employment Programme
OIRDS : Oil India Rural Development Society
PNB : Punjab National Bank
PPCP : Public Private Civil Society Partnership
PRADAN : Professional Assistance for Development Action

56 REGS : Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

 Employment Generation and
SEWA : Self-Employed Women’s Association Livelihood
SGSY : Swarna Jayanti Grameen Swarozgar Yojana
SHGs : Self-Help Groups
SIFFS : South Indian Federation of Fishermen Societies
SIRD : State Institute of Rural Development
SL : Sustainable Livelihood
SREGS : State Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
WOTR : Watershed Organization Trust
YMCA : Young Men’s Christian Association
ZP : Zilla Parishad

3.10 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SELECTED READINGS

Articles

Ashley, C.; Hussein, K. (2000). Developing Methodologies for Livelihood Impact

Assessment, p.14. Working Paper 129: Overseas Development Institute

Baumann, P. (2000). Sustainable Livelihoods and Political Capital: Arguments

and Evidence from Decentralisation and Natural Resource Management in India.
Working Paper 136: Overseas Development Institute

Singh, N. and Gilham, J. Employment and Natural Resources Management: A

Livelihoods Approach to Poverty Reduction SEPED Conference Paper Series
No.5, p.5.

Books & Reports

Bebbington, A. (1999). Capitals and Capabilities: A Framework for Analyzing
Peasant Viability, Rural Livelihoods and Poverty. World Development 27(12).

Bhattacharya, D. (2002). ‘Initiative to Improve the Handloom and Handicraft

Products of North East’, CII-NEDFi Guwahati.

Bhattacharya, D. (2010). ‘Renewable Energy for Rural Livelihoods – An Industry-

led Public Private Partnership Model’, UNDP, CII, Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy, Govt. of India.

Bhattacharya, D. (1999). Political parties need to make commitments on social

development. Equinox, Vol. 1, issue 1, 3-5.

Carney, D.; Drinkwater, M.; Rusinow, T., Wanmali, S., Singh, N. and Neefjes,
K. (1999). Livelihood Approaches Compared. A brief comparison of the
livelihoods approaches of the UK Department for International Development
(DFID), CARE, Oxfam and the United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP).

Farrington, J.; Carney, D.; Ashley, C.; Turton, C. (1999) Sustainable Livelihoods
in Practice. Oversees Development Institute.

Frankenberger, T. and Drinkwater, M. (1999). Household livelihood security: A 57

Key Thematic Areas in CSR-I holistic approach for addressing poverty and vulnerability. Atlanta, Georgia,
CARE.
Ornat, A.L. (1996). Strategies for Sustainability: Latin America. IUCN
Manzetti, G. (2001). Brazilianising the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach. DFID

Chambers, R. & Conway, G. (1992). Sustainable rural livelihoods: practical

concepts for the 21st century. IDS Discussion Paper No. 296. Brighton, IDS, p.
7 -8.

Online Search
Drinkwater, M. & Rusinow, T. (1999). Application of CARE’s Livelihoods
Approach. Paper presented at Natural Resource Adviser’s Conference 1999.
(Available at [Link]).

[Link] % 20 Implementation % 20 case %

20study%20final_Dhruv_2.pdf
[Link]

3.11 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS - POSSIBLE

ANSWERS
Check Your Progress - 1

Answer 1: Livelihood is a set of economic activities, involving self-employment

and/or wage employment. By using one’s endearments (human and material), to
generate adequate resources (cash and non-cash). For meeting the requirements
of self and the household, usually carried out repeatedly and as such become a
way of life.

Answer 2: The primary reasons to promote livelihood is the belief in the essential
right of all human beings to equal opportunity. The second reason for livelihood
promotion is to promote economic growth. And the third reason for promoting
livelihoods is to ensure social and political stability.

Check Your Progress - 2

Answer 1: Livelihood interventions are conscious efforts by an agency or

organization to promote and support livelihood opportunities for numerous people.

Answer 2: The three elements of the design of the livelihood intervention are (1)
Objectives of the intervention; (2) Design of the Livelihood activity; and (3)
Nature of the Intervention.

Answer 3: Livelihoods can be enhanced in many ways. Among others, it can be

done by:
Enhancing income
Creating assets or wealth
Increasing food security
Reducing risk
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 Reducing variances in income Employment Generation and
Livelihood
Reducing rural to urban migration
Organizing producers to have greater control over their livelihoods
Enhancing the money that circulates within the local economy
Check Your Progress - 3
Answer 1: The ways of funding of the livelihood activity are: Grant-based
Funding; loan-based Funding; Equity; and Financial Orchestration.

Answer 2: The concept of sustainable livelihood is an attempt to go beyond the

conventional definitions and approaches to poverty eradication. These had been
found to be too narrow because they focused only on certain aspects or
manifestations of poverty, such as low income, or did not consider other vital
aspects of poverty such as vulnerability and social exclusion. It is now recognized
that more attention must be paid to the various factors and processes which either
constrain or enhance poor people’s ability to make a living in an economically,
ecologically, and socially sustainable manner. The SL concept offers a more
coherent and integrated approach to poverty.

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