Mean, Median and Mode

Sample means indicate the tendency of the population to vary less from the other set of
population. The sample means provide a distribution pattern of data set with in a set of
population. It is represented by n

Formulae: x = x1 + x2 + x3 +--------+xn / n = i/n ∑ Xi

To acquire the frequency of any data which means the number of times a data is occurring
at any given set of data values. If “f1, f2, f3 etc” represents the frequency of the data‘s (x1, x2,
x3, x4----xn)

Then the average of the data shall be represented as

x = (x1+x1+x1+-----------+x1)/f1 + (x2+x2+x2+----------+x2)/f2 +-----+ (xn +xn +xn + -----+xn) / fn

= f1x1 +f2x2+f3x3+--------+fn xn / f1+f2+f3+------+fn [N=n1+n2+n3+------+nn]

= 1/N ∑ fi xi , where N= ∑ fi, total number of data, it represents the total length of the data
series taken for the statistical solution.

In statistic’s mean is an expectation (E) of the total number of data set (X)

x = E (X) where X = (x1, x2, x3, ------- xn)

Frequency of any data can be tracked by understanding the probability of the presence or
absence of that data in the dataset.

Probability of the ith (Pi) = fi /N; 1 ≤ i ≤ n

From the condition applied the probability of the ith number can be expressed as: Pi = P (X =
xi); 0 ≤ Pi ≤ 1

For the given data as; 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; n=10

Calculating the statistical parameters from the aforementioned data we get,

Avg. = 4.5; SD = 3.03; Range = 0-9

Median = 4+5/2= 9/2=4.5

Median for (Odd numbers of data) ------- central digit of the given data as the median

Median for (even numbers of data) =n1+n2/2 in the mid section of the data

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10; n =11

Median = 5

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; mean = 4.5, median = 4.5, mean = median, it speaks about the

distribution of the data. If mean = median = mode, the given data is under normal
distribution

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 n1= 10 --------------data (1) mean = 4.5, median = 4.5

0, 2, 5, 6, 4, 8, 9, 5, 8, 6 n2= 10-------------- data (2) mean = 5.3, Median = 6

Median > mean ----------- it is not normally distributed

Means in statistics are classified according to the two types namely

a. Harmonic mean

b. Geometric mean

Harmonic mean: These types of statistical parameters are often used to measure the mean
or the average of the center of any data set. Mostly they are used to ascertain the rate
change of any reaction or speed of the reaction. It is calculated by dividing the number of
values “n” by the sum of reciprocal of all the values (excluding 0). It means that it accounts
for all non-zero values in a data set.

n
H.M = 1/ (1/n ∑ 1/Xi) = n/ ∑1/Xi
i=1
If fi is the function of the value Xi then the Harmonic mean is calculated according to the
formulae
n
H.M = 1/1/N ∑ fi Xi = N/ ∑ fi Xi (formulae used to HM having frequency distribution)
i=1

Geometric mean = It is a type of statistical parameter that are often used to find or calculate
the average rate of change of any process. It is also used to calculate the average rates of
growth or average ratios. To calculate the geometric mean of “n” values, first multiply the
values and then calculate or find the nth root of the product.

G.M = (x1, x2, x3, ----------xn) 1/n where x1, x2, x3, ---- xn are the values in a set of data and
where “n’ is the number of data present in a given set of data. If there is the need to
calculate the frequency distribution geometric mean the formulae used is G.M = (x 1f1, x2f2,
x3f3---------------xnfn) 1/N where N= n1 + n2 + n3 +-------+nn).

Median: Median is the middle value for a set of data that has been arranged either in the
increasing or in the decreasing magnitude or fashion. Odd number data and even number
data makes the finding of the median in two different forms

14, 35, 45, 55, 55, 56, 58, 65, 87, 89, 92 n= odd number data = central number = median
14, 35, 45, 55, 55, 56, 58, 65, 87, 89, n= even number of data = average the middle numbers
equally dividing the number in the given set of data, that is 55+56/2=55.5

To measure the median values of any set of data following points has to be remembered
a. Arrange the array of data either in ascending or descending order
b. Ascertain the number of data values to be odd or even
c. If the numbers of data values are odd, then the central data represent the median of
the given set of data, else the average of the mid two values of the data shall
represent the median of the given data set in case of the even number of data set
values.
Important properties of median: The important properties of the median in a statistical
analysis are as under
a. The median does not change by increasing the magnitude of any given of data in the
given data set.
b. The median does not directly use every data value which means that if the largest
value in any given set of data is changed to a very larger value, the median for that
set of data does not change.

Mode: It indicates the frequency of presence of any data values in a given set of data. It
indicates the number of times a data value is expressed.

14, 35, 45, 55, 55, 56, 58, 65, 87, 89, 92

The mode of the given data set is 55, since the frequency of appearing of 55 in the given
data set is twice where as the other values in the same data set appears only once, hence
the frequency distribution is the other term for the Mode. Before calculating the mode of
any given set of data values the data’s must be arranged either in increasing or decreasing
order.

Relationship between mean, median and mode

Mean, median, and mode understand us the dispersion of the data in a given range of data.
To understand the distribution of the data over the given range of set of data values two
statistical parameters are analyzed based on the values of the mean, median and mode.
They are “Skewness” and “Kurtosis”

-7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

n=1: first set of data; -7 to +7 ----------- equally distributed ----- normal distribution. In such
case, a histogram analysis gets a bell-shaped normal distribution curve.
-7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
A set of data is normally distributed when it’s mean = median = mode. The normal
distribution of data occupies equal area under the curve between the negative and positive
scale. The normal distribution of data or the symmetrical distributions of datas are also
known as Gaussian dispersion model. The histogram analysis of normal distribution curve
resembles a bell-shaped curve and hence popularly known as bell shaped histogram.

Any distortion of statistical data leads to skewness given by the mathematician “Skewness”
which is a measure of symmetry or more precisely the lack of symmetry.

There are two types of skewness of data observe they are positive skewness and negative
skewness.

The positive skewness histogram is recognized by visualizing the tail of the histogram that
lies majorly in the right hand side of the curve. In positive skewness the curve originates
from the left hand side of the histogram and ends in the right hand side of the same
histogram. The positive skewness is observed when the mean is greater than median which
is further greater than mode.

Positive skewness = mean > median > mode for a set of statistical data values.

The negative skewness histogram is recognized by visualizing the tail of the histogram that
lies majorly on the left hand side of the histogram. In negative skewness the curve
originates from the right hand side of the histogram and ends in the left hand side of the
same histogram.

The negative skewness is observed when the mean is less than the median which is further
less that the mode.

Negative skewness = mean < median < mode for a set of statistical data values.
The normal or the distortion of the distribution of data shall indicate the sample size in
statistical analysis. In normal distribution or in symmetrical distribution the variations
among the data’s are not significant. But in case of any one of the unsymmetrical
distribution (positive or negative distribution) leading to positive or negative skewness
have significant variation with significant statistical coefficient of variation (CV).