Name Reactions Of Haloalkanes and haloarenes ON 5,6TH JAN 2016 CLASS
-XII
1)Finkelstein Reaction
This reaction used for the preparation of iodoalkenes from the corresponding chloroalkanes or bromo alkanes.
CH3Br + NaI CH3-I + NaBr
Methyl bromide Methyl Iodide
2)Fittig Reaction
In the reaction haloarene is reacted with metallic sodium in the presence of anhydrous ether to form Diphenyl
which is an aromatic hydrocarbon
Chlorobenzene Biphenyl
3)Friedel craft’s reaction
In this reaction, benzene is treated with alkyl halide or acyl chloride in the presence of anhydrous aluminium
chloride acting as a catalyst. Friedel Craft Alkyltion
Benzene Methyl Benzene
Friedel Craft Acylation
Benzene Acetyl Benzene
4)Swarts reaction–heating n alkyl chloride in the presence of metallic fluoride such as AgF,Hg2F2,CoF2
CH3Br + AgF CH3F + AgBr
Methyl bromide Methyl Fluoride
5)Wurtz reaction-Alkyl halides react with sodium in dry ether to give hydrocarbon containing double the no of
carbon atoms present in halide.
2RX + 2Na ------------> R—R + 2NaX
6)Wurtz-fitting reaction- A mixture of an alkyl halide gives an alkyl arene when treated with sodium in
presence of dry ether.
Chloro Benzene Methyl Benzene
Named Reactions of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
1) Dow’s Process: This process is used for the formation of phenols from chlorobenzene.
2) Reimer Tiemann Reaction: In this reaction, salicyaldehyde(2-Hydroxy benzaldehyde) is prepared on
reaction of phenols with chloroform while salicylic acid(2-Hydroxy benzoic acid) is formed when
phenols are treated with carbon tetrachloride.
3) Kolbe’s Reaction: In this reaction , salicylic acid is prepared by the reaction of sodium phenoxide with
carbon dioxide followed by acidification.
4) Williamson synthesis: This reaction is used for the synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical ethers.
Named Reactions of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
1) Rosenmund Reaction: This reaction is used for the preparation of aldehydes by the hydrogenation of
acyl chlorides in presence of palladium supported over barium sulphate poisoned by sulphur
2) Stephen Reaction: This reaction is used for the preparation of aldehydes from nitriles by their
eduction in presence of stannous chloride followed by hydrolysis.
Methyl cyanide Ethyl Imine Ethanal
3) Etard Reaction: In this reaction, chromyl chloride oxidises methyl group to a chromium complex,
which on hydrolysis gives corresponding benzaldehyde.
4) Gatterman – Koch reaction: this reaction is used for the preparation of benzaldehyde from benzene or
its derivatives.
5) Clemmenson’s Reduction: The carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is reduced to CH2 group on
treatment with zinc- amalgam and concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Acetone Propane
6) Wolf Kishner Reduction: The carbonyl group is reduced to CH2 group on treatment with hydrazine
followed by heating with sodium or potassium hydroxide in high boiling solvent such as ethylene glycol.
Acetone Propane
7) Aldol condensation: Aldehydes and ketones having at least one α-hydrogen undergo a reaction in the
presence of dilute alkali as catalyst to form β-hydroxy aldehydes (aldol) or β-hydroxy ketones (ketol),
respectively which readily undergoes condensation.
3-hydroxy butanal But-2-en-al Ethanal
8) Cross aldol condensation: When aldol condensation is carried out between two different aldehydes and
/ or ketones, it is called cross aldol condensation.
9) Cannizzaro reaction: Aldehydes which do not have an α-hydrogen atom, undergo self oxidation and
reduction (disproportionation) reaction on treatment with concentrated alkali.
10)Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction: Carboxylic acids having an α-hydrogen are halogenated at the
α-position on treatment with chlorine or bromine in the presence of red phosphorus to give
α-halocarboxylic acids.
Named Reactions Of Amines
1)Hoffmann Ammonolysis reaction: This reaction yields a mixture of primary, secondary and tertiary
amines and quaternary ammonium salt on reaction of alkyl halide with ammonia.
2) Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction:This is a method for preparation of primary amines bytreating
an amide with bromine in an aqueous or ethanolicsolutionofsodium hydroxide.
3) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis:This method is used for the preparation of primary amines from phthalimide.
4) Carbylamine reaction:Aliphatic and aromatic primary amines on heating with chloroform and ethanolic
potassium hydroxide form isocyanides or carbylamine
5) Sandmeyer reaction: In this reaction, chlorine or bromine or cyanide can also be introduced in the benzene
ring by treating the diazonium salt solution with corresponding halogen acid in the presence of copper(I) ion.
6) Gatterman reaction:In this reaction, chlorine or bromine or cyanide can also be introduced in the benzene
ring by treating the diazonium salt solution with corresponding halogen acid in the presence of copper powder.
7) Diazotisation:Aromatic primary amines react with nitrous acid (prepared in situ from NaNO2 and mineral
acid like HCl) at low temperature (273-278 K) to form [Link] is known as diazotisation.
8) Coupling Reaction:The reaction of joining two aromatic rings through –N=N- is known as coupling
reaction. Arenediazonium salts react with phenols or aromatic amines to form coloured azo compounds.
