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SAS ACCESS 9 1 3 for Relational Databases Reference
3rd Edition The Sas Technical Team Writers Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): The SAS Technical Team Writers
ISBN(s): 159047824X
Edition: 3
File Details: PDF, 2.25 MB
Year: 2006
Language: english
SAS/ACCESS 9.1.3®

for Relational Databases

Reference
Third Edition
The correct bibliographic citation for this manual is as follows: SAS Institute Inc. 2006.
SAS/ACCESS ® 9.1.3 for Relational Databases: Reference, Third Edition. Cary, NC: SAS
Institute Inc.
SAS/ACCESS® 9.1.3 for Relational Databases: Reference, Third Edition
Copyright © 2006, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA
ISBN-13: 978-1-59047-824-0
ISBN-10: 1-59047-824-X
All rights reserved. Produced in the United States of America.
For a hard-copy book: No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, SAS
Institute Inc.
For a Web download or e-book: Your use of this publication shall be governed by the
terms established by the vendor at the time you acquire this publication.
U.S. Government Restricted Rights Notice. Use, duplication, or disclosure of this
software and related documentation by the U.S. government is subject to the Agreement
with SAS Institute and the restrictions set forth in FAR 52.227-19 Commercial Computer
Software-Restricted Rights (June 1987).
SAS Institute Inc., SAS Campus Drive, Cary, North Carolina 27513.
1st printing, February 2006
SAS Publishing provides a complete selection of books and electronic products to help
customers use SAS software to its fullest potential. For more information about our
e-books, e-learning products, CDs, and hard-copy books, visit the SAS Publishing Web site
at [Link]/pubs or call 1-800-727-3228.
SAS® and all other SAS Institute Inc. product or service names are registered trademarks
or trademarks of SAS Institute Inc. in the USA and other countries. ® indicates USA
registration.
Other brand and product names are registered trademarks or trademarks of their
respective companies.
Contents

What’s New vii

Overview vii
All Supported SAS/ACCESS Interfaces to Relational Databases vii
SAS/ACCESS Interface to DB2 under z/OS viii
SAS/ACCESS Interface to DB2 under UNIX and PC Hosts ix
SAS/ACCESS Interface to Informix ix
SAS/ACCESS Interface to Microsoft SQL Server ix
SAS/ACCESS Interface to MySQL x
SAS/ACCESS Interface to ODBC x
SAS/ACCESS Interface to OLE DB xi
SAS/ACCESS Interface to Oracle xi
SAS/ACCESS Interface to Sybase xi
SAS/ACCESS Interface to Teradata xii

PART 1 Concepts 1
Chapter 1 4 Overview of the SAS/ACCESS Interface to Relational Databases 3
About This Document 3
Methods for Accessing Relational Database Data 3
Selecting a SAS/ACCESS Method 4
SAS Views of DBMS Data 6

Chapter 2 4 SAS Names and Support for DBMS Names 7

Introduction to SAS/ACCESS Naming 7
SAS Naming Conventions 8
SAS/ACCESS Default Naming Behaviors 9
Renaming DBMS Data 10
Options That Affect SAS/ACCESS Naming Behavior 11
Naming Behavior When Retrieving DBMS Data 12
Naming Behavior When Creating DBMS Objects 12
SAS/ACCESS Naming Examples 13

Chapter 3 4 Data Integrity and Security 21

Introduction to Data Integrity and Security 21
DBMS Security 21
SAS Security 22
Potential Result Set Differences When Processing Null Data 27

Chapter 4 4 Performance Considerations 31

Increasing Throughput of the SAS Server 31
Limiting Retrieval 31
Repeatedly Accessing Data 33
iv

Sorting DBMS Data 33

Temporary Table Support for SAS/ACCESS 34

Chapter 5 4 Optimizing Your SQL Usage 37

Overview of Optimizing Your SQL Usage 37
Passing Functions to the DBMS Using PROC SQL 38
Passing Joins to the DBMS 38
Passing the DELETE Statement to Empty a Table 40
When Passing Joins to the DBMS Will Fail 40
Passing DISTINCT and UNION Processing to the DBMS 42
Optimizing the Passing of WHERE Clauses to the DBMS 42
Using the DBINDEX=, DBKEY=, and MULTI_DATASRC_OPT= Options 43

Chapter 6 4 Threaded Reads 47

Overview of Threaded Reads in SAS/ACCESS 47
Underlying Technology of Threaded Reads 47
SAS/ACCESS Interfaces and Threaded Reads 48
Scope of Threaded Reads 48
Options That Affect Threaded Reads 49
Generating Trace Information for Threaded Reads 50
Performance Impact of Threaded Reads 53
Autopartitioning Techniques in SAS/ACCESS 53
Data Ordering in SAS/ACCESS 54
Two-Pass Processing for SAS Threaded Applications 54
When Threaded Reads Will Not Occur 55
Summary of Threaded Reads 55

Chapter 7 4 How SAS/ACCESS Works 57

Introduction to How SAS/ACCESS Works 57
How the SAS/ACCESS LIBNAME Statement Works 58
How the Pass-Through Facility Works 59
How the ACCESS Procedure Works 60
How the DBLOAD Procedure Works 61

PART 2 General Reference 63

Chapter 8 4 SAS/ACCESS Features by Host 65
Introduction 65
SAS/ACCESS Interface to DB2 under UNIX and PC Hosts: Supported Features 65
SAS/ACCESS Interface to DB2 under z/OS: Supported Features 66
SAS/ACCESS Interface to Informix: Supported Features 66
SAS/ACCESS Interface to Microsoft SQL Server: Supported Features 67
SAS/ACCESS Interface to MySQL: Supported Features 67
SAS/ACCESS Interface to ODBC: Supported Features 68
SAS/ACCESS Interface to OLE DB: Supported Features 69
SAS/ACCESS Interface to Oracle: Supported Features 69
 v

SAS/ACCESS Interface to Sybase: Supported Features 70

SAS/ACCESS Interface to Teradata: Supported Features 71

Chapter 9 4 The LIBNAME Statement for Relational Databases 73

Overview of the LIBNAME Statement for Relational Databases 73
Assigning a Libref Interactively 74
LIBNAME Options for Relational Databases 78

Chapter 10 4 Data Set Options for Relational Databases 155

Overview of Data Set Options for Relational Databases 155

Chapter 11 4 Macro Variables and System Options for Relational Databases 261
Introduction to Macro Variables and System Options for Relational Databases 261
Macro Variables for Relational Databases 261
System Options for Relational Databases 263

Chapter 12 4 The Pass-Through Facility for Relational Databases 277

Overview of the SQL Procedure’s Interactions with SAS/ACCESS 277
Syntax for the Pass-Through Facility for Relational Databases 278

PART 3 Sample Code 289

Chapter 13 4 Accessing DBMS Data with the LIBNAME Statement 291
About the LIBNAME Statement Sample Code 291
Creating SAS Data Sets from DBMS Data 292
Using the SQL Procedure with DBMS Data 295
Using Other SAS Procedures with DBMS Data 303
Calculating Statistics from DBMS Data 308
Selecting and Combining DBMS Data 309
Joining DBMS and SAS Data 310

Chapter 14 4 Accessing DBMS Data with the Pass-Through Facility 311

About the Pass-Through Facility Sample Code 311
Retrieving DBMS Data with a Pass-Through Query 311
Combining an SQL View with a SAS Data Set 314
Using a Pass-Through Query in a Subquery 315

Chapter 15 4 Sample Data for SAS/ACCESS for Relational Databases 319

Introduction to the Sample Data 319
Descriptions of the Sample Data 319

PART 4 Converting SAS/ACCESS Descriptors to SQL Views 323

Chapter 16 4 The CV2VIEW Procedure 325
Overview of the CV2VIEW Procedure 325
Procedure Syntax 326
CV2VIEW Procedure Examples 330
vi

PART 5 Appendixes 335

Appendix 1 4 The ACCESS Procedure for Relational Databases 337
Overview of the ACCESS Procedure for Relational Databases 337
Procedure Syntax 339
Using Descriptors with the ACCESS Procedure 351
Examples of Using the ACCESS Procedure 353

Appendix 2 4 The DBLOAD Procedure for Relational Databases 355

Overview of the DBLOAD Procedure for Relational Databases 355
Procedure Syntax 357
Example of Using the DBLOAD Procedure 368

Appendix 3 4 Recommended Reading 369

Recommended Reading 369

Glossary 371

Index 377
 vii

What’s New

Overview

3 Beginning with SAS 9.0, threaded reads enable you to complete jobs in
substantially less time than if each task is handled sequentially.
3 The new CV2VIEW procedure converts SAS/ACCESS view descriptors into SQL
views.
3 Beginning with SAS 9.1.2, a SAS/ACCESS interface is added for MySQL databases.
3 Beginning with SAS 9.1.3, several more hosts are supported for existing DBMSs.
See the chapter, “SAS/ACCESS Features by Host” for more information.
Note: This section describes the features of SAS/ACCESS that are new or enhanced
since SAS 8.2. 4

All Supported SAS/ACCESS Interfaces to Relational Databases

3 Threaded reads divide resource-intensive tasks into multiple independent units of

work and execute those units in parallel.
3 Temporary table support enables DBMS temporary tables to persist from one SAS
step to the next. This support involves establishing a SAS connection to the DBMS
that persists across SAS procedures and DATA steps.
3 The new SQL options MULTI_DATASRC_OPT= and DBMASTER= optimize the
performance of the SQL procedure. More detailed information is available about
passing joins to the DBMS, determining when joins will fail, and optimizing
WHERE clauses.
3 The SASTRACE= system option now provides improved debugging capabilities.
3 The CV2VIEW procedure converts SAS/ACCESS view and access descriptors to
the SAS 9.0 format. It can also convert a view descriptor to a SAS 9.0 SQL view.
As SAS/ACCESS moves forward with LIBNAME enhancements and tighter
integration with the SAS Open Metadata Repository, SAS/ACCESS views will no
longer be the method of choice.
viii What’s New

3 DBMS metadata can now be accurately maintained within the SAS Open
Metadata Repository.
3 The MULTI_DATASRC_OPT= option in the LIBNAME statement can be used in
place of the DBKEY= option to improve performance when you are processing a
join between two data sources.
3 The DBMASTER= data set option designates which table is the master table when
you are processing a join that involves tables from two different types of databases.
3 The DIRECT_EXE= option in the LIBNAME statement enables you to pass an
SQL statement directly to a database by using explicit pass-through when you are
using PROC SQL with a libref.
3 You now have the ability to encode the DBMS password that appears in SAS
source code so that it does not appear as text in SAS programs.
3 The CHANGE statement can be used to re-name SAS/ACCESS tables.
3 Linux for Itanium-based Systems is available for DB2, Informix, Microsoft SQL
Server, MySQL, ODBC, Oracle, and Sybase, beginning with SAS 9.1.3 Service
Pack 1.
3 Linux for Intel Architecture is now available for MySQL, beginning with SAS 9.1.3
Service Pack 1, and for Teradata, beginning with SAS 9.1.3.
3 AIX (RS/6000) is available for MySQL, beginning with SAS 9.1.3 Service Pack 2.
3 HP-UX for the Itanium Processor Family Architecture is available for Sybase,
beginning with SAS 9.1.3 Service Pack 2, and for Teradata, beginning with Service
Pack 3 in November 2005.
3 64-bit Windows is now available for Oracle and DB2 in addition to 64-bit UNIX,
which was provided in SAS 8.2.
3 Beginning with SAS 9.0, support is discontinued for the following:
SAS/ACCESS Interface to CA-OpenIngres
SAS/ACCESS Interface to Oracle Rdb under OpenVMS Alpha
OS/2, OpenVMS VAX, MIPS ABI, Intel ABI, UNIX MP-RAS, and CMS
operating environments
CV2ODBC procedure.

SAS/ACCESS Interface to DB2 under z/OS

Note: z/OS is the successor to the OS/390 operating system. SAS/ACCESS 9.1 (and
later) for z/OS is supported on both OS/390 and z/OS operating systems and, throughout
this document, any reference to z/OS also applies to OS/390, unless otherwise stated. 4
The SAS/ACCESS Interface to DB2 under z/OS features stored procedure support
that includes passing input parameters, retrieving output parameters into SAS macro
variables, and retrieving result sets into SAS tables.
The following options are new:
3 The BL_DB2CURSOR= data set option specifies a string that contains a valid DB2
SELECT statement that points to either local or remote objects (tables or views).
After your database administrator populates the communication database with the
appropriate entries, you can select data from a remote location to load DB2 tables
directly from other DB2 and non-DB2 objects.
3 The BL_DB2LDCT3= data set option specifies a string in the LOAD utility control
statement, following the field specification.
3 The DBSLICE= data set option specifies user-supplied WHERE clauses to
partition a DBMS query into component queries for threaded reads.
 What’s New ix

3 The DBSLICEPARM= data set option and the DBSLICEPARM= LIBNAME

statement option control the scope of DBMS threaded reads and the number of
threads.
3 The DEGREE= option in the LIBNAME statement determines whether DB2 uses
parallelism.
3 The REMOTE_DBTYPE= option in the LIBNAME statement ensures that the
SQL that is used by some SAS procedures to access the DB2 catalog tables is
generated properly, based on the database server type.
3 The TRAP151= data set option enables columns that cannot be updated to be
removed from a FOR UPDATE OF clause so that updating of columns can continue.

SAS/ACCESS Interface to DB2 under UNIX and PC Hosts

The following options are new:
3 The DBSLICE= data set option specifies user-supplied WHERE clauses to
partition a DBMS query into component queries for threaded reads.
3 The DBSLICEPARM= data set option and the DBSLICEPARM= LIBNAME
statement option control the scope of DBMS threaded reads and the number of
threads.
3 The SQL_FUNCTIONS= option in the LIBNAME statement specifies that the
SQL functions that match the functions that are supported by SAS are passed to
the DBMS for processing.
3 The IGNORE_READ_ONLY_COLUMNS= data set option and option in the
LIBNAME statement specifies whether to ignore or include columns whose data
types are read-only when generating an SQL statement for inserts or updates.

SAS/ACCESS Interface to Informix

The following options are new:
3 The DBSLICE= data set option specifies user-supplied WHERE clauses to
partition a DBMS query into component queries for threaded reads.
3 The DBSLICEPARM= data set option and the DBSLICEPARM= LIBNAME
statement option control the scope of DBMS threaded reads and the number of
threads.

SAS/ACCESS Interface to Microsoft SQL Server

The following options are new:
3 The DBSLICE= data set option specifies user-supplied WHERE clauses to
partition a DBMS query into component queries for threaded reads.
3 The DBSLICEPARM= data set option and the DBSLICEPARM= LIBNAME
statement option control the scope of DBMS threaded reads and the number of
threads.
3 The ERRLIMIT= option in the LIBNAME statement specifies the number of errors
that are allowed while using the Fastload utility before SAS stops loading data to
Teradata.
3 The IGNORE_READ_ONLY_COLUMNS= data set option and option in the
LIBNAME statement specifies whether to ignore or include columns whose data
types are read-only when generating an SQL statement for inserts or updates.
x What’s New

SAS/ACCESS Interface to MySQL

Beginning with SAS 9.1.3 Service Pack 4, the INSERTBUFF= LIBNAME statement
option and the INSERTBUFF= data set option specify the number of rows in a single
insert operation.
Beginning with SAS 9.1.2, a SAS/ACCESS Interface to MySQL is available. MySQL
software is an open-source SQL database server that runs on 32–bit Windows systems,
64–bit HP systems, and 64–bit Solaris systems. The SAS/ACCESS Interface to MySQL
provides direct transparent access to MySQL databases through LIBNAME statements
or the Pass-Through Facility. Various LIBNAME statement options and data set
options, which are supported by the LIBNAME engine, enable you to control the data
that is returned to SAS.

SAS/ACCESS Interface to ODBC

The following feature and options are new:
3 ODBC 3.x standard API is supported.
3 The DBSLICE= data set option specifies user-supplied WHERE clauses to
partition a DBMS query into component queries for threaded reads.
3 The DBSLICEPARM= data set option and the DBSLICEPARM= LIBNAME
statement option control the scope of DBMS threaded reads and the number of
threads.
3 The SQL_FUNCTIONS= option in the LIBNAME statement specifies that the
SQL functions that match the functions that are supported by SAS are passed to
the DBMS.
3 The IGNORE_READ_ONLY_COLUMNS= data set option and option in the
LIBNAME statement specifies whether to ignore or include columns whose data
types are read-only when generating an SQL statement for inserts or updates.
 What’s New xi

SAS/ACCESS Interface to OLE DB

The following options are new:
3 The INSERTBUFF= option in the LIBNAME statement specifies the number of
rows in a single insert operation.
3 The SQL_FUNCTIONS= option in the LIBNAME statement specifies that the
SQL functions that match the functions that are supported by SAS are passed to
the DBMS.
3 The IGNORE_READ_ONLY_COLUMNS= data set option and option in the
LIBNAME statement specifies whether to ignore or include columns whose data
types are read-only when generating an SQL statement for inserts or updates.

SAS/ACCESS Interface to Oracle

The following options are new:
3 The BL_PARFILE= data set option creates a file that contains the SQL*Loader
command line options.
3 The DBSLICE= data set option specifies user-supplied WHERE clauses to
partition a DBMS query into component queries for threaded reads.
3 The DBSLICEPARM= data set option and the DBSLICEPARM= LIBNAME
statement option control the scope of DBMS threaded reads and the number of
threads.
3 The OR_PARTITION= data set option enables you to read, update, and delete data
from a specific partition in a partitioned table. It also enables you to insert and
bulk-load data into a specific partition in a partitioned table. It also boosts
performance.
3 OR_UPD_NOWHERE= is now a data set option, in addition to being an option in
the LIBNAME statement.
3 The BL_INDEX_OPTIONS= data set option enables you to specify SQL*Loader
Index options with bulk-loading. You can boost performance by specifying the
SORTED INDEXES index option.
3 The BL_RECOVERABLE= data set option enables you to specify whether the load
process is recoverable. It enhances the performance of the bulk load.
3 The BL_SUPPRESS_NULLIF= data set option enables you to specify whether the
load process is recoverable. It enhances the performance of the bulk load.

SAS/ACCESS Interface to Sybase

The following options are new:
3 The DBSLICE= data set option specifies user-supplied WHERE clauses to
partition a DBMS query into component queries for threaded reads.
3 The DBSLICEPARM= data set option and the DBSLICEPARM= LIBNAME
statement option control the scope of DBMS threaded reads and the number of
threads.
xii What’s New

SAS/ACCESS Interface to Teradata

The following features and options are new:
3 When processing WHERE statements that contain literal values for TIME or
TIMESTAMP, the SAS engine passes the values to Teradata exactly as they were
entered, without rounding or truncation. This behavior is new beginning with SAS
9.1.3 Service Pack 4.
3 Beginning with SAS 9.1, specifying OBS=n causes the SAS/ACCESS Interface to
Teradata to append SAMPLE n to the SQL that Teradata generates.
3 The interface to Teradata’s FastExport utility enables faster data extraction.
3 The interface to Teradata supports a bulk-load capability called MultiLoad, which
greatly accelerates insertion of data into both empty and existing Teradata tables.
The SAS/ACCESS MultiLoad facility is similar to the native Teradata MultiLoad.
You invoke the MultiLoad facility with the MULTILOAD= data set option. Note
that MULTILOAD= works in conjunction with several other new MultiLoad data
set options.
3 The DBSLICE= data set option specifies user-supplied WHERE clauses to
partition a DBMS query into component queries for threaded reads.
3 The DBSLICEPARM= data set option and the DBSLICEPARM= LIBNAME
statement option control the scope of DBMS threaded reads and the number of
threads.
3 The ERRLIMIT= option in the LIBNAME statement specifies the number of errors
that are allowed while using the Fastload utility before SAS stops loading data to
Teradata.
3 The LOGDB= option in the LIBNAME statement specifies the name of an
alternate database in which restart log tables from Teradata’s FastExport utility
are to be created.
 1

1
P A R T

Concepts

Chapter 1. . . . . . . . . . Overview of the SAS/ACCESS Interface to Relational

Databases 3

Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . SAS Names and Support for DBMS Names 7

Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . Data Integrity and Security 21

Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . Performance Considerations 31

Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . Optimizing Your SQL Usage 37

Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . Threaded Reads 47

Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . How SAS/ACCESS Works 57

2
 3

CHAPTER

1 Overview of the SAS/ACCESS

Interface to Relational
Databases

About This Document 3

Methods for Accessing Relational Database Data 3
Selecting a SAS/ACCESS Method 4
Methods for Accessing DBMS Tables and Views 4
SAS/ACCESS LIBNAME Statement Advantages
4
Pass-Through Facility Advantages 5
SAS/ACCESS Features for Common Tasks 5
SAS Views of DBMS Data 6

About This Document

This document provides conceptual, reference, and usage information for the
SAS/ACCESS Interface to relational database management systems (DBMSs). The
information in this document applies generally to all of the relational database
management systems that are supported by SAS/ACCESS software. Because the
availability and behavior of SAS/ACCESS features vary from one interface to another,
you should use this general document in conjunction with the documentation for your
SAS/ACCESS interface. There is an individual document for each supported DBMS,
and those documents are sold separately.
This document is intended for applications programmers and end users who meet the
following conditions:
3 familiar with the basics of their DBMS and its SQL (Structured Query Language)
3 know how to use their operating environment
3 can use basic SAS commands and statements.
Database administrators might also want to read this document to understand how the
interface is implemented and administered.

Methods for Accessing Relational Database Data

The SAS/ACCESS interface to relational databases is a family of interfaces (each of
which is licensed separately) that enable you to interact with data in other vendors’
databases from within SAS. SAS/ACCESS provides the following methods for accessing
relational DBMS data:
3 The LIBNAME statement enables you to assign SAS librefs to DBMS objects such
as schemas and databases. After a database is associated with a libref, you can
4 Selecting a SAS/ACCESS Method 4 Chapter 1

use a SAS two-level name to specify any table or view in the database and then
work with the table or view as you would with a SAS data set.
3 The Pass-Through Facility enables you to interact with a data source using its
native SQL syntax without leaving your SAS session. The SQL statements are
passed directly to the data source for processing.
3 The ACCESS and DBLOAD procedures support indirect access to DBMS data.
These procedures are no longer the recommended method for accessing DBMS
data, but they continue to be supported for the database systems and
environments on which they were available for SAS Version 6.
See “Selecting a SAS/ACCESS Method” on page 4 for information about when to use
each method.
Note: Not all SAS/ACCESS interfaces support all of these features. See the section
about features by host to determine which features are available in your environment. 4

Selecting a SAS/ACCESS Method

Methods for Accessing DBMS Tables and Views

In SAS/ACCESS, there are often several ways to complete a task. For example, you
can access DBMS tables and views by using the LIBNAME statement or the
Pass-Through Facility. The advantages and limitations of these features are described
below. Before processing complex or data-intensive operations, you might want to test
several of these features to determine the most efficient feature for your particular task.

SAS/ACCESS LIBNAME Statement Advantages

It is generally recommended that you use the SAS/ACCESS LIBNAME statement to

access your DBMS data because this is usually the fastest and most direct method. An
exception to this is when you need to use non-ANSI standard SQL. ANSI standard SQL
is required when you use the SAS/ACCESS library engine in the SQL procedure. The
Pass-Through Facility, however, accepts all the extensions to SQL that are provided by
your DBMS.
The SAS/ACCESS LIBNAME statement has the following advantages:
3 Significantly fewer lines of SAS code are required to perform operations on your
DBMS. For example, a single LIBNAME statement establishes a connection to
your DBMS, enables you to specify how your data is processed, and enables you to
easily view your DBMS tables in SAS.
3 You do not need to know the SQL language of your DBMS in order to access and
manipulate data on your DBMS. You can use SAS procedures, such as PROC SQL,
or DATA step programming on any libref that references DBMS data. You can
read, insert, update, delete, and append data, as well as create and drop DBMS
tables by using SAS syntax.
3 The LIBNAME statement provides more control over DBMS operations such as
locking, spooling, and data type conversion through the use of LIBNAME and data
set options.
Other documents randomly have
different content
 Economics - Formula Sheet
Summer 2021 - Institute

Prepared by: Lecturer Smith

Date: July 28, 2025

Chapter 1: Assessment criteria and rubrics

Learning Objective 1: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 2: Critical analysis and evaluation
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 11: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 11: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 13: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 19: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Introduction 3: Fundamental concepts and principles
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 21: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 23: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 29: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Lesson 4: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 31: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 33: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 38: Research findings and conclusions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 39: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Introduction 5: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 45: Key terms and definitions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 47: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Summary 6: Current trends and future directions
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 51: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 52: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 54: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 56: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 56: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 7: Study tips and learning strategies
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 63: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 65: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 66: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Summary 8: Critical analysis and evaluation
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 74: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 76: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 77: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 80: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Summary 9: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 81: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 84: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 84: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 87: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 87: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 90: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Exercise 10: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 91: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 91: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 92: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 95: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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