ME3391

ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

UNIT- II

III Semester
Mechanical Engineering
ME 3391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023

UNIT - II
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Limitations of First law of Thermodynamics.
First law does not indicate whether a process is possible or not. It does not give any information
regarding the extent of conversion of heat into work.
PMM1
An imaginary machine which supplies work continuously without any other form of energy input
is Perpetual Motion Machine of First kind (PMM1).
Perpetual motion machine of the second kind
Perpetual motion machine of second kind draws heat continuously from single reservoir and
converts it into equivalent amount of work. Thus it gives 100% efficiency
Causes of Irreversibility
Lack of equilibrium during the process (ex: Heat transfer through a finite temperature difference)
Involvement of dissipative effects. (ex: Free Expansion)
Kelvin Planck’s statement of Second Law:
 It is impossible to construct a device operating in cycle to produce net work while

exchanging heat with single reservoir or reservoirs at single fixed temperature.

 It is implied from this statement that a heat engine cannot convert all the heat

supplied to it into work. It has to necessarily reject heat.

 In other words, a heat engine cannot have zero heat rejection or 100% efficiency.

Clausius’ statement of Second Law:

It is impossible to construct a device operating in cycle to transfer heat from a lower temperature
region to higher temperature without any external aid.
It is implied from this statement that a refrigerator or heat pump cannot function
without work input.
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ME 3391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023

Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck’s and Clausius’ Statements of II Law:

Both Kelvin-Planck‟s and Clausius‟ Statements of II Law are equivalent. This can not
be directly proved. However, it can be shown that violation of either statement leads
to the violation of other statement.
Violation of KP Statement leading to violation of Clausius’ statement:
Consider a heat engine converting all the heat supplied to it into work as shown in
Figure 2. This is in violation of KP statement.

Now, it is possible to operate a heat pump with the work output W net , from the heat
engine without violating any statement of II law, as shown in Figure 3.

If the heat engine and heat pump are combined as a single system, the combined system
transfers heat Q2 from sink to source without external work input as shown in Figure 4.

This is in violation of Clausius‟ statement of second law of thermodynamics.

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ME 3391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023

Violation of Clausius’ statement leading to violation of KP Statement:

Consider a heat pump transferring heat Q1 from a sink at T2 to a source at T1 without
any external work input as shown in Figure 5. This is in violation of Clausius‟ statement
of second law of thermodynamics.

Now, it is possible to operate a heat engine between the source at T1 and the sink at T2
without violating any statement of II law, as shown in Figure 6. Let the heat engine take
heat Q1 from the source.

The heat engine and heat pump together constitute a single system, which acts as a heat
engine as shown in Figure 7. As the heat transfer from the heat pump and heat transfer
to the engine are of same the hot reservoir can be eliminated.

Now the combined system takes heat (Q1 – Q2) from the reservoir at T2 (Now source)
and converts it into work while exchanging with a single reservoir. This is in violation
of Kelvin-Planck‟s statement of II law.
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ME 3391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023
Carnot Theorem:
“Of all heat engines working between the same temperature levels, none has
greater efficiency than a reversible engine.”

Proof:
This cannot be directly proved. However, it can be shown that violation of
Carnot theorem leads to the violation of second law of thermodynamics.
Consider two heat engines „A‟ and „B‟ operating between the same source and
sink as shown in Figure 8. Let engine „A‟ be reversible and „B‟ irreversible. Let the
heat supplied to both the engines be equal. i.e. Q1A = Q1B

According to Carnot theorem, engine B, which is irreversible cannot have greater

efficiency than engine A, which is reversible.
Let us assume that engine B is more efficient*.
i.e. B >A
Therefore WB > WA
Let engine „A‟ be reversed as shown in Figure 9. Now the directions of Q 1A , Q2A
and WA are reversed. As WB > WA , Engine „B‟ can supply work WA to the
reversed engine „A‟ (which now acts as a refrigerator/heat pump) and there is a
net work out put of (WB - WA). As Q1A = Q1B , the source can be eliminated.

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ME 3391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023
The heat engine „B‟ and reversed heat engine „A‟ together constitute a system
which produces net work out put exchanging heat with a single reservoir at T 2.
This is in violation of Kelvin-Planck‟s statement of second law of
thermodynamics.
Hence the assumption that B> A is wrong. Therefore, A > B.

Corollary of Carnot Theorem:

The efficiency of all reversible engines working between the same temperature
levels is the same.
Proof:
Consider two reversible heat engines „A‟ and „B‟ operating between the same
source and sink as shown in Figure 10. Let the heat supplied to both the engines
be equal. i.e. Q1A = Q1B

According to Carnot theorem, both the engines have same efficiency.

Let us assume that engine B is more efficient*.
i.e. B > A, Therefore WB > WA
Let engine „A‟ be reversed as shown in Figure 11. Now the directions of Q1A , Q2A
and WA are reversed.
As WB > WA , Engine „B‟ can supply work WA to the reversed engine „A‟ (which
now acts as a refrigerator/heat pump) and there is a net work output of (WB -
WA).
As Q1A = Q1B , the source can be eliminated.

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ME 3391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023

The reversible heat engine „B‟ and reversed heat engine „A‟ together constitute a
system which produces net work out put exchanging heat with a single reservoir
at T2. This is in violation of Kelvin-Planck‟s statement of second law of
thermodynamics.
Hence the assumption that B> A is wrong.

Now, let us assume that engine A is more efficient*.

i.e. A> B

Therefore WA > WB

Let engine „B‟ be reversed as shown in Figure 12. Now the directions of Q1B , Q2B
and WB are reversed. As WA > WB , Engine „A‟ can supply work WB to the
reversed engine „B‟ (which now acts as a refrigerator/heat pump) and there is a
net work out put of (WA – WB). As Q1A = Q1B , the source can be eliminated.

The reversible heat engine „A‟ and reversed heat engine „B‟ together constitute a
system which produces net work out put exchanging heat with a single reservoir
at T2. This is in violation of Kelvin-Planck‟s statement of second law of
thermodynamics.

Hence the assumption that A> B is wrong. Therefore, A = B.

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 ME 8391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2018-2019
HEAT ENGINE HEAT PUMP REFRIGERATOR H.E CONNECTED IN H.E OPERATES H.P H.E OPERATES REFRIG.
SERIES

Work output Work input Work input Reversible Heat Engine: Reversible Heat Engine:
Q1 Q2 To find Intermediate Efficiency Efficiency
WHE = Q1 − Q2 (Or) 𝜂 × Q1 T2
WHP = Q1 − Q2 (Or) WREF = Q1 − Q2 (Or) T2
Heat Supplied to engine COP COP Temperature ′𝜂′ = 1 − ′𝜂′ = 1 −
T1 T1
Heat Supplied to room Heat delivered to atm
Q1 = WHE + Q2 Work output Work output
Heat Rejected from engine
Q1 = WHP + Q2 Q1 = WREF + Q2
WHE = Q1 − Q2 (Or) 𝜂 × Q1 WHE = Q1 − Q2 (Or) 𝜂 × Q1
Heat obserbed from atm Heat Rejected from room Equal power output:
Q2 = Q1 − WHE Heat Supplied to engine Heat Supplied to engine
Efficiency Q2 = Q1 − WHP Q2 = Q1 − WREF WHE1 = WHE2 Q1 = WHE + Q2 Q1 = WHE + Q2
WHE Q2 Coefficient of perfom. For Actual Refrigerator: Heat Rejected from engine Heat Rejected from engine
𝜂HE1 × Q1 = 𝜂HE2 × Q
𝜂= = 1− Q1 Q1 T2
Q1 Q1 COPHP = = Coefficient of perfom. T2
WHP Q1 − Q 2 T1 + T2 Q2 = Q1 − WHE (𝑂𝑅)Q1 × Q2 = Q1 − WHE (𝑂𝑅)Q1 ×
Q2 Q2 T= T1 T1
2
For Reversible Heat COPREF = = Heat Pump: Refrigeration:
Reversible H.P (Or) WREF Q1− Q 2
Engine (Or) Carnot Same Efficiency: Coefficient of perfom. Coefficient of perfom.
Carnot H.P : Reversible (Or) Carnot COP = Q3 = T3 COP = Q4 = T4
Engine : Efficiency REF
refrigerator : 𝜂HE1 = 𝜂HE2 HP
WHP T3 − T4 WREF T3 − T4
Efficiency
T2 T1 Efficiency Work input Work input
𝜂=1− 𝜂= T T2 Q3 Q4
T1 − T 2 T2 1− = 1−
T1 T1 T WHP = Q3 − Q4 (Or) WREF = Q3 − Q4 (Or)
Heat Rejected from engine COPREF = COP COP
Heat observed from atm. T 1− T 2 Heat Supplied to room Heat Delivered to atm
Q2 T2 T = √T1 × T2
= T2 Heat Rejected from room Q3 = WHP + Q4 Q3 = WREF + Q4
Q1 T1 Q =Q ×
2 1 T1 T2 Heat observed from atm Heat Rejected from room
Q =Q ×
2 1 T1 Q4 = Q3 − WHP Q4 = Q3 − WREF
T4 T4
Q4 = Q3 × Q4 = Q3 ×
T3 T3
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ME 3391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023

Problems on Heat Engine, Heat Pump and Refrigerator:

1. A cyclic heat engine operates between a source temperature of 1000°C and a sink temperature of 40°C.
what is the least rate of heat rejection per kW net output of the engine?
Given:
T1=1000°C+273=1273K, T2=40°C+273=313K,
Find: (i) Rate of heat rejection per kW
Solution:
For a reversible heat engine, the rate of heat rejection will
be minimum
T2 313
𝜂max = 1 − 𝜂max = 1 − 𝜂max = 75.4%
T1 1273
WHE
𝜂 = Q = WHE = 1 Q = 1. 33 kW
max Q1 1 0.754 1
𝜂max

The Rate of heat rejection:

Q2 = Q1 − WHE Q2 = 1.33 − 1 Q2 = 0. 33kW

2. Two reversible heat engines A and B are arranged in series, A rejecting heat directly to B. Engine A
receives 200 kJ at a temperature of 421°C from a hot source, while engine B is in communication with a
cold sink at a temperature of 4.4°C. If the work output of A is twice that of B, find (a) The intermediate
temperature between A and B, (b) The efficiency of each engine (c) The heat rejected to the cold sink
Given:
T1=421°C+273=694K, T3=4.4°C+273=277.4K, Q1 = 200kJ
Find: (i) Rate of heat rejection per kW
Solution:
(a) The intermediate temperature between A and B
As the work output of A is twice that of B
W1 = 2W2 Q1 − Q2 = 2 (Q2 − Q3) T1 − T = 2 (T − T3)
694 − T = 2 (T − 277.4) 694 − T = 2 T − 554.8) T2 = 416. 27K
(b) The efficiency of each engine
T 416.27
𝜂1 = 1 − 𝜂1 = 1 − 694
𝜂1 = 40. 02%
T1
T3
𝜂 = 1− 𝜂 = 1− 277.4 𝜂 = 33. 36%
2 T 2 416.27 2

(c) The heat rejected to the cold sink

T3 277.4
Q = ×Q Q = × 200 Q = 79. 94kJ
Q3 T
= 3 3 1 3 3
Q1 T1 T1 694

4. Two Carnot engines A and B are connected in series between two thermal reservoirs maintained at 1000
K and 100 K respectively. Engine A receives 1680 kJ of heat from the high-temperature reservoir and
rejects heat to the Carnot engine B. Engine B takes in heat rejected by engine A and rejects heat to the
low-temperature reservoir. If engines A and B have equal thermal efficiencies, determine (a) The heat
rejected by engine B , (b) The temperature at which heat is rejected by engine, A (c) The work done
during the process by engines, A and B respectively. If engines A and B deliver equal work, determine,
(d) The amount of heat taken in by engine B, (e) The efficiencies of engines A and B

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ME 3391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023

Given:
T1=1000K, T3=100K, Q1 = 1680kJ
Find: (a) Q3 (b) T (c) WA , WB (d) T if WA = WB (e) 𝜂1, 𝜂2
Solution:
Engines A and B have equal thermal efficiencies:
(a) The heat rejected by engine B
T3 100
Q = ×Q Q = × 1680 Q = 168kJ
Q3 T
= 3 1 3 3
Q1 T1 3 T1 1000

(b) The temperature at which heat is rejected by engine, A

T T3 T 100
𝜂1 = 𝜂 2 1− =1− = T = 316. 3K
T1 T 1000 T

As the work output of A is twice that of B

(c) The work done during the process by engines, A and B
T 316.3
Q = ×Q Q = × 1680 Q = 531. 26kJ
Q2 T
= 2 1 2 2
Q1 T1 T1 1000

WA = Q1 − Q2 WA = 1680 − 531.26 WA = 1148. 74kJ

WB = Q2 − Q3 WB = 531.26 − 168 WB = 363. 26kJ
Engines A and B deliver equal work:
(d) The amount of heat taken in by engine B
T1+T2 1000+100
T= T= T = 550K
2 2
T 550
𝜂1 = 1 − 𝜂1 = 1 − 1000 𝜂1 = 45%
T1
T3 100
𝜂2 = 1 − 𝜂2 = 1 − 550 𝜂2 = 81. 82%
T

5. A heat engine is used to drive a heat pump. The heat transfers from the heat engine and from the heat
pump are used to heat the water circulating through the radiators of a building. The efficiency of the
heat engine is 27% and the COP of the heat pump is 4. Evaluate the ratio of the heat transfer to the
circulating water to the heat transfer to the heat engine.
Given: 𝜂1 = 27% , COP=4
Find: (i) The ratio of the heat transfer
Solution:
The Heat Engine:
Q Q Q2
𝜂 =1− 2 0.27 = 1 − 2 = 0.73 Q = 0. 73Q
1 Q1 Q1 Q1 2 1

WHE WHE
𝜂1 = 0.27 = WHE = 0. 27Q1
Q1 Q1

The Heat Pump:

Q Q
COPHP = W 4 4 = W4 Q4 = 4WHE Q4 = 1. 08Q1
HE HE

Heat transfer to the circulating water:

Q2 + Q4 0.73Q1 = 1.08Q1 Q2 + Q4 = 1. 81Q1
The heat transfer to the circulating water
= = 1. 81
The heat transfer to the heat engine

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ME 3391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023

6. A heat pump is run by a reversible heat engine operating between reservoirs at 800°C and 50°C. The
heat pump working on Carnot cycle picks up 15 kW heat from reservoir at 10°C and delivers it to a
reservoir at 50°C. The reversible engine also runs a machine that needs 25 kW. Determine the heat
received from highest temperature reservoir and heat rejected to reservoir at 50°C.
Given:
T1=1073K, T2= T4=323K, T3=283K, Q3 = 15kW
Find: (a) Q1 (b) Q2 + Q4
Solution:
Heat Pump:
T4 323
COPHP = COPHP = 323−283 COPHP = 8. 075
T4−T3
Q4 Q4
COPHP = 8.075 = 8.075Q4 − 121.13 = Q4
Q4−Q3 Q4−15

Q4 = 17. 12kW
WHP = Q4 − Q3 WHP = 17.12 − 15 WHP = 2. 12kW
Heat Engine:
WHE = WHP + 25 WHE = 2.12 + 25 WHE = 27. 12kW
T2 323
𝜂HE = 1 − 𝜂HE = 1 − 1073 𝜂HE = 69. 9%
T1
WHE
𝜂1 = 0.699 = 27.12 Q1 = 38. 8kW
Q1 Q1

WHE = Q1 − Q2 27.12 = 38.8 − Q2 Q2 = 11. 68kW

Heat rejected to reservoir at 50 °C
= Q2 + Q4 = 11.68 + 17.12 Q2 + Q4 = 28. 8kW

7. A heat pump working on the Carnot cycle takes in heat from a reservoir at 5°C and delivers heat to a
reservoir at 60°C. The heat pump is driven by a reversible heat engine which takes in heat from a
reservoir at 840°C and rejects heat to a reservoir at 60°C. The reversible heat engine also drives a
machine that absorbs 30 kW. If the heat pump extracts 17 kJ/s from the 5°C reservoir, determine (a)
The rate of heat supply from the 840°C source (b) The rate of heat rejection to the 60°C sink.
Given:
T1=1113K, T2= T4=333K, T3=278K, Q3 = 17kW
Find: (a) Q1 (b) Q2 + Q4
Solution:
Heat Pump:
T4 333
COPHP = COPHP = 333−278 COPHP = 6. 055
T4−T3
Q4 Q4
COPHP = 6.055 = 6.055Q4 − 102.94 = Q 4 Q4 = 20. 36kW
Q4−Q3 Q4−17

WHP = Q4 − Q3 WHP = 20.36 − 17 WHP = 3. 36kW

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ME 3391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023

Heat Engine:
WHE = WHP + 30 WHE = 3.36 + 30 WHE = 33. 36kW
T2 333
𝜂HE = 1 − 𝜂HE = 1 − 1113 𝜂HE = 70. 08%
T1
WHE
𝜂1 = 0.708 = 33.36 Q1 = 47. 12kW
Q1 Q1

WHE = Q1 − Q2 33.36 = 47.12 − Q2 Q2 = 13. 76kW

Heat rejected to reservoir at 60 °C
= Q2 + Q4 = 13.76 + 20.36 Q2 + Q4 = 34. 12kW
8. An ice-making plant produces ice at atmospheric pressure and at 0°C from water. The mean
temperature of the cooling water circulating through the condenser of the refrigerating machine is
18°C. Evaluate the minimum electrical work in kWh required to produce 1 tonne of ice (The enthalpy of
fusion of ice at atmospheric pressure is 333.5 kJ/kg).
Given:
T1=273K, T2= 291K, Q1 = 333.5 × 1000
Find: (a) Wmin
Solution:
T1 273
COPmax = COPmax = 291−273 COPmax = 15. 2
T2−T1
Q 1000×333.5
COPmin = W 15.2 = Wmin = 21. 989MJ
min Wmin

9. A heat pump is to be used to heat a house in winter and then reversed to cool the house in summer. The
interior temperature is to be maintained at 20°C. Heat transfer through the walls and roof is estimated
to be 0.525 kJ/s per degree temperature difference between the inside and outside. (a) If the outside
temperature in winter is 5°C, what is the minimum power required to drive the heat pump? (b) If the
power output is the same as in part (a), what is the maximum outer temperature for which the inside
can be maintained at 20°C?
Given: T1=293K, q=0.525kJ/s°C
Find: (a) Wmin for heat pump if outside temperature in winter is 5°C
(b) The maximum outer temperature for which the inside can be
maintained at 20°C (if power output is same for part a &b)
Solution:
Heat pump:
Estimated Heat Rate: Q̇ = q × (T2 − T1) Q̇ = 0.525 × (20 − 5) Q̇ = 7. 875kJ/s
T1 293
COP = COP = COP = 19. 53
HP T2−T1 Hp 293−278 HP
Q 7.875
COP = 19.53 = Ẇ = 403W
HP Ẇ min Wmin min

Refrigerator:
Heat Rate: Q̇ 1 = q × (T − T1) Q̇ 1 = 0.525 × (T − 293)
T1 293
COP = COP =
HP T−T1 Hp T−293
Q 293 0.525×(T−293)
COPHP = = T = 308K
Wmin T−293 0.403

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ME 3391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023

10. A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at temperatures 700°C and 50°C. The engine
drives a reversible refrigerator which operates between reservoirs at temperatures of 50°C and – 25°C.
The heat transfer to the engine is 2500 kJ and the net work output of the combined engine refrigerator
plant is 400 kJ.(i) Determine the heat transfer to the refrigerant and the net heat transfer to the
reservoir at 50°C (ii) Reconsider (i) given that the efficiency of the heat engine and the C.O.P. of the
refrigerator are each 45 per cent of their maximum possible values.
Given:
T1=973K, T2= T4=323K, T3=248K, Q1 = 2500kJ
Find: (a) Q1 (b) Q2 + Q4
Solution:
Heat Engine:
T2 323
𝜂 =1− 𝜂 = 1− 𝜂 = 66. 8%
HE T1 HE 973 HE
WHE WHE
𝜂 = 0.668 = W = 1670kJ
1 Q1 2500 HE

WHE = Q1 − Q2 1670 = 2500 − Q2 Q2 = 830kJ

Refrigerator:
WHE = W + Wref 1670 = 400 + Wref Wref = 1270kJ
T3 248
COP = COP = COP = 3. 306
ref T4−T3 ref 323−248 ref
Q4 Q4
COP = 3.306 = Q = 4198. 6kJ
ref Wre𝐹 1270 4

Wref = Q3 − Q4 1270 = Q3 − 4198.6 Q3 = 5468. 6kJ

Heat rejected to reservoir at 50 °C
= Q2 + Q3 = 830 + 5468.6 Q2 + Q3 = 62986kJ

If the efficiency of the actual heat engine and COP is 45%

𝜂HE = 45% × 𝜂max 𝜂HE = 0.45 × 0.668 𝜂HE = 30%
WHE WHE
𝜂 = 0.3 = W = 750kJ
1 Q1 2500 HE

WHE = Q1 − Q2 750 = 2500 − Q2 Q2 = 1750kJ

Refrigerator:
WHE = W + Wref 750 = 400 + Wref Wref = 350kJ
COPref = 3.306 × 0.45 COPref = 1.
48
Q4 Q4
COP = 1.48 = Q = 518kJ
ref Wre𝐹 350 4

Wref = Q3 − Q4 350 = Q3 − 518 Q3 = 868kJ

Heat rejected to reservoir at 50 °C
= Q2 + Q3 = 1750 + 868 Q2 + Q3 = 2618kJ

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ME 3391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023

11. A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at 827ºC and 27ºC. Engine drives a Carnot
refrigerator maintaining –13ºC and rejecting heat to reservoir at 27ºC. Heat input to the engine is 2000
kJ and the net work available is 300 kJ. How much heat is transferred to refrigerant and total heat
rejected to reservoir at 27ºC.
Given: T1=827ºC, T2= T4=27ºC, T3= –13ºC, Q1 = 2000kJ
Find: (a) Q4 (b) Q2 + Q4
Solution:
Heat Engine:
T2 300
Q2 = ×Q = × 2000 Q = 545. 45kJ
Q1 T1
= 1 2
Q2 T2 T1 1100

WHE = Q1 − Q2 WHE = 2000 − 545.45 WHE = 1454. 55kJ

Refrigerator:
WHE = W + Wref 1454.55 = 300 + Wref Wref = 1154. 55kJ
T3 260
COPref = COPref = 300−260 COPref = 6.5
T4−T3
Q Q3
COPref = W
3 6.5 = Q3 = 7504. 58kJ
re𝐹 1154.55

Wref = Q4 − Q3 1154.55 = Q4 − 7504.58 Q4 = 8659. 13kJ

Heat rejected to reservoir
= Q2 + Q4 = 545.45 + 8659.13 Q2 + Q4 = 9204. 58kJ
12.(a) A reversible heat pump is used to maintain a temperature of 0°C in a refrigerator when it rejects the
heat to the surroundings at 25°C. If the heat removal rate from the refrigerator is 1440 kJ/min,
determine the C.O.P. of the machine and work input required.
Given:
T1=25°C+273=298K,T2=0°C+273=273K,
Q1 = 1440kJ/min= 24kJ/s
Find: (a) COP & WHPFind: (a) Q4 (b) Q2 + Q4
Solution:
T1 298
COPHP = COPHp = 298−273 COPHP = 11. 92
T2−T1
Q 24
COPHP = 11.92 = WHP = 2. 2kW
Ẇ HP WHP
WHP = Q2 − Q1 2.2 = Q2 − 24 Q2 = 26. 2kJ/s
(b) If the required input to run the pump is developed by a reversible engine which receives heat at
380°C and rejects heat to atmosphere, then determine the overall C.O.P. of the system.
Heat Engine: WHE = WHP
Q 4 = 1. 847kJ/s
Q3 T3 Q4+WHE T3 Q4+2.2 653
= = = 298
Q4 T4 Q4 T4 Q4

WHE = Q3 − Q4 2.2 = Q3 − 1.847 Q3 = 4. 047kJ/s

Heat Pump
Q1 24
COPHP = COPHP = 1154.55 COPHP = 5. 98
Q3

The overall COP

Q2+Q4 26.2+1.847
= = = 6.98
Q3 4.047

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ME 3391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023

[Link] ice plant working on a reversed Carnot cycle heat pump produces 15 tonnes of ice per day. The ice is
formed from water at 0°C and the formed ice is maintained at 0°C. The heat is rejected to the
atmosphere at 25°C. The heat pump used to run the ice plant is coupled to a Carnot engine which
absorbs heat from a source which is maintained at 220°C by burning liquid fuel of 44500 kJ/kg calorific
value and rejects the heat to the atmosphere. Determine :(i) Power developed by the engine (ii) Fuel
consumed per [Link] enthalpy of fusion of ice = 334.5 kJ/kg.
Given: T1=493K, T2= T3=298K, T4=273K,
Find: (a) W (b) Fuel consumed per hour
Solution:
Heat Pump:
T3 298
COPHP = COPHP = 298−273 COPHP = 11. 92
T3−T4
15×1000×334.5
Q4 = Q4 = 58. 07 kJ/s
24×60
Q3 Q3
COPHP = 11.92 = 11.92Q3 − 692.23 = Q3
Q3−Q4 Q3−58.07

Q3 = 63. 39 kJ/s
WHP = Q3 − Q4 WHP = 63.39 − 58.07 WHP = 5. 32kW
Heat Engine:
T2 298
𝜂HE = 1 − 𝜂HE = 1 − 493 𝜂HE = 39. 55%
T1
WHE 5.32
𝜂1 = 0.3955 = Q1 = 13. 45kW
Q1 Q1

Q1 = 13.45 × 60 × 60 Q1 = 48168 kJ/hr

Quantity of fuel consumed/hour
Heat Supplied to engine 48168
= = = 1. 082kg/h
CV 44500

14. Explain Carnot cycle with neat sketches.

 Any fluid may be used to operate the Carnot
cycle which is performed in an engine cylinder
the head of which is supposed alternatively to be
perfect conductor or a perfect insulator of a heat.
 Heat is caused to flow into the cylinder by the
application of high temperature energy source to
the cylinder head during expansion, and to flow
from the cylinder by the application of a lower
temperature energy source to the head during
compression.

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ME 3391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023

The assumptions made for describing the working of the Carnot engine are as follows:
i. The piston moving in a cylinder does not develop any friction during motion.
ii. The walls of piston and cylinder are considered as perfect insulators of heat.
iii. The cylinder head is so arranged that it can be a perfect heat conductor or perfect heat insulator.
iv. The transfer of heat does not affect the temperature of source or sink.
v. Working medium is a perfect gas and has constant specific heat.
vi. Compression and expansion are reversible.
Following are the four stages of Carnot cycle :
Process 1-2: Hot energy source is applied. Heat Q1 is taken in whilst the fluid expands isothermally and
reversibly at constant high temperature T1.
Process 2-3: The cylinder becomes a perfect insulator so that no heat flow takes place. The fluid expands
adiabatically and reversibly whilst temperature falls from T1 to T2.
Process 3-4: Cold energy source is applied. Heat Q2 flows from the fluid whilst it is compressed
isothermally and reversibly at constant lower temperature T2.
Process 4-1: Cylinder head becomes a perfect insulator so that no heat flow occurs. The compression is
continued adiabatically and reversibly during which temperature is raised from T2 to T1.
The work delivered from the system during the cycle is represented by the enclosed area of the cycle. Again
for a closed cycle, according to first law of the thermodynamics the work obtained is equal to the difference
between the heat supplied by the source (Q1) and the heat rejected to the sink (Q2).
∴ W = Q1 – Q2
Also, thermal efficiency, 𝜂 =
Work done
=
Q1−Q2
=1−
T2
th Heat supplied by the source Q1 T1
Such an engine since it consists entirely of reversible processes, can operate in the reverse direction so that it
follows the cycle shown in Fig and operates as a heat pump. Q2 is being taken in at the lower temperature T2
during the isothermal expansion (process 4-3) and heat Q1 is being rejected at the upper temperature T1
(process 2-1). Work W will be needed to drive the pump. Again, the enclosed area represents this work which
is exactly equal to that flowing from it when used as engine.
The Carnot cycle cannot be performed in practice because of the following reasons :
1. It is impossible to perform a frictionless process.
2. It is impossible to transfer the heat without temperature potential.
3. Isothermal process can be achieved only if the piston moves very slowly to allow heat transfer so that the
temperature remains constant. Adiabatic process can be achieved only if the piston moves as fast as possible
so that the heat transfer is negligible due to very short time available. The isothermal and adiabatic processes
take place during the same stroke therefore the piston has to move very slowly for part of the stroke and it has
to move very fast during remaining stroke. This variation of motion of the piston during the same stroke is not
possible.

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ME 3391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023

ENTROPY:
Change in entropy (S2-S1) is:

> sign holds good for irreversible process and = sign for reversible process.
Principle of increase of entropy
ΔSuniverse > 0
The change in entropy of a thermodynamic universe (system and surroundings) is always
positive.
Change in Entropy :
Process Equation follows Change In Entropy

T2
Constant Volume (V=C) ∆S = mCv ln ( )
T1
T2
Constant Pressure (p=C) ∆S = mCP ln ( )
T1
V2
Isothermal (pV=C) ∆S = mR ln ( )
V1
Adiabatic Process (𝑝𝑉𝛾 = 𝐶) ∆S = 0
T2
Polytropic Process (𝑝𝑉𝑛 = 𝐶) ∆S = mCn ln ( )
T1
Entropy for all process can also be calculated by:
T V
∆S = mC ln ( 2) + mR ln ( 2),
v
T1 V1

T2 P2
∆S = mCP ln ( ) − mR ln ( ) ,
T1 P1
V2 P2
∆S = mCP ln ( ) + mCv ln ( )
V1 P1

For Ideal Gas (Air):

Specific Heat ‘Cp’ = 1.005 kJ/kg.K, ‘Cv’ = 0.718 kJ/kg.K

For Water :

Specific Heat ‘Cp’ = 4.186 kJ/kg.K,

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ME 3391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023

1. Air at 20°C and 1.05 bar occupies 0.025 m3. The air is heated at constant volume until the pressure is 4.5
bar, and then cooled at constant pressure back to original temperature.
Calculate :(i) The net heat flow from the air.(ii) The net entropy change.
Given:
Temperature, T1 = 20 + 273 = 293 K
Volume, V1 = V3 = 0.025 m3
Pressure, p1 = 1.05 bar = 1.05 × 105 N/m2
Pressure, p2 = 4.5 bar = 4.5 × 105 N/m2.
Find: (i) Net heat flow (ii) Net entropy change
Solution:`
The mass of gas :
P1V1 (1.05 × 105) × 0.025
m= m=
287 × 293
m = 0. 0312kg
RT1
Process1-2:Constant Volume Process
P2 4.5
At p =C pT =p T T = ×T = × 293 T = 1255. 7K
T 1 2 2 1 2 P1 1 1.05 2

Q12 = mCv(T2 − T1) Q12 = 0.0312 × 0.718(1255.7 − 293) Q12 = 21. 56kJ
T2
∆S 1255.7
12 = mCv ln ( ) ∆S 12 = 0.0312 × 0.718 ln ( 293 ) ∆S12 = 0. 0326kJ/K
T1

Process 2-3: Constant pressure process

Q23 = mCp(T3 − T2) Q23 = 0.0312 × 1.005 × (293 − 1255.7) Q23 = −30. 18kJ
T2
∆S 1255.7
23 = mCv ln (T ) ∆S23 = 0.0312 × 1.005 ln ( 293 ) ∆S23 = 0. 0456kJ/K
3

(i) The net heat flow

Q = Q12 + Q23 Q = 21.56 − 30.18 Q = −8. 62kJ
(ii) The Net decrease in entropy
∆S = S12 + S23 ∆S = 0.0326 − 0.0456 ∆S = 0. 013kJ/K
2. An insulated cylinder of volume capacity 4 m3 contains 20 kg of nitrogen. Paddle work is done on the
gas by stirring it till the pressure in the vessel gets increased from 4 bar to 8 bar. Determine :(i) Change
in internal energy,(ii) Work done,(iii) Heat transferred, and (iv) Change in entropy
Given: P1 = 4 bar = 4 × 105 N/m2 , P2 = 8 bar = 8 × 105 N/m2, V1 = V2 = 4 m3
Cp=1.04 kJ/kgK , CV=0.7432 kJ/kgK
Find: (i) ΔU (ii) W (iii) Q (iv) ΔS
Solution:
kJ
R = CP − CV R = 1.04 − 0.7432 R = 0. 2968 .K
kg

(i) Change in internal energy

∆U = U − U ∆U = mC (T − T ) = mC (mT − mT ) p2V2 p1V1
∆U = Cv( − )
2 1 v 2 1 v 2 1 𝑅 𝑅
8×105×4 4×105×4
∆U = 0.7432( − ) ΔU = 4006. 4kJ
296.8 296.8

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ME 3391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023

(ii) Work done, W

There is no change in system boundary or pdv work is absent. No heat is transferred to the system
Q12 = (U2 − U1) + W12 0 = (U2 − U1) + W12 W12 = −(U2 − U1) W12 = −4006. 4kJ
(iii) Heat transferred, Q12 = 0
(i) Change in entropy
T
∆S12 = mCv ln ( 2 ) ∆S12 = 20 × 0.7432 ln(2) ∆S12 = 10. 3kJ/K
T1

3. Find the change in entropy of steam generated at 400ºC from 5 kg of water at 27ºC and atmospheric
pressure. Take specific heat of water to be 4.2 kJ/kg.K, heat of vaporization at 100ºC as 2260 kJ/kg and
specific heat for steam given by; cp = R (3.5 + 1.2T + 0.14T2) J/kgK.
Given: T1=400ºC, m=5 kg, T2=27ºC, CP=4.2kJ/kgK, hfg=2260kJ/kg
Solution:
Total entropy change = Entropy change during water temperature rise (ΔS1) + Entropy change
during water to steam change (ΔS2) + Entropy change during steam
temperature rise (ΔS3)
Entropy change during water temperature rise (ΔS1):
Q1 mCp(T2−T1) 5×4.2×(373−300)
∆S 1 = T1
∆S 1 = ∆S 1 = 300
ΔS 1 = 5. 11kJ/K
T1

Entropy change during water to steam change (ΔS2):

Q2 m×ℎf𝑔 5×2260
∆S2 = ∆S2 = ∆S2 = 373.13
ΔS2 = 30. 28 kJ/K
T2 T2

Entropy change during steam temperature rise (ΔS3):

For steam R = 8.314 = 0.462 kJ/kg.K
18

Therefore, Cp for steam = 0.462 (3.5 + 1.2 · T + 0.14T2) × 10–3

= (1.617 + 0.5544 T + 0.065 T2) × 10–3
673.15 1.617
∆S3 =
673.15 dQ ∆S = ∫ 5 X 10−3 X ( + 0.5544 + 0.065T) dT
∫373.15 3 373.15
T T

ΔS3 = 51. 84kJ/K

Total entropy change = 5.11 + 30.28 + 51.84= 87.23 kJ/K
4. Determine the change in entropy of universe if a copper block of 1 kg at 150ºC is placed in a sea water
at 25ºC. Take heat capacity of copper as 0.393 kJ/kg K.
Given: m=1 kg, T1=150 ºC+273=423 K, T2=25ºC+273=298 K, CP=0.393 kJ/kgK
Find: Change in entropy of universe
Solution:
ΔSuniverse = ΔSblock + ΔSwater
Here hot block is put into sea water, so block shall cool down upto sea water at 25ºC as sea may be
treated as sink.
T
∆Sblock = mCv ln ( 2 ) ∆Sblock = 1 × 0.393 ln ( 298 ) ∆Sblock = −0. 1376 kJ/K
T1 423

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ME 3391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023

Q1 mCp(T2−T1) 1×0.393×(423−298)
∆S w𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = T1
∆S 𝖶𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = = ΔS w𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0. 165kJ/K
T1 298

Thus, ΔSuniverse = – 0.1376 + 0.165 ΔSuniverse = 0.0274 kJ/k or 27.4 J/K

5. 1 kg of ice at – 5°C is exposed to the atmosphere which is at 25°C. The ice melts and comes into thermal
equilibrium. (i) Determine the entropy increase of the universe (ii) What is the minimum amount of
work necessary to convert the water back into ice at – 5°C ? Take : cp of ice = 2.093 kJ/kg°C, Latent
heat of fusion of ice = 333.33 kJ/kg

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ME 3391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023

6. Two tanks A and B are connected through a pipe with valve in between. Initially valve is closed and
tanks A and B contain 0.6 kg of air at 90°C, 1 bar and 1 kg of air at 45°C, 2 bar respectively.
Subsequently valve is opened and air is allowed to mix until equilibrium. Considering the complete
system to be insulated determine the final temperature, final pressure and entropy change.
Given: PA = 1 bar, TA = 363 K, mA = 0.6 kg; TB = 318K, mB = 1kg, pB = 2 bar
Find: Final temperature, Final pressure and Entropy change
Solution:
In this case due to perfectly insulated system, Q = 0, Also W = 0
ΔQ = ΔW + ΔU
0 = 0 + {(mA + mB) [Link] – ([Link]) – ([Link])}
(mACvTA+ mBCvTB) (0.6 X 363+1X318)
Tf = Tf = Tf = 334. 88 K
(mA+ mB) Cv (0.6+1)

Using gas law for combined system after attainment of equilibrium,

(mA+ mB) RT𝐹 (1+0.6) X 0.287 X 334.88 mA R T A
pf = pf = pf = 142. 25 kPa VA =
(V + V ) (0.625+0.456) pA
A B

Entropy change VA = 0.625 m3

ΔS = {((mA + mB).sf) – ([Link] + mBsB)} mB R TB
VB =
pB
= {mA(sf – sA) + mB (sf – sB)}
= {m (c ln
T𝐹
− R ln
p𝐹
) + m (c ln
T𝐹
− R ln
p𝐹
)}
VB = 0.456 m3
A p TA pA B p TB pB
334.88 142.25 334.88 142.25
∆S = {0.6 (1.005 ln − 0.287 ln ) + 1 (1.005 ln − 0.287 ln )}
363 100 318 200

ΔS = { – 0.1093 + 014977} ΔS = 0.04047 kJ/K

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ME 3391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023

7. One kilogram of water at 273 K is brought into contact with a heat reservoir at 373 K. (i) When the
water has reached 373 K, find the change in entropy of the water, of the heat reservoir, and of the
universe. (ii) If the water had been heated from 273 K to 373K by first bringing it in contact with a
reservoir at 323K and then with a reservoir at 373K, what would have been the change in entropy of
the universe?

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ME 8391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2018-2019

8. 5 m3 of air at 2 bar, 27 C is compressed up to 6 bar pressure following pV1.3= C. It is subsequently

expanded adiabatically to 2 bar. considering the two process to be reversible, determine the network,
net heat transfer, change in entropy. Also plot the processes on T-S and P-V diagrams

9. A metal block with m=5 kg, c=0.4 kJ/kgK at 40°C is kept in a room at 20°C. It is cooled in the following
two ways: (i) Using a Carnot engine (executing internal number of cycles) with the room itself as the
cold reservoir; (ii) Naturally. In each case, calculate the change in entropy of the block, of the air of the
room and of the universe. Assume that the metal block has constant specific heat
Given: m=5 kg, cp=0.4 kJ/kgK, T1=40°C, T2=20°C
Solution:
(i) Cooling naturally
Heat absorbed by air, δQ=Heat released by the metal block
𝛿Q = mc(T1 − T2) = 5 × 0.4 × (40 − 20)
✿Q = 40kJ
293 𝑑𝑇 293
(𝛿Q)𝐵𝐿0𝐶𝐾 = ∫313 𝑚𝑐 = 5 × 0.4 ln 313 (✿Q) 𝐵𝐿𝑂𝐶𝐾 = −0. 132𝑘𝐽/𝐾
𝑇
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ME 8391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2018-2019

Entropy change of atm, 𝛿Q =

𝛿Q
=
40
✿Q air = 0. 1365 kJ/K
𝑎i𝑟 𝑇 293

Entropy of universe:
𝛿Quniverse = 𝛿Qblock + 𝛿Qair
𝛿Quniverse = −0.132 + 0.1365
✿Quniverse = 0. 0045 kJ/K
(ii) Cooling using a Carnot Engine:
Entropy of Carnot engine,ΔSCarnot=0
For Carnot engine, efficiency
T1−T2 313−293
𝜂Carnot = 𝜂Carnot = 313
𝜂Carnot = 6. 39%
T1
W W
𝜂Carnot = 𝛿Q 0.0639 = W = 2. 556 kJ
40

Entropy of air, ∆S
=
𝛿Q+W
=
40+2.556 ∆S = 0. 1452 kJ/K
𝑎i𝑟 𝑎i𝑟
𝑇 293
∆𝑆𝑈𝑛i𝑣 = ∆S𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘+∆S𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑛gi𝑛𝑒+∆S𝑎i ∆𝑆𝑈𝑛i𝑣 = 0. 2772 𝑘𝐽/𝐾

Smixing  S1  S 2  157J / K

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ME 8391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2018-2019

1. (a) Define the terms ‘Irreversible process’ and ‘Reversible process’. Give an e.g. of each.
Irreversible process
Processes that are not reversible are called irreversible processes. Once having taken place, these
processes cannot reverse themselves spontaneously and restore the system to its initial state. For this
reason, they are classified as irreversible processes.
Example for irreversible process: Once a cup of hot coffee cools, it will not heat up by retrieving the
heat it lost from the surroundings.
Reversible process
A reversible process is defined as a process that can be reversed without leaving any trace on the
surroundings. That is, both the system and the surroundings are returned to their initial states at the
end of the reverse process. This is possible only if the net heat and net work exchange between the
system and the surroundings is zero for the combined (original and reverse) process.
Examples for reversible process are
i) Quasi equilibrium expansion and compression of gas
ii) Frictionless pendulum
iii)

2. State and prove Clausius inequality.

The Clausius Inequality applies to any real engine cycle and implies a negative change in entropy on the cycle.
That is, the entropy given to the environment during the cycle is larger than the entropy transferred to the
engine by heat from the hot reservoir

3. Mention the Clasius inequality for open, closed and isolated systems.
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ME 8391- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2018-2019
𝛿Q
i. ∑ < 0, Cycle is irreversible
Cycle T
𝛿Q
ii. ∑Cycle = 0, Cycle is reversible
T
𝛿Q
iii. ∑Cycle < 0, Cycle is impossible
T

4. 300 kJ/s of heat is supplied at a constant fixed temperature of 290°C to a heat engine. The heat rejection
takes place at 8.5°C. The following results were obtained : (i) 215 kJ/s are rejected. (ii) 150 kJ/s are
rejected. (iii) 75 kJ/s are rejected. Classify which of the result report a reversible cycle or irreversible
cycle or impossible results.
Given: Heat supplied at 290°C= 300 kJ/s , Heat rejected at 8.5°C
Find: (i) 215kJ/s, (ii) 150 kJ/s, (iii) 75 kJ/s
Solution:
Applying clausius inequality to the cycle
𝛿Q ✿Q
(ii) ∑ =
Q1
−
Q2
∑Cycle 𝛿Q = 300 − 215 ∑ = −2309 < 0, Cycle is irreversible
Cycle T T1 T2 T 563 281.5 Cycle T
𝛿Q ✿Q
(iii) ∑ =
Q1
−
Q2
∑Cycle 𝛿Q = 300 − 150 ∑ = 0, Cycle is reversible
Cycle T T1 T2 T 563 281.5 Cycle T
𝛿Q ✿Q
(iv) ∑ =
Q1
−
Q2
∑Cycle
𝛿Q
=
300
−
75 ∑ = 0. 2664 < 0, Cycle is impossible
Cycle T T1 T2 T 563 281.5 Cycle T

25