1.
Cluster Sampling:
This is a probability sampling technique where the population is divided into groups
(clusters) that share similar characteristics. Then, a random selection of clusters is
chosen, and all members within those clusters are included in the sample.
Example 1: A researcher wants to study student test scores across a state. Dividing
the state into school districts (clusters), they randomly select a set of districts and then
test all students within those chosen districts.
Example 2: A company wants to understand customer satisfaction in different
regions. They divide the country into regions (clusters) and randomly select a few
regions. All customers from those chosen regions are surveyed for their feedback.
2. Snowball Sampling:
This is a non-probability sampling technique used for hard-to-reach populations. You start
with a few initial participants who meet your criteria and then ask them to refer others in their
network who would also be relevant to your study. This referral process continues until you
reach the desired sample size.
Example 1: A researcher wants to study the experiences of people who participate in
online gaming [Link] find a few initial participants through online forums
and then ask them to refer other gamers they know. This referral process continues
until they have a sufficient sample of online gamers.
Example 2: A public health worker wants to interview people who use a specific
fitness app. They identify a few initial app users and ask them to refer friends who
also use the app. The referrals snowball from there to reach a sample of app users.
3. Purposive Sampling (also called Judgmental Sampling):
This is a non-probability sampling technique where the researcher selects participants based
on their judgment about who would be most informative for the study. This method is used to
ensure the sample has the characteristics needed to address the research question.
Example 1: A sociologist wants to study the challenges faced by single parents. They
purposefully select single parents from diverse backgrounds (income level, age, etc.)
to ensure a well-rounded perspective on the topic.
Example 2: An art historian wants to understand the creative process of modern
sculptors. They purposefully select a group of sculptors with different artistic styles
and levels of experience for in-depth interviews.
