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SOLUTION:
In Mesh 1: –4 + 400i + 300i – 300i – 1 = 0
1 1 2
In Mesh 2: 1 + 500i – 300i +2.2 = 0
2
Solving two equations
i1 = 5.923 mA and i2 = -2.846 mA
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SOLUTION:
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SOLUTION:
By inspection, no current flows through the 2 Ω resistor, so i1= 0
VA VA −VB
Node A: 2= +
3 1
VB VB VB −VA
Node B: -4 = + +
6 6 1
Solving, V = -1.714 V and V = -4.285 V
A B
Thus v1 = 2.571 V
Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques
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SOLUTION:
Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques
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Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques
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SOLUTION:
The supernode contains the 2-V source, nodes 1 and 2, and the 10-Ω [Link] KCL to
the supernode as shown in the figure below gives,
2 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + 7
Expressing 𝑖1 and𝑖2 in terms of the node voltages, we get,
𝑣1 − 0 𝑣2 − 0
2= + +7 => 8 = 2𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 28
2 4
Or, 𝑣2 = −20 − 2𝑣1 (i)
To get the relationship between 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 , we apply KVL to the circuit shown in figure below.
Going around the loop, we obtain,
−𝑣1 − 2 + 𝑣2 = 0 => 𝑣2 = 𝑣1 + 2 (ii)
Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques
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Irwin, Engineering Circuit Analysis, 11e ISV
From (i) and (ii), we get,
𝑣1 = −7.333 𝑉 And 𝑣2 = −5.333 𝑉.
Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques
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Irwin, Engineering Circuit Analysis, 11e ISV
SOLUTION:
+
-
Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques
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Irwin, Engineering Circuit Analysis, 11e ISV
SOLUTION:
Nodes 1 and 2 form a supernode; so do nodes 3 and 4. We apply KCLto the two supernodes as
represented in figure below.
At supernode 1-2,
𝑖3 + 10 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2
Expressing this in terms of the node voltages,
𝑣3 − 𝑣2 𝑣1 − 𝑣4 𝑣1
+ 10 = + Or, 5 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 − 𝑣3 − 2𝑣4 = 60 (i)
6 5 2
At supernode 3-4,
𝑣1 − 𝑣4 𝑣3 − 𝑣2 𝑣4 𝑣3
𝑖1 = 𝑖3 + 𝑖4 + 𝑖5 => = + +
3 6 1 4
Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques
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Irwin, Engineering Circuit Analysis, 11e ISV
Or, 4𝑣1 + 2𝑣2 − 5𝑣3 − 16𝑣4 = 0 (ii)
We now apply KVL to the branches involving the voltage sources as shown in the figure below,
For loop 1,
−𝑣1 + 20 + 𝑣2 = 0 => 𝑣1 − 𝑣2 = 20 (iii)
For loop 2,
−𝑣3 + 3 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣4 = 0
But, 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣1 − 𝑣4 , so that,
3𝑣1 − 𝑣3 − 2𝑣4 = 0 (iv)
For loop 3,
𝑣𝑥 − 3𝑣𝑥 + 6𝑖3 − 20 = 0
But, 6𝑖3 = 𝑣3 − 𝑣2 and𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣1 − 𝑣4 . Hence,
−2𝑣1 − 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 + 2𝑣4 = 20 (v)
We have four variables but 5 equations. Thus one extra equation can be used to check the results.
Solving equations from (i) to (v) using substitution and elimination method or using Cramer’s rule,
we get,𝑣1 = 26.67 𝑉 𝑣2 = 6.67 𝑉, 𝑣3 = 173.33 𝑉 𝑣4 = −46.67 𝑉
Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques
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SOLUTION:
Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques
60
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SOLUTION: at supernode 2Vx:
at V2:
Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques
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Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques
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Irwin, Engineering Circuit Analysis, 11e ISV
SOLUTION:
We apply KVL to the three meshes in turn. For mesh 1,
−24 + 10(𝑖1 − 𝑖2 ) + 12 (𝑖1 − 𝑖3 ) = 0
=> 11𝑖1 − 5𝑖2 − 6𝑖3 = 12 (i)
For mesh 2,
24𝑖2 + 4(𝑖2 − 𝑖3 ) + 10 (𝑖2 − 𝑖1 ) = 0
Or, −5𝑖1 + 19𝑖2 − 2𝑖3 = 0
(ii)
For mesh 3,
4𝐼0 + 12(𝑖3 − 𝑖1 ) + 4(𝑖3 − 𝑖2 ) = 0
But at node A, 𝐼0 = 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 , so that
4(𝑖1 − 𝑖2 ) + 12(𝑖3 − 𝑖1 ) + 4(𝑖3 − 𝑖2 ) = 0
Or, −𝑖1 − 𝑖2 + 2𝑖3 = 0
(iii)
Solving equations (i), (ii), and (iii) simultaneously, we get,
𝑖1 = 2.25 𝐴 𝑖2 = 0.75 𝐴 and, 𝑖3 = 1.5 𝐴
Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques
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Thus, 𝐼0 = 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 = 1.5 𝐴
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the dependent
+
v1
0.01 v1
SOLUTION:
We begin our analysis by defining three clockwise mesh currents. We will call the top
mesh current i3, the bottom left mesh current i1, and the bottom right mesh current i2
Now i =5A [1]
1
i = -0.01 v [2]
2 1
MESH 3: 50 i + 30 i – 30 i + 20 i – 20 i = 0 [3]
3 3 2 3 1
These three equations are insufficient, however, to solve for the unknowns. It would be
nice to be able to express the dependent source controlling variable v in terms of the
1
mesh currents. Returning to the diagram, it can be seen that KVL around mesh 1 will
yield
0.4
-v1 + 20i1 - 20i3 + 4v1=0
Or v = (20(5)/ 0.6 - 20 i3 / 0.6 [4]
1
Substituting Eq. [4] into Eq. [2] and then the modified Eq. [2] into Eq. [3], we find
20(5) – 30(-0.01)(20)(5)/0.6 + 30(-0.01)(20)i3/6 + 100i5 =0
Solving, we find that i3 = 555.6mA
Thus v = -1.481 A, i2 =1.481V and the power generated by the dependent voltage source
1
is
0.4 v (i – i ) = -383.9 W
1 2 1
Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques
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Irwin, Engineering Circuit Analysis, 11e ISV
SOLUTION:
Note that meshes 1 and 2 form a supermesh since they have anindependent current source in
common. Also, meshes 2 and 3 formanother supermesh because they have a dependent current
source in common. The two supermeshes intersect and form a larger supermesh as
[Link] KVL to the larger supermesh,
2𝑖1 + 4𝑖3 + 8(𝑖3 − 𝑖4 ) + 6𝑖2 = 0
Or, 𝑖1 + 3𝑖2 + 6𝑖3 − 4𝑖4 = 0
(i)
For the independent current source, we apply KCL to node P
𝑖2 = 𝑖1 + 5 (ii)
For the dependent current source, we apply KCL to node Q
𝑖2 = 𝑖3 + 3𝐼0
But 𝐼0 = −𝑖4, hence,
𝑖2 = 𝑖3 − 3𝑖4 (iii)
Applying KVL in mesh 4,
2𝑖4 + 8(𝑖4 − 𝑖3 ) + 10 = 0
Or, 5𝑖4 − 4𝑖3 = −5 (iv)
Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques
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Irwin, Engineering Circuit Analysis, 11e ISV
Solving equations (i) to (iv) simultaneously,
𝑖1 = −7.5 𝐴002, 𝑖2 = −2.5𝐴 𝑖3 = 3.93 𝐴, 𝑖4 = 2.1.43 𝐴
Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques
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SOLUTION:
(See Next Page)
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