CSS-2001-SOLVED PAPER

Corrections
(a) His wisdom consisted of his handling the dangerous
situation successfully.
Step 1: Identify the error

The phrase "consisted of his handling" is awkward and grammatically incorrect.

 The verb "consist" usually takes the preposition "in", not "of", when
describing what something is made up of or characterized by.
 Correct phrase: "consisted in"

✅Corrected Sentence:

His wisdom consisted in his handling of the dangerous situation successfully.

 "Consist in" → used to express the essential quality of something (what

something really is).
 We also add "of" after handling to make it grammatically smooth:
"handling of the dangerous situation."
 So, the correction focuses on proper preposition usage and slight
rephrasing for fluency.

b) Many a girls were appearing in the examination.

Identify the Error

 The expression "many a" is followed by a singular noun and a singular

verb.
 Here, "girls" (plural) and "were" (plural verb) are used incorrectly.

✅many a girl was appearing in the examination.

  "Many a" means "a large number of" but it takes singular form of the noun
and singular verb.
 So "girl" (singular) and "was" (singular) are correct.

(c) The vehicles run fastly on the Motorway.

Identify the Error

 The word "fastly" is incorrect because "fast" is already an adverb.

✅The vehicles run fast on the Motorway.

 "Fast" serves as both an adjective and an adverb.

 There is no word "fastly" in standard English.

(d) Sentence:

Smoking is injurious for health.

: Identify the Error

 The correct preposition after "injurious" is "to", not "for".

✅Smoking is injurious to health.

Explanation

 "Injurious to" is the correct idiomatic expression in English.

 Example: Too much sugar is injurious to teeth.
(e) Sentence:

He availed of this situation very intelligently.

Identify the Error

 The verb "avail" is reflexive — it should be used as "avail oneself of".

✅He availed himself of this situation very intelligently.

 "Avail" means "to make use of" and must be followed by a reflexive
pronoun.
 Example: She availed herself of the opportunity to study abroad.

Common Reflexive Verbs in English

Verb + Reflexive
Meaning Example Sentence
Pronoun
To make use of (an He availed himself of the chance to
Avail oneself (of)
opportunity). study abroad.
Absent oneself To stay away from a place. She absented herself from the meeting.
To perform or behave in a The player acquitted himself well in
Acquit oneself
specified way. the match.
You must apply yourself if you want to
Apply oneself To dedicate effort to a task.
succeed.
To go to a place (formal/old- After dinner, he betook himself to his
Betake oneself (to)
fashioned). room.
You must bestir yourself to finish the
Bestir oneself To start taking action.
work on time.
Comport oneself To behave or conduct oneself. He comported himself with dignity.
The children disported themselves in
Disport oneself To amuse or entertain oneself.
the park.
To behave in a humble or
Demean oneself He demeaned himself before the elders.
respectful way.
Perjure oneself To lie under oath. The witness perjured himself in court.
Reconcile oneself
To accept something unpleasant. She reconciled herself to her fate.
(to)
To disgrace or soil one’s own He bespattered himself by spreading
Bespatter oneself
reputation. lies.
 Verb + Reflexive
Meaning Example Sentence
Pronoun
Please behave yourself during the
Behave oneself To act properly.
ceremony.
Pride oneself (on) To take pride in something. She prides herself on her honesty.

(f) Sentence:

The black vermin is an odious creature.

Identify the Error

 "Vermin" is a plural noun (even though it looks singular).

 It should take a plural verb.

✅The black vermin are odious creatures.

Step 3: Explanation

 "Vermin" refers to small harmful animals collectively and is treated as

plural.
 Hence, "are" and "creatures" should be used.

(g) Sentence:

What to speak of meat, even, vegetables were not

available now.
Identify the Error

 The phrase "What to speak of" is wrong in formal English.

 Correct expression: "Not to speak of" or "Let alone".
  Also, "now" should be in past tense context ("then") since "were" is past
tense.

✅Not to speak of meat, even vegetables were not available then.

 "Not to speak of" means "let alone" or "not to mention."

 The sentence is in past tense, so "then" is more appropriate than "now."

(h) Sentence:

No sooner we left our home when it started

raining.
Step 1: Identify the Error

 The structure after "No sooner" requires "than", not "when".

 Also, "No sooner" is usually followed by an auxiliary verb before the
subject.

✅No sooner had we left our home than it started raining.

Step 3: Explanation

 Correct structure: No sooner + auxiliary + subject + verb + than + main

clause.
 Example: No sooner had I sat down than the phone rang.

(i) Sentence:

Little money I had I spent on the way.

Step 1: Identify the Error
  The word "Little" means "almost none."
 But here, it is implied that whatever money he had was spent, so "The
little" (meaning "the small amount that existed") is correct.

✅The little money I had I spent on the way.

 Little = hardly any (negative idea).

 The little = the small amount that was there (positive/definite idea).

(j) Sentence:

The criminal was sent on the goal.

Step 1: Identify the Error

 Wrong preposition: "on" should be "to".

 Also, "goal" is a misspelling — correct word: "gaol" (British) or "jail"
(American).

✅The criminal was sent to the gaol.

(or, in modern English: The criminal was sent to jail.)

 Correct phrase: sent to jail/gaol (not "on").

 "Gaol" is the British spelling, "jail" is American and more common today.
Pair of words
Example Example
Meaning (Word Meaning
Word Pair Sentence Sentence (Word
1) (Word 2)
(Word 1) 2)
Brooch = A She wore a
1. Brooch / decorative pin diamond Broad = Wide This is a very
Broad worn on brooch on her or extensive. broad road.
clothes. dress.
Collusion = The two
Secret companies Collision = The car met with
2. Collusion /
agreement for a were fined for Violent impact a head-on
Collision
deceitful price-fixing of two things. collision.
purpose. collusion.
I would fain Feign = To
Fain = Gladly or He feigned illness
3. Fain / Feign accept your pretend or
willingly. to avoid work.
offer if I could. fake.
Hoard = To The miser Horde = A A horde of
4. Hoard /
collect and hoarded gold large crowd or tourists filled the
Horde
store secretly. coins. group. streets.
He suffered from
Illusion = A false The magician Delusion = A
5. Illusion / the delusion that
perception of created an firmly held
Delusion everyone was
reality. optical illusion. false belief.
against him.
Persecute = To Many were Prosecute = To The police will
6. Persecute /
oppress or persecuted for bring legal prosecute the
Prosecute
harass cruelly. their faith. action against. thief.
Prescribe = To The doctor The law
Proscribe = To
7. Prescribe / recommend or prescribed proscribes the
forbid
Proscribe order (usually antibiotics for use of dangerous
officially.
medicine). her. chemicals.
Ali and Sara
8. Respectfully = He spoke Respectively =
scored 90 and 85
Respectfully / With respect or respectfully to In the order
marks
Respectively politeness. his teacher. given.
respectively.
 Example Example
Meaning (Word Meaning
Word Pair Sentence Sentence (Word
1) (Word 2)
(Word 1) 2)
He became Complaisant = The waiter was
9. Complacent =
complacent Willing to very complaisant
Complacent / Self-satisfied,
after his early please, and served us
Complaisant careless.
success. obliging. well.
 CSS-2002-Solved

Correct the Sentences

1. Sentence:

I shall not come here unless you will not call me.
Error:

 "Unless" already means "if not" (negative).

 Using "will not" with "unless" creates a double negative which is incorrect.

Correct Sentence:
✅I shall not come here unless you call me.

Rule:

 "Unless" = if not → It should be followed by a simple present tense verb

(not future tense).
 ❌Wrong: Unless you will help me, I will fail.
 ✅Right: Unless you help me, I will fail.

2. Sentence:

He does not have some devotion for the project you

have given him.
Error:

 After a negative verb ("does not have"), we use "any" instead of "some."

Correct Sentence:
✅He does not have any devotion for the project you have given him.
Rule:

 Some is used in affirmative sentences.

 Any is used in negative and interrogative sentences.
 Example:
o ✅I have some friends in Karachi.
o ✅I don’t have any friends there.

3. Sentence:

I went to either of the four hill stations.

Error:

 "Either" is used when there are two choices only.

 Here we have four hill stations, so "any" is correct.

Correct Sentence:
✅I went to any of the four hill stations.

Rule:

 Use either for two options, any for more than two.
 Example: You may choose either of these two shirts / any of these five
shirts.

4. Sentence:

Who did you meet on your way to school?

Error:

 When "who" is used as an object of a verb or preposition, it should be in

objective case → "whom".
Correct Sentence:
✅Whom did you meet on your way to school?

Rule:

 Who = subject (does the action)

 Whom = object (receives the action)
 Example: Who called you? / Whom did you call?

5. Sentence:

You must remember that you are junior than

Hamid.
Error:

 Words like junior, senior, inferior, superior, elder are followed by "to", not
"than".

Correct Sentence:
✅You must remember that you are junior to Hamid.

Rule:

 Use to after junior, senior, superior, inferior, elder.

 Example: Ali is senior to me in service.

6. Sentence:

Aslam, as well as, his four friends were planning to visit the
museum.
Error:
  When "as well as" joins two subjects, the verb agrees with the first subject.
 Here "Aslam" (singular) is the first subject, so we need a singular verb
(was).

Correct Sentence:
✅Aslam, as well as his four friends, was planning to visit the museum.

Rule:

 As well as ≠ "and" → it does not make the subject plural.

 Verb should match the first subject only.
 Example: The teacher, as well as the students, is here.

7. Sentence:

Where you went in the vacation?

Error:

 This is a question, so auxiliary "did" is needed.

 Correct question form: Where did you go…?

Correct Sentence:
✅Where did you go in the vacation?

Rule:

 In interrogative sentences (past tense), we use did + base form of verb.

 Example: You went to school → Did you go to school?

8. Sentence:

This is the youngest and most intelligent of my two

sons.
Error:

 When comparing two, use comparative degree (younger, more intelligent),

not superlative.

Correct Sentence:
✅This is the younger and more intelligent of my two sons.

Rule:

 Comparative degree is used for two things; superlative degree is for more
than two.
 Example: Of the two roads, this one is better (not best).

9. Sentence:

He is one of those who always succeed.

Error:

 Subject of "succeed" = "those" (plural), so "succeed" is already correct ✅.

 No error in this sentence.

Correct Sentence:
✅He is one of those who always succeed.

Rule:

 After "one of those who", the verb agrees with "those" (plural).
 Example: She is one of the players who train hard every day.

10. Sentence:

I congratulate you for your success.

Error:

 Correct preposition after "congratulate" is on, not "for".

Correct Sentence:
✅I congratulate you on your success.

Rule:

 Use on after congratulate.

 Example: They congratulated him on his promotion.

✅Summary Table for Quick Revision

No. Wrong Correct Rule

unless + present Avoid double negatives, use simple present
1 unless + will not
tense after unless
some after any after Use "any" in negative/interrogative
2
negative negative sentences
either (4
3 any (4 choices) "Either" = two only, "any" = more than two
choices)
4 who (object) whom (object) Use "whom" as object
5 junior than junior to Junior/Senior/Inferior + to
"As well as" → verb agrees with first
6 were was
subject
Where you Where did you
7 Use auxiliary verb "did" in past questions
went? go?
8 youngest (two) younger (two) Use comparative for two
succeed
9 succeed (correct) Verb agrees with "those" (plural)
(correct)
for your
10 on your success "Congratulate on" is correct
success
Change the Voice of the Verb

1. Sentence:

The production of cash crops directly affects the

economy of an agricultural country.
Voice: Active

Passive Voice:
✅The economy of an agricultural country is directly affected by the production of
cash crops.

Rule:

 Passive Voice: Object + Helping Verb + Past Participle + by + Subject

 Example: She writes a letter → A letter is written by her.

2. Sentence:

The accelerated car sped past the traffic signal and

crashed into a van and killed two men.
Voice: Active

Passive Voice:
✅The traffic signal was sped past by the accelerated car, a van was crashed into,
and two men were killed.

Rule:

 In compound sentences, each verb is converted separately into passive

voice.
  Some verbs (crash into, kill) already imply passive meaning, so we
restructure carefully.

3. Sentence:

The students were asked to submit the assignment before the

end of the day.
Voice: Passive

Active Voice:
✅Someone (or The teacher) asked the students to submit the assignment before
the end of the day.

Rule:

 To change passive → active, find the hidden doer (agent) if possible.

 Structure: Subject (agent) + Verb + Object

4. Sentence:

The new budget was being discussed.

Voice: Passive

Active Voice:
✅They were discussing the new budget.

Rule:

 Past Continuous Passive → Past Continuous Active

 Structure: was/were being + past participle → was/were + verb(-ing)
5. Sentence:

The Manager has announced a bonus for all the workers.

Voice: Active

Passive Voice:
✅A bonus has been announced for all the workers by the manager.

Rule:

 Present Perfect Active → Present Perfect Passive

 Structure: has/have + past participle → has/have + been + past participle

6. Sentence:

The police chased the dacoit and finally arrested him.

Voice: Active

Passive Voice:
✅The dacoit was chased by the police and was finally arrested.

Rule:

 When same subject performs multiple actions, use the same passive
subject once and connect actions with "and."

7. Sentence:

It was difficult to finish the work on time.

Voice: Impersonal Construction (No subject given)
Passive/Active Conversion:
✅(Active) Finishing the work on time was difficult.
✅(Alternate Passive) The work was difficult to finish on time.

Rule:

 When no clear doer exists, we use impersonal structures.

 Passive is sometimes rephrased rather than strictly changed.

8. Sentence:

At last the speech ended and prizes were distributed.

Voice:

 "Speech ended" = Active (intransitive verb – no object → cannot be made

passive)
 "Prizes were distributed" = Passive

Active Voice:
✅At last, someone ended the speech and distributed the prizes.

Rule:

 Intransitive verbs (end, sleep, die, go) cannot be made passive.

 For passive clauses, find the hidden doer to make it active.

9. Sentence:

She manages her duties, without any help, despite her

blindness.
Voice: Active
Passive Voice:
✅Her duties are managed by her, without any help, despite her blindness.

Rule:

 Present Simple Active → Present Simple Passive

 Structure: Verb (s/es) → is/are + past participle

10. Sentence:

I appreciate your efforts and hope you will continue in the

same fashion.
Voice: Active

Passive Voice:
✅Your efforts are appreciated by me and it is hoped that you will continue in the
same fashion.

Rule:

 When subject = "I" or "we", we can make passive more formal by removing
the personal pronoun and using "it is hoped…"

📌 Quick Summary Table for Revision

Voice in
No. Correct Voice Rule Applied
Question
Simple Present Active →
1 Active Passive: is affected by
Passive
Passive: was sped past / was Each verb made passive
2 Active
crashed into / were killed separately
Passive → Active (find
3 Passive Active: asked the students
agent)
 Voice in
No. Correct Voice Rule Applied
Question
Past Continuous Passive →
4 Passive Active: They were discussing
Active
Present Perfect Active →
5 Active Passive: has been announced
Passive
Combine actions under one
6 Active Passive: was chased and arrested
passive subject
Active: Finishing the work was Rephrase when no doer is
7 Impersonal
difficult given
Active: Someone ended… Intransitive verbs cannot
8 Mixed
distributed… form passive
Present Simple Active →
9 Active Passive: are managed by her
Passive
Passive: are appreciated… it is Formal passive for
10 Active
hoped… appreciation + hope
Rules for Changing Direct Speech → Indirect
Speech
1. Remove quotation marks and reporting verb stays (say, ask, tell, exclaim).
2. Change pronouns according to sense (1st person → subject, 2nd person →
object, 3rd person → no change).
3. Change tense if reporting verb is in past tense:
o Simple present → simple past
o Present continuous → past continuous
o Present perfect → past perfect
o Simple past → past perfect
(If reporting verb is in present/future tense, do NOT change tense.)
4. Change adverbs of time/place:
o now → then
o today → that day
o tomorrow → the next day
o yesterday → the previous day
o here → there
o this → that
o these → those
5. Imperative Sentences → use verbs like ask, request, order, advise, urge + to
+ verb (or not to + verb for negative).
6. Exclamatory Sentences → use verbs like exclaimed with joy/sorrow/wonder
and turn into assertive sentence.
7. Questions → change reporting verb to ask, inquire, demand and remove
question format (no "?" in indirect speech).

Solved Sentences
1. "Hurrah!" said the captain of the team, "we won the match".

Rule: Exclamatory sentence → "Hurrah" shows joy → reporting verb becomes

exclaimed with joy.
✅Indirect Speech:
The captain of the team exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
2. "Please Sir, take pity on a poor beggar woman," the wretched old woman
asked for alms.

Rule: Request sentence → reporting verb becomes requested → use to + verb.

✅Indirect Speech:
The wretched old woman requested the sir to take pity on a poor beggar woman.

3. They say, "Is this the right time to arrive? Aren't you forgetting something?"

Rule: Present tense in reporting verb → no tense change. Convert questions into
statements with ask whether/if.
✅Indirect Speech:
They ask whether that was the right time to arrive and whether I was forgetting
something.

4. He often says, "I am always willing to help the needy, if I am assured they are
really in need."

Rule: Reporting verb in present → no tense change.

✅Indirect Speech:
He often says that he is always willing to help the needy if he is assured they are
really in need.

5. The master said, "How long will you take in warming my bath?"

Rule: WH-question → reporting verb becomes asked → will → would.

✅Indirect Speech:
The master asked how long I would take in warming his bath.

6. The boy said, "Alas! I could not pass my examination."

Rule: Exclamatory sentence with sorrow → use exclaimed with sorrow.
✅Indirect Speech:
The boy exclaimed with sorrow that he could not pass his examination.

7. "Come here quickly and work out this problem on the blackboard," said the
teacher.

Rule: Command → reporting verb becomes ordered → use to + verb.

✅Indirect Speech:
The teacher ordered me to go there quickly and work out that problem on the
blackboard.

8. "What a lovely evening!" said Irum.

Rule: Exclamation of wonder/joy → use exclaimed with delight.

✅Indirect Speech:
Irum exclaimed with delight that it was a very lovely evening.

9. "What is the name of this beautiful building?" asked the visitor.

Rule: WH-question → reporting verb stays asked → is → was.

✅Indirect Speech:
The visitor asked what the name of that beautiful building was.

10. He said, "Sit down over here and don't move until I allow you."

Rule: Command + negative command → reporting verb becomes ordered / told →

use to + verb and not to + verb.
✅Indirect Speech:
He told me to sit down there and not to move until he allowed me.